Performance study of air interface for broadband wireless packet access

PERFORMANCE STUDY OF AIR INTERFACE FOR BROADBAND WIRELESS PACKET ACCESS PENG XIAOMING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe my gratitude to all the people who have made this thesis possible and because of whom my graduate experience has been one that I will cherish forever. First and foremost I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Francois Chin, who has given me an invaluable opportunity to research and work on challenging and extremely interesting subjects over the past four years. He has always made himself available for help and advice. His tireless support, advice, and discussions have greatly helped me to successfully complete this research thesis. Thanks are due to Professor C. C. Ko for sharing his invaluable research experience and reviewing manuscripts. All my colleagues and friends have enriched my graduate study in many ways. I would like to thank my colleagues at the Wireless Communications Department of Institute for Infocomm Research for their interesting discussions and insights. I owe my deepest thanks to my family: my wife zhaoxia and my son shixin who have always support and understand me through my study. I thank my parents for their encouragement, support, and understanding through all these years. I also would like to thank all my brothers and sisters from my church for their constant support and encouragement through all these years. Last but not least, I would like to express the biggest thanks to GOD, who has constantly guidance, lead me during my difficult moments. I TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . I SUMMRY . V LIST OF SYMBOLS . VII LIST OF FIGURES . LIST OF TABLES X XIV INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Packet Access . 1.2 Organization of Thesis and Contributions . 10 BLOCK SPREAD CDMA . 13 2.1 Introduction . 13 2.2 Block Spread . 15 2.3 Block Spread CDMA (BS-CDMA) 17 2.4 BS-CDMA with Interference Cancellation . 34 2.5 Simulation Results and Discussions 37 2.6 Chapter Summary 48 TWO-LAYER SPREADING CDMA 49 3.1 Introduction . 49 3.2 Two-Layer Spreading CDMA (TLS-CDMA) . 50 3.3 Simulation Results and Discussions 73 II 3.4 Chapter Summary 83 BLOCK SPREAD INTERLEAVED FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (BS-IFDMA) 85 4.1 Introduction . 85 4.2 Block Spread Interleaved Frequency Division Multiple Access (BS-IFDMA) 86 4.3 BS-IFDMA with Interference Cancellation 96 4.4 Simulation Results and Discussions 102 4.5 Chapter Summary 108 TWO-DIMENSIONAL CODE SPREADING INTERLEAVED FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TCS-IFDMA) 109 5.1 Introduction . 109 5.2 Two-dimensional Code Spreading IFDMA (TCS-IFDMA) . 111 5.3 Simulation Results and Discussions 123 5.4 Chapter Summary 128 MULTI-BAND UWB SCHEME: A NEW AIR INTERFACE OVER ULTRA-WIDE SPECTRUM . 129 6.1 Introduction . 129 6.2 Multi-band UWB Scheme using Over-sampling Multi-channel Equalization 138 6.3 Simulation Results and Discussions 148 6.4 Chapter Summary 151 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH . 153 7.1 Conclusions 153 III 7.2 Future Research 158 BIBLIOGRAPHY 159 PUBLICATION LISTS . 170 IV SUMMARY Broadband wireless packet access with an all-IP architecture has emerged as the preferred platform to deliver higher data rates and provide more diverse services than the current wireless systems. Therefore, the design of a flexible and scalable new air interface has to take into account the fact that the dominant wireless traffic load will be high-speed and bursty in nature. This poses great challenges to the existing air interface technologies. This thesis investigates various means to cope with this design challenge. Firstly, a new concept of using block spread (BS) is proposed to deal with multi-user interference for high data rate transmission. This achieves near single user performance without using complex multi-user detection (MUD) techniques because the code orthogonality of BS is easily maintained when the channel variation across the consecutive blocks, in a block by block high data rate transmission, is negligible. Specifically, a block-spread code division multiple access (BS-CDMA) scheme is proposed to combat multiple access interference (MAI) and multipath interference (MPI) for uplink transmission, giving rise to a significantly improved multi-user performance in a broadband wireless channel. Extending the concept of BS, we have investigated a two-layer spreading CDMA (TLS-CDMA) scheme, in which an additional two-layer cell-specific scrambling code is used to tackle other cell interference (OCI) and achieve a lower data rate for higher-quality transmission in a multi-cell system. With analytical and simulation results showing their superiority over the existing single carrier scheme, these two schemes can enhance the performance of the conventional DS-CDMA system. Secondly, the proposed BS concept can be viewed as providing an additional domain V for multi-user allocation. In particular, a block spread interleaved frequency division multiple access (BS-IFDMA) scheme has been formulated to use this additional domain to support more users on top of the IFDMA domain. With the priority of allocating multiple users in the block spread code domain and then in frequency, BS-IFDMA can achieve larger frequency diversity than the conventional IFDMA scheme for the same number of users and bandwidth when the channel variation across the consecutive block is negligible. Two interference cancellation methods based on users’ mobility have been proposed to enhance its performance when the channel variation across the consecutive blocks is not negligible. In addition, a two-dimensional code spreading IFDMA (TCS-IFDMA) scheme, which uses the BS concept for additional multi-users allocation, has also been proposed to combat MAI and OCI more efficiently. The analysis and simulation studies show that the proposed TCS-IFDMA scheme enhances the variable spreading and chip repetition factor CDMA (VSCRF-CDMA) scheme significantly by prioritizing users in the time domain spreading according to the cell structure, channel conditions and the active number of users. It can realize seamless handover between the cellular system and the hot-spot system using the same air interface deployed. Lastly, this thesis also deals with the design of air interface over ultra-wideband (UWB) channel (>500MHz bandwidth) with dense multipaths. A multi-band UWB system using over-sampling multi-channel equalizer has been proposed to transmit ultra-high data rate at low cost and power. Through detailed analytical and simulation studies, the proposed scheme is shown to be able to handle inter-symbol interference (ISI) and harness the rich multipath diversity under any channel conditions. VI LIST OF SYMBOLS AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System ARQ: Automatic Repeat reQuest AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise BER: Bit Error Rate BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying BS: Block Spread BS-CDMA: Block Spread Code Division Multiple Access CCR: Chip-Compression-and-Repetition CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access CE: Cyclic Extension CLI: Chip Level Interleaving CP Cyclic Prefix CP-CDMA: Cyclic Prefix CDMA CRF: Chip-Repetition Factor CSF: Code-domain Spreading Factor DS-CDMA: Direct Sequence CDMA DS-UWB: Direct Sequence Ultra-Wideband EGC: Equal Gain Combining FCC: Federal Communication Commission FDE Frequency Domain Equalization FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access FFT: Fast Fourier Transform FOMA: Freedom Of Mobile multi-media Access GSM: Global System for Mobile communications HMC: Hybrid MAI Cancellation HSDPA: High Speed Downlink Packet Access HSUPA: High Speed Uplink Packet Access IFDMA: Interleaved Frequency Division Multiple Access IFFT: Inverse FFT ICI: Inter-Chip Interference ISI: Inter-Symbol Interference MAI: Multiple Access Interference VII MB-OFDM: Multi-Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing MC-CDMA: Multi-Carrier CDMA MC-DS-CDMA: Mutli-Carrier Direct Sequence CDMA MIMO: Multiple Input and Multiple Output MLSE: Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Estimation MMSE: Minimum Mean Squared Errors MPI: Multi-Path Interference MRC: Maximum Ratio Combining MSMC Multistage Successive MAI cancellation MUD: Multi-User Detection OCI: Other-Cell Interference OFCDM: Orthogonal Frequency Code Division Multiplexing OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access PAPR: Peak-to-Average Power Ratio PAM: Pulse Amplitude Modulation PPM: Pulse Position Modulation PRI: Pulse Repetition Interval PSD: Power Spectrum Density QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying RTD: Round Trip Delay SC-FDE: Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization SMC: Serial MAI Cancellation SF: Spreading Factor TACS: Total Access Communication System TCS-IFDMA: Two-dimensional Code Spreading for IFDMA TDD: Time-Division Duplex TDE: Time Domain Equalization TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access TD-SCDMA: Time Division Synchronized CDMA TFL-CDMA: Time Frequency Localized CDMA TLS-CDMA: Two-Layer Spreading CDMA UWB: Ultra-Wide Band VSCRF-CDMA: Variable Spreading and Chip Repetition Factor CDMA VSF-OFCDM: Variable Spreading Factor-Orthogonal Frequency Code VIII Division Multiplexing WBAN: Wireless Body Area Network WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network WUSB: Wireless Universal Serial Bus IX CDMA system. On the other hand, TCS-IFDMA, BS-IFDMA and VSCRF-CDMA belong to IFDMA scheme. TCS-IFDMA is a generalized form for both BS-IFDMA and VSCRF-CDMA by changing the spreading factors of {Gt, Ui, G}. In IFDMA scheme, BS concept has been viewed as providing an additional domain for more flexible user allocation in multi-user system. Similarly, TCS-IFDMA is superior to BS-IFDMA in a multi-cell environment, due to its better OCI suppression capability while BS-IFDMA is superior to support more users in a hot-spot environment because of its capability to combat MAI. Enhancing the performance of DoCoMo’s VSCRF-CDMA scheme, TCS-IFDMA can be considered as a promising candidate for future broadband wireless packet access to achieve seamless handover between the cellular system and hot spot system. Compared to TLS-CDMA, TCS-IFDMA has more flexibility to provide multi-user allocation, therefore showing its robustness over mobile wireless channel with high mobility. IFDMA CDMA G1=1 BS-CDMA Ui=1 BS-IFDMA G=1 (Gt, Ui) (1, G2) TLS-CDMA TCS-IFDMA (G1, G2) (Gt, Ui, G) VSCRF-CDMA CP-CDMA G2=1 (G1,1) Ui=1 (Ui, G) Gt=1 Figure 7-1 Relationship among the proposed schemes 157 7.2 Future Research There are a variety of fruitful areas for future research on the design of new air interface for future broadband wireless packet access. Our current work on the performance analysis of the proposed new air interface is based on the assumption of time invariant channel across the BS period, i.e., the channel variation across the consecutive blocks is negligible. The performance analysis can be extended to the work where the channel variation across the consecutive blocks is not negligible. Furthermore, our current work on the performance studies of the proposed air interface schemes is based on the assumption of perfect channel estimation. In practice, the system performance will be degraded due to the channel estimation error. Studying the effect of channel estimation and pilot design for the proposed new air interface scheme is another aspect for future research. In addition, due to the severe multi-user interference in the conventional CDMA system, the MIMO detection for multi-user CDMA system becomes complicated. However, with the help of BS, the proposed new air interface has removed MAI effectively. It is interesting to investigate the system performance employing MIMO techniques, such as space-frequency scheme for future evolution of CDMA system. Lastly, our current work focuses on error probability analysis of the proposed air interface schemes. Another important measure that has not been investigated is the capacity of the proposed schemes. It is essential to determine the capacity of the systems under realistic broadband wireless channel. 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Ko, “Two-Layer Spreading CDMA: An Improved Method for Broadband Uplink Transmission”, to be appeared in IEEE Transaction on VT, Nov 2008. Xiaoming Peng, T. S. Dharma, Francois Chin and AS Madhukumar, “Novel Interference Cancellation Methods for BS-CDMA in Uplink Broadband Mobile Communication Systems” to be appeared in IEEE Communications Letters, 2008 Xiaoming Peng, Francois Chin, AS Madhukumar “Performance Studies of Subcarrier Re-assigned Scheme during Retransmission for VSF-OFCDM Systems”, IET Proceeding on Communications, Jan 2005. S. H. Wong, Xiaoming Peng, Francois Chin, AS Madhukumar, “Performance Analysis of an Over-Sampling Multi-channel Equalization for a Multi-Band UWB System,” IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communications, June 2006. Submitted and Under Preparation Xiaoming Peng, Madhukumar, Francois Chin, T. T. Tjhung, “A Simplified Transceiver Structure for Cyclic Extended CDMA System with Frequency Domain Equalization”, submitted to IET Proceeding on Communications, June 2007 (1st revision). T. S. Dharma, Xiaoming Peng, AS Madhukumar and Francois Chin, “Block Spread CDMA Systems with Time-Frequency Domain Spreading” submitted to IEEE Comm. Letter May 2008 (1st revision). Xiaoming Peng, Khiam-Boon Png, Francois Chin and C. C. Ko, “Novel Interference Cancellation Methods for BS-IFDMA in Uplink Broadband Mobile Communication Systems”, to be submitted. Xiaoming Peng, Zhongding Lei, Francois Chin and C. C. Ko, “Two dimensional Code Spreading for IFDMA: An improved Method for Broadband Uplink Transmission”, to be submitted. 170 Conference Papers Published Xiaoming Peng, Khiam Boon Png, Zhongding Lei, Francois Chin and C. C. Ko, “Block Spread IFDMA – An improved broadband Uplink transmission”, IEEE PIMRC 2007, Sept 2007. Xiaoming Peng, S. H. Wong, Francois Chin, AS Madhukumar, “Performance Analysis of an Over-Sampling Multi-channel Equalization for a Multi-Band UWB System,” IEEE VTC 2005 Fall, Sept 2005. Xiaoming Peng, Zhongding Lei, Francois Chin and C. C. Ko, “Two-Layer Spreading CDMA: An Improved Method for Broadband Uplink Transmission”, IEEE VTC 2005 Fall, Sept 2005. Xiaoming Peng, Madhukumar, Francois Chin, T. T. Tjhung, “A Simplified Transceiver Structure for Cyclic Extended CDMA System with Frequency Domain Equalization”, IEEE VTC 2005 Spring, May 2005. Xiaoming Peng, Francois P.S. Chin, AS Madhukumar “Rotated Symbol Interleaved Scheme for VSF-OFCDM Systems”, IEEE WCNC2005, March 2005. Xiaoming Peng, Zhongding Lei, Francois Chin, “Performance comparison of different MIMO schemes for downlink MC-CDMA systems,” ICCS2004, Sept 7-9, Singapore. Xiaoming Peng, AS Madhukumar and Francois Chin “Performance Studies of Interleaving Schemes for MC-CDMA Systems”, IEEE WCNC2004, March 21-25, Atlanta, USA. T. S. Dharma, A.S. Madhukumar, A. B. Premkumar, Xiaoming Peng “Space-Frequency Coded BS-CDMA for Broadband Mobile Communication Systems”, IEEE WCNC 2007. T. S. Dharma, A.S. Madhukumar, A. B. Premkumar, Xiaoming Peng, "On Channel Estimation for Layered Space-Time Block Spread CDMA Systems", IEEE VTC 2006 Spring, May 5-7, 2006 Melbourne, Australia. 10 T. S. Dharma, A. S. Madhukumar, A. B. Premkumar, Xiaoming Peng, “Layered Space-Time Architecture for Single-Carrier Block Extended CDMA Systems”, IEEE VTC 2005 Fall, Sept 2005. 171 Patents 1. Francois Chin, Zhongding Lei, Xiaoming Peng “Pre-despreading receivers for downlink VSF-OFCDM systems” Filing date: 01-April-04, Filing Number: PCT/SG03/00298. 2. Francois Chin, Xiaoming Peng, Zhongding Lei “VSF BS-CDMA using two dimensional spreading for uplink broadband packet access”, Filing date: 1-September- 2005. 3. Francois Chin, Zhongding Lei, Xiaoming Peng, Hiroyuki ATARASHI and Noriyuki MAEDA, “Two-dimensional code spreading for Interleaved FDMA systems”, Filing date: 01-Feb-06. (jointly with DoCoMo). 4. Lei Zhongding, Francois Chin, Xiaoming Peng, Ying Chang Liang, “Block Spread Pre-Transform OFDMA”, Filing date: 9-Jan-06 with US provisional filing. 5. Ying Chang Liang, Francois Chin, Xiaoming PENG, Lei Zhongding, “Adaptive Block Spread OFDMA”, Filing date: 9-Jan-06 with US provisional filing. 172 [...]... emerged as the most preferred platform for broadband wireless packet access Therefore, the design of a new air interface for broadband wireless packet access has to take into account the fact that the dominant load in the wireless channels will be high-speed and bursty in nature The necessity to support such high-capacity bursty traffic in extremely unpredictable wireless channels has already posed... PARAMETERS FOR BS-IFDMA .102 TABLE 5-1 SIMULATION PARAMETERS FOR TCS-IFDMA .123 TABLE 6-1 SALIENT PARAMETERS OF THE PROPOSED TRANSMISSION MODES 162 XIV 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Packet Access Broadband wireless packet access should deliver much higher data transmission rates and provide more diverse services than current 2-3G systems All-IP wireless. .. accelerate technological evolution of multiple access technologies for next generation wireless applications Since the focus of this thesis is air interface suited for next generation broadband wireless packet access, a brief historical review of its worldwide development is given in the following First Generation Wireless Systems: Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and Total Access Communication System... of new air interface for future broadband wireless packet access A few new schemes, such as BS-CDMA, TLS-CDMA, BS-IFDMA and TCS-IFDMA have been proposed and their superior performance have been shown over the existing DS-CDMA, CP-CDMA, IFDMA and VSCRF-CDMA schemes through analytical and simulation results As such, they can be considered as promising candidates for future broadband wireless packet access. .. 3-7 BER PERFORMANCE OF THE TLS-CDMA SCHEME FOR AN ADAPTIVE G (QPSK) 76 FIGURE 3-8 BER PERFORMANCE OF THE TLS-CDMA SCHEME (QAM) .77 FIGURE 3-9 BER PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS AMONG THE TLS-CDMA, CP-CDMA, MC-CDMA AND BS-CDMA SCHEMES (V=3 KM/H) 79 FIGURE 3-10 BER PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS AMONG TLS-CDMA, CP-CDMA, MC-CDMA AND BS-CDMA SCHEMES (V=60 KM/H) 81 FIGURE 3-11 BER PERFORMANCE. .. technologies suitable for 4G air interface, which often include multi-carrier (MC) techniques such as OFDM and 7 related schemes like orthogonal frequency-division multiple -access (OFDMA) and combinations of OFDM with CDMA, e.g., multi-carrier code-division multiple -access (MC-CDMA), multi-carrier direct-sequence code-division multiple -access (MC-DS-CDMA), and spread-spectrum multi-carrier multiple -access (SS-MC-CDMA)... 2001 a consortium of partners led by Alcatel, Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia and Siemens founded the World Wireless Research Forum (WWRF) [24] [25] This forum was focused on: Formulation of a consistent vision of future wireless communications; Generation, identification, and promotion of research areas and technical trends for mobile and wireless technologies; Contribution to the definition of research programs;... blocks is negligible Subsequently, we propose a few new air interfaces for future broadband wireless packet access The rest of the thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 2 proposes a block spread CDMA (BS-CDMA) scheme to combat MAI, giving rise to a significantly improved multi-user performance over the conventional DS-CDMA scheme in a broadband wireless channel Chapter 3 extends the concept to a two-layer... 4-8 BER PERFORMANCE FOR DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTION OF USER MOBILITY 106 FIGURE 4-9 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF INTERFERENCE CANCELLATION METHODS 107 FIGURE 4-10 EFFECT OF NUMBER OF ITERATIONS IN HMC METHOD .107 FIGURE 5-1 TRANSMITTER BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE TCS-IFDMA SCHEME 113 FIGURE 5-2 RECEIVER BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE TCS-IFDMA SCHEME 117 FIGURE 5-3 DETAILS OF TIME... 2-16 PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS AMONG BS-CDMA, X CP-CDMA AND DS-CDMA SYSTEMS FOR BOTH QPSK AND 16QAM IN A MULTI-CELL SYSTEM 45 FIGURE 2-17 BER PERFORMANCE OF BS-CDMA USING SMC AND MSMC METHODS (50%-3 KM/H, 50%-60 KM/H) 46 FIGURE 2-18 BER PERFORMANCE OF BS-CDMA USING SMC AND MSMC METHODS (50%-3 KM/H, 50%-120 KM/H) 47 FIGURE 3-1 TRANSCEIVER STRUCTURE OF THE TLS-CDMA SCHEME .52 FIGURE 3-2 PACKET . All-IP wireless architecture has emerged as the most preferred platform for broadband wireless packet access. Therefore, the design of a new air interface for broadband wireless packet access. II TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I SUMMRY V LIST OF SYMBOLS VII LIST OF FIGURES X LIST OF TABLES XIV 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview of Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Packet Access. MODES 162 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Packet Access Broadband wireless packet access should deliver much higher data transmission rates