Q4 2014 www.businessmonitor.com VIETNAM PHARMACEUTICALS & HEALTHCARE REPORT INCLUDES 10-YEAR FORECASTS TO 2023 ISSN 1748-2305 Published by:Business Monitor International Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 INCLUDES 10-YEAR FORECASTS TO 2023 Part of BMI’s Industry Report & Forecasts Series Published by: Business Monitor International Copy deadline: September 2014 Business Monitor International Senator House 85 Queen Victoria Street London EC4V 4AB United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7248 0468 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7248 0467 Email: subs@businessmonitor.com Web: http://www.businessmonitor.com © 2014 Business Monitor International All rights reserved. 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All information is provided without warranty, and Business Monitor International makes no representation of warranty of any kind as to the accuracy or completeness of any information hereto contained. Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 CONTENTS BMI Industry View . SWOT Political . 11 Economic . 12 Business Environment 14 Industry Forecast 15 Pharmaceutical Market Forecast 15 Table: Pharmaceutical Sales, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Healthcare Market Forecast 17 Table: Healthcare Expenditure Trends, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Table: Government Healthcare Expenditure Trends, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Table: Private Healthcare Expenditure Trends, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Prescription Drug Market Forecast 22 Table: Prescription Drug Market Indicators, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Patented Drug Market Forecast . 24 Table: Patented Drug Market Indicators, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Generic Drug Market Forecast 26 Table: Generic Drug Market Indicators, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 OTC Medicine Market Forecast . 28 Table: Over-The-Counter (OTC) Medicine Market Indicators, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Pharmaceutical Trade Forecast . 30 Table: Pharmaceutical Trade Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2012-2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Table: Pharmaceutical Trade Data And Forecasts Local Currency (Vietnam 2012-2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Other Healthcare Data . 32 Key Risks To BMI's Forecast Scenario . 33 Macroeconomic Forecasts . 34 Economic Analysis . 34 Table: Economic Activity (Vietnam 2009-2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Industry Risk Reward Ratings 41 Asia Pacific Risk/Reward Ratings . Vietnam Risk/Reward Ratings Rewards Risks 41 47 47 47 Market Overview . 49 Industry Trends And Developments 51 Epidemiology 51 © Business Monitor International Page Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Healthcare Financing . Hospital Sector Private Healthcare Sector Healthcare Insurance Healthcare And Pharmaceutical Reform . Research And Development Biotechnology Sector Clinical Trials . 53 55 58 59 60 61 62 64 Regulatory Development 67 Regulatory Regime Pharmaceutical Advertising Intellectual Property Environment . Corruption Pricing Regime Reimbursement Regime Pricing And Reimbursement Developments . 67 68 69 72 73 78 79 Competitive Landscape 82 Pharmaceutical Sector Domestic Industry Foreign Industry Traditional Medicines . Pharmaceutical Distribution Pharmaceutical Retail Sector . 82 83 84 85 87 87 Table: Key Aspects Of Good Pharmacy Practice In Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Company Profile 90 DHG Pharmaceutical . 90 Traphaco Pharmaceutical . 92 Vietnam Pharmaceutical Corporation (Vinapharm) . 94 Vietnam OPV Pharmaceutical Co . 97 Vietnam Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Company (Ampharco) . 99 Vidipha Central Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Company . 101 Pfizer 103 Sanofi 105 Novartis . 108 Merck & Co 110 GlaxoSmithKline . 112 Demographic Forecast . 114 Table: Vietnam's Population By Age Group, 1990-2020 ('000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Table: Vietnam's Population By Age Group, 1990-2020 (% of total) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Table: Vietnam's Key Population Ratios, 1990-2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Table: Vietnam's Rural And Urban Population, 1990-2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 © Business Monitor International Page Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Glossary . 118 Methodology 120 Pharmaceutical Expenditure Forecast Model Healthcare Expenditure Forecast Model . Notes On Methodology Risk/Reward Ratings Methodology Ratings Overview . 120 120 121 122 123 Table: Pharmaceutical Risk/Reward Ratings Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Indicator Weightings 124 © Business Monitor International Page Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 BMI Industry View BMI View: The attractiveness of Vietnam's pharmaceutical market is steadily increasing. While structural challenges remain, such as the country's increasingly ageing population and under-capacity in terms of healthcare infrastructure and personnel, growth in expenditure is supported by a significant disease burden, the new insurance law, introduction of new products, more corporate investments and better regulations. Headline Expenditure Projections ■ Pharmaceuticals: VND69,297bn (USD3.30bn) in 2013 to VND80,680bn (USD3.92bn) in 2014; +16.4% in local currency terms and +19.1% in US dollar terms. Forecast unchanged from previous quarter. ■ Healthcare: VND222,374bn (USD10.57bn) in 2013 to VND254,491bn (USD12.37bn) in 2014; +14.4% in local currency terms and +17.0% in US dollar terms. Forecast unchanged from previous quarter. Risk/Reward Rating: Vietnam's Pharmaceutical Risk/Reward Rating (RRR) score for Q413 is 49.1 out of the maximum 100 in our newly improved RRR system. The country scored above average for some indicators and subindicators, including overall market expenditure, sector value growth and pensionable population. Consequently, with this moderate score, Vietnam is ranked 11th behind India out of the 19 key markets in Asia Pacific. Key Trends And Developments ■ In July 2014, data from the General Statistics Office shows that the consumer price index (CPI) for 'medicines and health services' increased by 5.65% for the 12 months to June 2014. While this figure is still above the 4.98% for 'all goods and services', it represents a return to equivalence that will be welcomed by manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, regulators and consumers. Between mid-2012 and mid-2013, the prices of medicines in Vietnam experienced extreme price rises, sometimes more than 60% higher than the same month in the previous year. The two-year period of extraordinary medicine price rises in Vietnam is over. ■ In June 2014, Vietnam's National Assembly passed amendments and supplements to the Law on Health Insurance. Minister of Health Nguyen Kim Tien stated that the legislation will enable the entire population to have access to health services, as insurance is now mandatory. The insurance will be purchased in family packages, and fees will be lower for larger families. All families on low incomes and families living in remote areas will be able to access healthcare services by 2016. Tien added that through the amendments the insurance scheme should cover up to 70% of the population by 2018 and over 80% by 2020. © Business Monitor International Page Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 BMI Economic View: We have downgraded Vietnam's growth forecast from 5.9% to 5.7% in 2014 on the back of weaker-than-expected H114 growth numbers, combined with the risk of an economic backlash from China. That said, we have maintained our forecast for growth to come in at 6.4% in 2015, and we continue to believe that the economy will be driven by growth supportive government policies, as well as a strong outlook for foreign investment and exports. BMI Political View: The Vietnamese government will continue to face a myriad of challenges over the coming years, and despite China's recent decision to move its oil rig out of the disputed waters, the relationship between Hanoi and Beijing will remain at the centre of foreign policy. Meanwhile, we expect Vietnamese authorities will continue to focus on economic and business environment reforms in an effort to stimulate growth and attract foreign direct investment. © Business Monitor International Page Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 SWOT SWOT Analysis Strengths ■ Significant growth potential, given a large and growing population. ■ The government's commitment to developing the health sector. ■ Sizeable local generic drugs sector, which is being encouraged by the government. ■ Strong traditional medicines segment with potential to improve the non-prescription drugs market in the longer term, as long as sufficient investment in extraction technologies can be found. Weaknesses ■ One of the least developed pharmaceutical markets in Asia, with low per capita spending on drugs. ■ Counterfeit drugs account for a significant amount of market consumption. ■ No bioequivalence requirement in place for locally made generic medicines. ■ Little distinction made between prescription and over-the-counter drugs, with most medicines available without a prescription. ■ Complex drug pricing policy biased towards local drug producers. ■ Import-reliant market, especially in terms of high-tech products and active pharmaceutical ingredients, which makes it vulnerable to currency movements. ■ Underdeveloped primary care services and a shortage of trained pharmacists are continuing to hamper access to medicines and product market penetration. ■ Population concentrated in rural, rather than urban, areas, preventing access to modern drugs and encouraging dependence upon traditional medicines. Opportunities ■ The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) harmonisation initiative, including the adoption of Western regulatory standards such as International Conference on Harmonisation and World Health Organization guidelines. © Business Monitor International Page Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 SWOT Analysis - Continued ■ Introduction of five-year exclusivity for clinical dossier data encouraging researchbased multinationals. ■ If investment can be found for technological improvements, then there is great potential in the traditional Chinese medicine market, in addition to fledging biotechnology. ■ Full World Trade Organization membership improving the trading climate and potentially, in the longer term, redressing pharmaceutical trade issues. ■ Requirement for domestic companies to comply with international good manufacturing practices should boost exports. Threats ■ Government resistance to aligning patent law fully with international standards deterring multinational sector expansion. ■ Need to resolve infrastructural and power supply issues, as well as higher education provision, before higher levels of foreign direct investment can be expected. ■ The government is increasingly interfering in the industry, protecting indigenous firms through the use of legal trade barriers, which will affect competitiveness. ■ Pharmaceutical price inflation threatens to put medicines out of reach of poor and therefore limit market volume growth. ■ Legalisation of parallel imports negatively impacting performance of patented drugs. © Business Monitor International Page 10 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 In Vietnam, MSD is mostly involved in supplying prescription products for a number of conditions. These include cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, asthma, osteoporosis and severe infections as well as range of other conditions such as hepatitis B. In January 2011, MSD announced that it will establish a 100% foreign-owned company in Vietnam. Headquartered in the capital Ho Chi Minh City, the operation will sell highmargin patented drugs, such as the cervical cancer vaccine Gardasil. Recent Developments Company Details In March 2013, the firm opened a new representative office in Hanoi highlighting that Hanoi itself has more than 1000 pharmacies and thus it 'should be a potential healthcare market'. The new office will help MSD 'optimise marketing activities for healthcare products to people'. ■ ■ Merck & Co Merck, Sharp & Dohme Asia Vietnam Branch 16th Floor, Kumho Asiana Plaza 39 Le Duan Street, District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam ■ Tel: +84 3915 5800 © Business Monitor International Page 111 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 GlaxoSmithKline SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Company Overview ■ One of the leading global producers of medicines. ■ Some of its products are covered by the public insurance scheme. ■ Considerable product portfolio, including consumer medicines and vaccines. ■ Difficult intellectual property environment. ■ No direct manufacturing or research & development presence in the country. ■ Counterfeiting remains a problem. ■ Rising demand for branded products following healthcare sector modernisation. ■ Pending overhaul of the regulatory climate, aiming to boost foreign investment. ■ Strong regional experience and connections. ■ Legal trade barriers protecting local players and disadvantaging multinationals. ■ Country susceptible to economic and currency fluctuations. ■ Legalisation of parallel imports negatively impacting performance of branded drugs. GSK began operating in Vietnam in 1994, with a staff of only seven. In the following years, GSK merged with Wellcome, and became GSK Vietnam. The company offers a range of prescription medicines, although not all of its products are covered by public insurance, as is the case with Advair/Seretide (fluticasone + salmeterol). Recent Developments In June 2013, Ho Chi Minh City Department of Health announced that a batch of GSK's Cervarix (human papillomavirus vaccine) will have to be tested further to clarify its role in the death of a 17-year old girl, who died after getting a vaccination shot. In July 2012, it was revealed that GSK's Singapore division worked with a local pharmaceutical manufacturer to manipulate drug prices in Vietnam. The firm sold the drugs at prices 4-5 times higher than their original rates. The Drug Administration of © Business Monitor International Page 112 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Vietnam (DAV) granted licences to Vietnam-based Savi Pharmaceutical for the circulation of 15 types of medicines in 2008-2011. Between October 18 2011 to May 17 2012, Savipharm produced six of the drugs and sold them to GSK under an in-country export transaction, with the help of importer Phytopharma, at very low prices. Company Details ■ ■ GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline Vietnam, The Metropolitan, Unit 701 235 Dong Khoi St, District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam ■ Tel: +84 3824 8744 © Business Monitor International Page 113 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Demographic Forecast Demographic analysis is a key pillar of BMI's macroeconomic and industry forecasting model. Not only is the total population of a country a key variable in consumer demand, but an understanding of the demographic profile is key to understanding issues ranging from future population trends to productivity growth and government spending requirements. The accompanying charts detail Vietnam's population pyramid for 2013, the change in the structure of the population between 2013 and 2050 and the total population between 1990 and 2050, as well as life expectancy. The tables show key datapoints from all of these charts, in addition to important metrics including the dependency ratio and the urban/rural split. Population Pyramid 2013 (LHS) And 2013 Versus 2050 (RHS) Source: World Bank, UN, BMI © Business Monitor International Page 114 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Population Indicators Population (mn, LHS) And Life Expectancy (years, RHS), 1990-2050 Source: World Bank, UN, BMI Table: Vietnam's Population By Age Group, 1990-2020 ('000) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013e 2015f 2020f 68,910 76,020 80,888 84,948 89,047 91,680 93,387 97,057 0-4 years 9,315 9,323 7,128 6,898 7,229 7,152 7,012 6,575 5-9 years 8,606 9,212 9,253 7,023 6,791 7,052 7,181 6,968 10-14 years 7,857 8,541 9,162 9,117 6,899 6,619 6,757 7,147 15-19 years 7,359 7,788 8,492 9,050 9,011 7,686 6,866 6,726 20-24 years 6,644 7,222 7,673 8,333 8,874 9,148 8,936 6,802 25-29 years 6,006 6,470 7,065 7,471 8,112 8,528 8,772 8,837 30-34 years 5,138 5,890 6,352 6,910 7,286 7,703 8,022 8,680 35-39 years 3,888 5,065 5,803 6,242 6,763 7,011 7,208 7,940 40-44 years 2,463 3,826 4,994 5,719 6,147 6,472 6,685 7,127 45-49 years 2,017 2,409 3,753 4,935 5,648 5,894 6,054 6,589 50-54 years 1,968 1,959 2,346 3,700 4,855 5,306 5,521 5,926 55-59 years 2,046 1,891 1,885 2,237 3,542 4,278 4,677 5,330 60-64 years 1,669 1,934 1,790 1,734 2,068 2,795 3,352 4,444 65-69 years 1,412 1,522 1,771 1,610 1,562 1,673 1,906 3,104 70-74 years 1,028 1,216 1,322 1,530 1,399 1,360 1,379 1,695 Total © Business Monitor International Page 115 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Vietnam's Population By Age Group, 1990-2020 ('000) - Continued 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013e 2015f 2020f 75-79 years 752 819 984 1,080 1,263 1,219 1,167 1,160 80-84 years 430 536 597 732 815 919 964 900 85-89 years 224 261 336 385 483 517 546 654 90-94 years 71 108 132 177 210 245 268 306 95-99 years 16 25 41 53 74 83 89 115 100+ years 12 17 21 24 30 e/f = BMI estimate/forecast. Source: World Bank, UN, BMI Table: Vietnam's Population By Age Group, 1990-2020 (% of total) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013e 2015f 2020f 0-4 years 13.52 12.26 8.81 8.12 8.12 7.80 7.51 6.77 5-9 years 12.49 12.12 11.44 8.27 7.63 7.69 7.69 7.18 10-14 years 11.40 11.23 11.33 10.73 7.75 7.22 7.24 7.36 15-19 years 10.68 10.25 10.50 10.65 10.12 8.38 7.35 6.93 20-24 years 9.64 9.50 9.49 9.81 9.97 9.98 9.57 7.01 25-29 years 8.72 8.51 8.73 8.79 9.11 9.30 9.39 9.11 30-34 years 7.46 7.75 7.85 8.13 8.18 8.40 8.59 8.94 35-39 years 5.64 6.66 7.17 7.35 7.60 7.65 7.72 8.18 40-44 years 3.57 5.03 6.17 6.73 6.90 7.06 7.16 7.34 45-49 years 2.93 3.17 4.64 5.81 6.34 6.43 6.48 6.79 50-54 years 2.86 2.58 2.90 4.36 5.45 5.79 5.91 6.11 55-59 years 2.97 2.49 2.33 2.63 3.98 4.67 5.01 5.49 60-64 years 2.42 2.54 2.21 2.04 2.32 3.05 3.59 4.58 65-69 years 2.05 2.00 2.19 1.89 1.75 1.83 2.04 3.20 70-74 years 1.49 1.60 1.63 1.80 1.57 1.48 1.48 1.75 75-79 years 1.09 1.08 1.22 1.27 1.42 1.33 1.25 1.19 80-84 years 0.62 0.70 0.74 0.86 0.91 1.00 1.03 0.93 85-89 years 0.32 0.34 0.42 0.45 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.67 90-94 years 0.10 0.14 0.16 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.32 95-99 years 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.12 © Business Monitor International Page 116 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Vietnam's Population By Age Group, 1990-2020 (% of total) - Continued 100+ years 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013e 2015f 2020f 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 e/f = BMI estimate/forecast. Source: World Bank, UN, BMI Table: Vietnam's Key Population Ratios, 1990-2020 Dependent ratio, % of total working age Dependent population, total, '000 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013e 75.8 71.0 61.3 50.8 42.9 41.4 2015f 2020f 41.3 41.9 29,712 31,567 30,734 28,617 26,741 26,860 27,293 28,655 Active population, % of total 56.9 Active population, total, '000 58.5 62.0 66.3 70.0 70.7 70.8 70.5 39,198 44,453 50,154 56,331 62,306 64,820 66,094 68,402 Youth population, % of total working age 65.8 Youth population, total, '000 60.9 50.9 40.9 33.6 32.1 31.7 30.2 25,778 27,076 25,544 23,038 20,918 20,822 20,950 20,690 Pensionable population, % of total working age Pensionable population, total, '000 10.0 10.1 10.3 9.9 9.3 9.3 9.6 11.6 3,934 4,491 5,190 5,579 5,823 6,037 6,343 7,965 e/f = BMI estimate/forecast. Source: World Bank, UN, BMI Table: Vietnam's Rural And Urban Population, 1990-2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013e 2015f 2020f Urban population, % of total 20.3 22.2 24.4 27.3 30.4 32.3 33.6 36.9 Rural population, % of total 79.7 77.8 75.6 72.7 69.6 67.7 66.4 63.1 Urban population, total, '000 13,958 16,867 19,716 23,175 27,064 29,632 31,384 35,771 Rural population, total, '000 54,952 59,153 61,172 61,773 61,983 62,048 62,003 61,286 e/f = BMI estimate/forecast. Source: World Bank, UN, BMI © Business Monitor International Page 117 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Glossary ■ Pharmaceuticals, medicines, drugs: synonym terms used interchangeably. ■ Pharmaceutical market/sales: the sum of revenues generated by generic, patented, and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs through hospitals, retail pharmacies and other channels. Unless otherwise stated, market value is reported at final consumer price including mark-ups, taxes, etc. ■ Prescription drugs: patented and generic drugs regulated by legislation that requires a physician's prescription before they can be sold to a patient. ■ Patented drug: an innovative medicine granted intellectual property protection by the patent and trademark office. The patent may encompass a wide range of claims, such as active ingredient, formulation, mode of action, etc, giving the patent holder the sole right to sell the drug while the patent is in effect. ■ Generic drug: a bioequivalent medicine that contains the same active ingredient as an originator drug. The originator drug is an innovative medicine that no longer has intellectual property protection due to patent expiry. ■ OTC drug: a medicine that does not require a prescription to be sold to patients. Also known as nonprescription medicines. ■ Counterfeit drugs: unregistered and illegal medicines which have not been subject to regulatory assessments to ensure quality, safety, efficacy and manufacturing standards. ■ Similares: non-bioequivalent alternatives to either an originator patented drug or a generic drug. While similares and the originator/generic drug have a common indication, similares not always contain the same active ingredient as an originator and invariably have a different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. Prevalent in select South American countries, similares are legal. BMI does not include their sales in total pharmaceutical market values. ■ Health expenditure: the sum of the funds mobilised by government and private systems for the operation of a healthcare system, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It includes the purchase of healthcare services and goods by public entities such as ministries and social security institutions; or by private entities such as non-profit institutions, commercial insurances and households acting as complementary funders to the previously cited institutions or unilaterally disbursing health commodities. The revenue base of these entities varies by country and comprises multiple sources. The inclusion of this in BMI's forecasts necessitates taking into account the essential attributes of countryspecific health accounting such as comprehensiveness, consistency, standardisation and timeliness. ■ Government health expenditure: the sum of outlays for health maintenance, restoration or enhancement paid by government entities such as a ministry of health, other ministries, parastatal organisations and social security agencies, including transfer payments to households to offset medical care costs and extrabudgetary funds to finance healthcare provision. ■ Private health expenditure: the sum of outlays for health by private entities such as commercial or mutual health insurance, households, non-profit institutions serving households, resident corporations and quasi-corporations not controlled by governments, according to the WHO. ■ Medical devices: products used for diagnosis or therapy in patients. Whereas pharmaceuticals achieve their principal action by pharmacological, metabolic or immunological means, medical devices act by physical or mechanical means. Medical devices include a wide range of products, including syringes, thermometers, blood-sugar tests, prosthetic limbs, ultrasound scans and X-ray machines. © Business Monitor International Page 118 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 ■ Burden of Disease Database (BoDD): BMI's disease database incorporates WHO, World Bank, IMF and BMI's own data to create a proprietary dataset. BoDD data are quantified as the sum of disabilityadjusted life years lost to a disease in a particular country. ■ Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): the sum of the years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality in a population and the years lost due to disability (YLD) for incident cases of the health condition. The DALY is a health gap measure that extends the concept of potential years of life lost due to premature death (PYLL) to include equivalent years of 'healthy' life lost in states of less than full health (broadly termed 'disability'). One DALY represents the loss of one year of equivalent full health. © Business Monitor International Page 119 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Methodology Pharmaceutical Expenditure Forecast Model Historic pharmaceutical market data is collected from a range of sources including: ■ regulatory agencies; ■ pharmaceutical trade associations; ■ company press releases and annual reports; ■ subscription information providers; ■ local news sources; ■ information from market research firms that is in the public domain. Currently available data varies in confidence levels, so it is calibrated by BMI's Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare analysts. In the absence of a complete time series of numbers, intermediate years are calculated from secondary sources. This 'composite' approach is used to ensure accuracy and consistency of historic data, which is crucial for reliable forecasts. To remove the effect of inflation, real pharmaceutical expenditure figures are then calculated by removing the annual average consumer price index (CPI). Real per-capita pharmaceutical expenditure numbers are calculated by dividing by population figures. A linear regression (see Note for explanation) is then performed on five years of real per-capita pharmaceutical expenditure against real per-capita final consumption (see Note 2). From analysis of the top 130 economies, BMI has established a strong statistical relationship between pharmaceutical expenditure and final consumption expenditure (r = 0.985). Healthcare Expenditure Forecast Model Historic public and private healthcare expenditure data is sourced from the World Health Organization (WHO)'s Global Health Expenditure Database, which contains the National Health Accounts (see Note for methodology). © Business Monitor International Page 120 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Data is provided in nominal local currency terms. To remove the effect of inflation, real healthcare expenditure figures are then calculated by removing the annual average consumer price index (CPI). Real per-capita healthcare expenditure numbers are calculated by dividing by population figures. A linear regression is then performed (see Note for explanation). Firstly on five years of real per-capita public healthcare expenditure against real per-capita government final consumption expenditure (see Note for definition). This generates a 10-year forecast of future of real per-capita public healthcare expenditure figures from 'known' projected real per-capita government final consumption expenditure figures. Another linear regression is simultaneously performed on real per-capita private healthcare expenditure against real per-capita private final consumption expenditure (see Note for definition). To general the nominal public healthcare spending forecast, population and CPI numbers are returned to both real per-capita public healthcare expenditure figures and real per-capita private healthcare expenditure figures. The overall healthcare expenditure forecast is then calculated by combining public and private healthcare expenditure. Notes On Methodology Note 1: National Health Accounts methodology. The global health expenditure database that the WHO has maintained for the past 10 years provides internationally comparable numbers on national health expenditures. WHO updates the data annually, taking, adjusting and estimating the numbers based on publicly available reports (national health account reports, reports from ministries of finance, central banks, national statistics offices, public expenditure information and reports from the World Bank, the IMF, etc). The estimates are sent out to the ministries of health for validation prior to publication, but users are advised that country data may still differ in terms of definitions, data collection methods, population coverage and estimation methods used. This database is the source for the health expenditure tables in the World Health Statistics Report and the WHO Global Health Observatory. © Business Monitor International Page 121 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Note 2: Linear regression equation. y = mx + b Where y = unknown variable, m = slope of gradient, x = known variable, and b = where the line crosses the y-axis. Note 3: Final consumption is the sum of government final consumption expenditure and private final consumption expenditure. Government final consumption expenditure is the sum of expenditures on final goods and services by the government. Included in this are public sector salaries, but it does not include transfer payments such as unemployment benefits or pensions. Private final consumption expenditure is the sum of all private consumption of goods and services within the economy, including both durable and nondurable goods. Housing purchases, however, are excluded. Government final consumption expenditure and private final consumption expenditure are the 'G' and 'C' in this equation: GDP = C + I + G + (X - M) Where GDP = gross domestic product, C = private final consumption expenditure, I = gross investment, G = government final consumption, X = exports, and I = imports. Risk/Reward Ratings Methodology Geographic diversification may be a favourable strategy for any multinational pharmaceutical company but it is vital that a company recognises both the rewards and the risks present in a market, in both developed and emerging pharmaceutical markets. BMI's ratings tool, which provides a globally comparative and numerically-based assessment of a market's attractiveness, was established to address this. BMI's Pharmaceutical Risk/Reward Ratings (RRRs) analyses and assess a market's attractiveness to multinational drugmakers looking to launch innovative medicines in the country. Our approach in assessing the risk/reward balance incorporates our industry-leading Country Risk Ratings (CRR), drawing on our 25year expertise in assessing political, economic and business operational risk, as well as our in-depth knowledge of the global pharmaceutical industry. It should be emphasised that the Pharmaceutical RRRs broadly assess the rewards and the risks that a company will face when looking to launch an innovative drug in a market. For example, we not differentiate between drugs that are a part of different therapeutic groups or whether the drug being © Business Monitor International Page 122 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 launched is the first to be launched in the market or will be one of the many different drugs of the same therapeutic class that has been launched in the market. Ratings Overview With regards to assessing rewards, we identify industry specific factors (such as the size of the pharmaceutical market) and country specific factors (such as the size of the pensionable population) that represent opportunities to would-be investors. With regards to assessing risks, we identify industry specific dangers (such as approvals expediency) and those emanating from the state's political/economic profile (such as bureaucracy) that call into question the likelihood of anticipated returns being realised over the assessed time period. With regard to the economic and political assessment, only aspects most relevant to the pharmaceutical industry are incorporated in the assessment. Table: Pharmaceutical Risk/Reward Ratings Indicators Rationale Rewards Industry Rewards Market expenditure, US$bn Denotes breadth of pharmaceutical market. Large markets score higher than smaller ones Denotes depth of pharmaceutical market. High value markets score better than low Market expenditure per capita, US$ value ones Sector value growth, % y-o-y Denotes sector dynamism. Scores based on annual average growth over five-year forecast period Country Rewards Urban-rural split Urbanisation is used as a proxy for development of medical facilities. Predominantly rural states score lower Pensionable population, % of total Proportion of the population over 65 years of age. States with ageing populations tend to have higher per-capita expenditure Population growth, 2003-2015 Fast-growing states suggest better long-term trend growth for all industries Risks Industry Risks Patent respect Markets with fair and enforced IP regulations score higher than those with endemic counterfeiting Policy reinforcement Markets with full and equitable access to modern medicines score higher than those with minimal state support Approvals expediency High scores awarded to markets with a swift appraisal system. Those that are weighted in favour of local industry or are corrupt score lower © Business Monitor International Page 123 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Pharmaceutical Risk/Reward Ratings Indicators - Continued Rationale Country Risks Economic diligence Rating from CRR evaluates the structural balance of the economy, noting issues such as reliance on single sectors for exports/growth, and past economic volatility Policy continuity Rating from CRR evaluates the risk of a sharp change in the broad direction of government policy Lack of bureaucracy Rating from CRR denotes ease of conducting business in the state Legal diligence Rating from CRR denotes the strength of legal institutions in each state. Security of investment can be a key risk in some emerging markets Business Transparency Rating from CRR denotes the risk of additional illegal costs/possibility of opacity in tendering/business operations affecting companies' ability to compete Source: BMI Indicator Weightings The weighting of each indicator reflects its relative importance to the pharmaceutical industry and the relative reward or risk that each factor poses to drug companies. The score assigned to each sub-sector (ie Industry Rewards) indicates the weighting of the sub-sector segment in the final RRR, and the score assigned to each indicator shows each indicator's influence within the sub-sector and the final RRR. All the indicators and their weightings are visible, improving the transparency of the rating system, allowing for the identification of regional (or group) outperformers across one indicator. © Business Monitor International Page 124 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Uses For BMI's Pharmaceutical RRRs ■ Strategic decision making and country/market comparisons, providing quantifiable reasons as to why one market is more attractive than another. ■ Assessing the viability of new markets. ■ A benchmark for internal rating systems. ■ Assessing frontier markets or on markets in which data collection is difficult. ■ Internal presentations. Principals Likely To Derive Benefit ■ Disease manager ■ Country manager ■ Regional manager ■ CEO and other senior executives involved in high level strategic decisions ■ Business development team Credit risk team © Business Monitor International Page 125 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. [...]... International Page 11 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Economic SWOT Analysis Strengths ■ Vietnam has been one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia in recent years, with GDP growth averaging 7.1% annually between 2000 and 2012 ■ The economic boom has lifted many Vietnamese out of poverty, with the official poverty rate in the country falling from 58% in 1993 to 20.7% in 2012 ■ Vietnam has... services, such as improving health infrastructure © Business Monitor International Page 19 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Table: Healthcare Expenditure Trends, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018) 2010 Health spending, USDbn Health spending, USDbn, % yo-y Health spending, VNDbn 2011 2012 2013 2014f 2015f 2016f 2017f 2018f 7.2 8.3 9.3 10.6 12.4 14.3 16.4 18.8 21.5 18.2 16.3... 41.8 41.5 41.2 f = BMI forecast Source: World Health Organization (WHO), BMI © Business Monitor International Page 20 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Table: Private Healthcare Expenditure Trends, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014f 2015f 2016f 2017f 2018f Private health spend, USDbn 3.8 4.6 5.3 6.1 7.1 8.3 9.5 11.0 12.7 Private health spend,... hypertension among the Vietnamese population will provide scope for drugmakers to expand © Business Monitor International Page 22 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 One therapeutic area that has strong potential is oncology At an international scientific conference in April 2013, Mai Trong Khoa, deputy director of Hanoi-based Bach Mai Hospital, stated that Vietnam reports about 110,000... Source: BMI, Drug Administration of Vietnam (DAV), Vietnam Ministry of Health, domestic companies, local press © Business Monitor International Page 27 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 OTC Medicine Market Forecast Despite the blurred distinction between prescription and non-prescription products, over-the-counter OTC Medicine Market Forecast (OTC) healthcare has been achieving relatively... Page 29 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Pharmaceutical Trade Forecast Vietnam is highly reliant on pharmaceutical imports Latest data from UN Commodities Trade Database Pharmaceutical Trade Forecast 2009-2018 (UNComtrade) showed that the country imported USD1.8bn worth of pharmaceuticals in 2012 while 6,000 exporting USD77.1mn worth of products in the same period Imported pharmaceuticals. .. reforms on hold as they struggle to stabilise the economy © Business Monitor International Page 13 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Business Environment SWOT Analysis Strengths ■ Vietnam has a large, skilled and low-cost workforce, which has made the country attractive to foreign investors ■ Vietnam' s location - its proximity to China and South East Asia, and its good sea links - makes... authorities to boost skills levels could leave Vietnam a second-rate economy for an indefinite period ■ The dispute with China in Q214 in the South China Sea suggests the potential for renewed political tensions going forward © Business Monitor International Page 14 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Industry Forecast Pharmaceutical Market Forecast Vietnam' s pharmaceutical market was valued... International Page 26 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 ■ Some drugs used in specialised and central hospitals are still protected by patents, preventing local firms from producing them The situation is made worse by free trade agreements that may extend patent terms Table: Generic Drug Market Indicators, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014f 2015f 2016f... 29.1 27.4 18.2 17.0 16.4 16.0 15.4 14.3 13.4 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.4 5.1 5.9 6.7 © Business Monitor International Page 16 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 Pharmaceutical Sales, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018) - Continued 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014f 2015f 2016f 2017f 2018f Pharmaceutical sales, USD per capita 23.1 27.0 31.2 35.9 42.4 49.3 56.7 64.9 73.8 Pharmaceutical . 51 Epidemiology 51 Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 © Business Monitor International Page 4 Healthcare Financing 53 Hospital Sector 55 Private Healthcare Sector 58 Healthcare Insurance. Q4 2014 www.businessmonitor.com VIETNAM PHARMACEUTICALS & HEALTHCARE REPORT INCLUDES 10-YEAR FORECASTS TO 2023 ISSN 1748-2305 Published by:Business Monitor International Vietnam Pharmaceuticals. infrastructure. Vietnam Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Report Q4 2014 © Business Monitor International Page 19 Table: Healthcare Expenditure Trends, Historical Data And Forecasts (Vietnam 2010-2018)