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ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY STUDY OF EMODIN TREATED MCF-7 HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELLS YUAN JIAN (B Eng., BUAA) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING DIVISION OF BIOENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the following people: Dr. Lim Chwee Teck for his patient supervision and valuable guidance throughout the project, also for his kind support and help. Mr. Li Qingsen for his valuable discussion, technical support and assistance to this project, besides for his constant support and help throughout the project. Dr. Ong Choon Nam and Dr. Alan Prem Kumar for providing the human breast cancer cell lines Dr. Huang Qing for sharing her knowledge in the study of emodin effects Fellow laboratory mates for their help, encouragement and friendship. My parents and all others who have made this project possible. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii SUMMARY v LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES ix CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Cancer and metastasis 1.1.2 Atomic force microscopy 1.1.3 Anti-cancer properties of emodin 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Scope of thesis CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Micromechanical properties of cells 2.2 Cytoskeleton and chemotherapy 2.3 Chemical compounds affecting actins 2.5 Atomic force microscopy for cell biology 2.6 AFM in cancer cell research 12 ii CHAPTER MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 3.1 Human breast cancer cell line 15 3.2 Anti-cancer drug, emodin 15 3.3 Sample preparation 16 3.4 Atomic force microscopy 17 3.5 AFM imaging 17 3.6 AFM force curves 18 3.7 Young’s modulus calculation of the cells 19 CHAPTER AFM IMAGING STUDY OF MCF-7 CELLS 21 4.1 Introduction 21 4.2 Optimizing experimental parameters 21 4.3 Results 28 4.4 Discussion 31 CHAPTER AFM INDENTATION STUDY OF MCF-7 CELLS 34 5.1 Introduction 34 5.2 Experimental parameters 34 5.3 Results 36 5.4 Discussion 37 CHAPTER AFM STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF EMODIN ON THE MICROMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MCF-7 CELLS 41 6.1 Introduction 41 6.2 Results 41 6.3 Discussion 45 iii CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 48 REFERENCES 51 APPENDIX OPTIMIZATION OF AFM INDENTATION 62 iv SUMMARY Cancer has long been one of the most fatal diseases worldwide. A substantial understanding of cancer cells will lead to improved strategies in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has recently provided great progress in the study of cancer cells. This emerging technique allows the study of the morphology and mechanical properties of cells in aqueous environment with high spatial resolution and force sensitivity. In this study, AFM was used to probe the cell cortical filamentous network as well as the elasticity of living MCF‐7 cell, a human breast cancer cell line. The effects of emodin, an anti‐cancer drug on cell cortex and cell elasticity were also investigated. Using an optimized scanning setting, it was found that a scanning force of 1 nN was effective in probing the cell cortical filamentous network. Quantitative cell elasticity measurement was done based on AFM indentation test. Young’s modulus values were extracted from AFM force curves using Hertz’s contact model, and were found to be 437.0 ± 208.2 Pa. Comparing with control samples, the pre‐treatment of 20µM emodin for 1 hour reduced the mean Young’s modulus values of MCF‐7 cells from 437.0 ± 208.2 Pa to 380.1 ± 138.2 Pa. According to corresponding AFM images, the main reason was that emodin treatment decreased the density of cortical filamentous network, thus reducing the mechanical strength of MCF‐7 cells. v AFM technique as a surface analyzing tool has the limitation of not being able to probe the cell interior. However, it can still be a powerful method in detecting anti‐ cancer drug effects on cancer cell mechanics. vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Cancer metastasis Figure Principle and implementation of AFM 11 Figure The chemical formula of emodin 16 Figure An illustration of the AFM indentation test on cells 20 Figure The effects of deformation force on AFM images of cell cortex 23 Figure The effects of scan direction on AFM images of living MCF-7 cells 25 Figure Illustration of photodiode detection mechanism 26 Figure The effects of tip sharpness on AFM images of living MCF-7 cells 27 Figure Contact mode AFM images of a living MCF-7 cell 29 Figure 10 Correlated AFM and CFM of cells double stained for actin and vimentin 30 Figure 11 Micromechanical architecture of the mammalian cell cortex 33 Figure 12 Force curve and Z sensor signal collected in AFM indentation on living MCF-7 cells 35 vii Figure 13 Force versus indentation curves for AFM indentation on living MCF-7 cells 37 Figure 14 The effects of emodin on the micromechanical properties of MCF-7 cells 43 Figure 15 AFM images reveal the effects of emodin on the cortical filamentous network of living MCF-7 cells 44 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Obtained Young’s modulus values for living MCF-7 cells 43 ix CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK Finally, quantitative analysis of cortical filamentous network should be carried out. 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J Biomech Eng 112(3): 283‐94. 61 APPENDIX APPENDIX OPTIMIZATION OF AFM INDENTATION The optimization of parameters was started based on my colleagues’ settings (Li et al., 2008). The typical settings are 3µm ramp size, 0.3Hz scan rate, relative trigger mode, and 200pN trigger threshold. However, the force curves were not quite repeatable in my experiments. These testing results showed that the probe was probably stuck to the cell after engaging in relative trigger mode, with either 200pN or 1nN trigger threshold (Fig. A and B). Also, the piezo tube movement in Z direction is not symmetrical. After increasing the ramp size to 10 µm, switching trigger mode to absolute, setting trigger threshold to 1nN, the ideal force curves on living MCF‐7 cells can be acquired constantly. The piezo tube movement showed a nice inverted ‘V’ shape. Scan rates of 0.5Hz and 1Hz were tested. Since the force curves collected did not have significant differences, 1Hz was chosen to speed up data collection. However, this optimization led to another problem that the trigger force cannot be well controlled. It can be as high as 3.5nN although the setting is 1nN. 62 REFERENCES Figure A Force curve and Z sensor signal collected under 200pN relative trigger mode The black line represents the approaching curve, and the gray line is the retracting curve The continuous line before tip-cell contact is missing in approaching region, and the bending direction of contact part is different from ideal force curve The Z sensor signal is not a nice inverted ‘V’ shape This result shows that the tip was stuck with cell before collecting the force curve 63 REFERENCES Figure B Force curve and Z sensor signal collected under 1nN relative trigger mode The black line represents the approaching curve, and the gray line is the retracting curve By increasing the trigger force, the approaching curve gets close to ideal force curve The Z sensor gets close to a nice inverted ‘V’ shape The left part of the approaching curve bends into the opposite direction compared with ideal force curve, while the right part does not reach fully contact yet 64