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A MULTILEVEL CONFIGURATIONAL ANALYSIS OF RESOURCE INTEGRATION IN NET‐ENABLED RETAIL ORGANIZATIONS OH LIH BIN M.Sc. (Info. Sys.), NUS B.Sc. (Hons. I) (Comp. & Info. Sci.), NUS A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this dissertation serves as the capstone to my arduous yet fulfilling doctoral program. Reaching this stage of my life would not be possible without the help of many people. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my dissertation advisor, Professor Teo Hock Hai. Over the years, my intellectual capacities have been honed under his meticulous guidance and inspirational coaching. I thank him for the faith and encouragements given during the difficult times. As both my research advisor and life mentor, he has shaped my perspective and outlook on a multitude of things. As we end our formal advisor‐advisee relationship, I am looking forward to continue learning from him as a lifelong colleague and special friend. I am also indebted to Professor Wei Kwok Kee, who served as the advisor for my undergraduate honors and master theses. He has inducted me into the fascinating world of academic research. Those formative research experiences played a pivotal role in providing me with a good research foundation. I am also especially touched by his concerns on the progress of my doctoral work and his advices on career development. Next, I would like to show my appreciation to Professor V. Sambamurthy, who hosted me during my four‐month visit to the Michigan State University. I have benefited tremendously from attending his doctoral seminar and working with him on research papers. The brief stint in East Lansing has been life changing and memorable and has broadened my horizons immensely. I also thank Professors Bernard Tan and Chan Hock Chuan for providing a conducive research environment in the department and for making special teaching arrangements to make my visit to MSU possible. Student research mentoring played an integral part in contributing to my research competence. I thank the eight honors year project students and two independent study project students whom I am very fortunate to have the chance to work with. Special thanks go to William Rimbun and Parvathi Nair for their great assistance in the two pilot studies. ii This dissertation and my other research works have also improved substantially from presentations and seminars made in Singapore and various overseas conferences. I thank every colleague for their constructive feedback. I am also thankful to all my past CS1105 Computing and Society and GEK1511 Introduction to Computing students. The enjoyable and satisfying teaching experiences have to a large extent rejuvenated my otherwise monotonous research regime. Special thanks also go to my personal friends who have been very supportive to my seemingly perpetual pursuit for the terminal degree. I am also grateful to many of my NUS colleagues and friends for their help in one way or another to my teaching and research activities. Lastly, and most importantly, my family has been a driving force to the completion of my Ph.D. Not only have they provided me with unconditional moral support and understanding ‐ my Dad, Mum and Sis had even chipped in with professional secretarial and logistical help to prepare and deliver the survey mail packages. I dedicate this dissertation to them. iii CONTENTS Title……………………………………………………………………………… Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………… Contents………………………………………………………………………… Summary………………………………………………………………………… Tables…………………………………………………………………………… Figures……………………………………………………………………………. Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………………. 1.1 Emergence of Net‐enabled Retail Organizations ……………. 1.2 Prior Research in Hybrid Commerce………………………… . 1.3 Motivations and Research Objectives………………………… 1.4 Theoretical Lens Used for Research……………………………. 1.5 Framework of Dissertation……………………………………… 1.6 Phases of Research……………………………………………… 1.7 Research Contributions………………………………………… Chapter 2 Essay 1: A Strategic Group Analysis of Net‐enabled Retail Organizations…………………………………………………… 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………… 2.2 Conceptual Foundations………………………………………… 2.2.1 Strategic Groups Approach to Deriving Configurations…………………………………………… . 2.2.2 Mobility Barriers and Performance Implications of Strategic Groups…………………………………………… 2.3 Dimensions Used to Develop Strategic Groups………………. 2.4 Survey Data Collection………………………………………… . 2.5 Analysis and Results………………………………………… .… 2.5.1 Cluster Analysis……………………………………………. 2.5.2 Validation of the Taxonomy……………………………… 2.5.3 Linkage between Strategic Groups and Firm Performance……………………………………………… . 2.6 Discussion and Implications…………………………………… 2.6.1 Net‐enabled Retail Organizational Configurations……. 2.6.2 Mobility Barriers and Strategic Group‐Performance Linkage……………………………………………………… 2.6.3 Limitations, Future Research and Implications………… 2.7 Conclusion………………………………………………………… iv i ii iv vii x xi 2 4 8 10 12 13 14 16 16 19 19 21 24 28 31 31 38 43 48 48 50 52 57 Chapter 3 Essay 2: A Structural‐Strategy Fit Assessment to Realize Business Value in Retail Channel Integration………………………… 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………… 3.2 Theoretical Foundations…………………………………………. 3.2.1 The Miles and Snow Business Strategy Typology……… 3.2.2 Organizational Structure as a Continuum of Differentiation and Integration………………………… . 3.3 Defining the Multichannel Hybrid Retail Organizational Structure…………………………………………………………… 3.4 Organizational Structure Fit with Strategic Type and Performance……………………………………………………… 3.5 Method.……………………………………………………………. 3.5.1 Survey Data Collection……………………………………. 3.5.2 Operationalization of Constructs………………………… 3.5.3 Identification of Ideal Hybrid Organizational Structure Profile……………………………………………………… 3.5.4 Firm Performance………………………………………… 3.5.5 Control Variables………………………………………… . 3.6 Data Analysis…………………………………………………… . 3.6.1 Scale Validation…………………………………………… 3.6.2 Assumptions Validation………………………………… . 3.6.3 Testing Configuration Theory Predictions with Profile Deviation Analysis………………………………………… 3.7 Results…………………………………………………………… 3.7.1 Descriptive Statistics for Prospectors, Analyzers and Defenders…………………………………………………… 3.7.2 Performance Implications of Coalignment……………… 3.8 Discussion and Implications…………………………………… 3.9 Limitations and Future Research……………………………… . 3.10 Conclusion………………………………………………………… v 58 58 60 60 64 65 69 71 71 73 77 79 79 80 80 81 83 85 85 85 88 93 95 Chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Chapter 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Essay 3: A New Services Development Perspective of the Antecedents and Consequences of Retail Channel Integration……………………………………………………. Introduction………………………………………………… . Conceptual Integration and Model Development……… . 4.2.1 New Services Development and Retail Channel Integration……………………………………………… 4.2.2 Dimensions of Retail Channel Integration in Net‐ enabled Retail Organization………………………… 4.2.3 Antecedents of Retail Channel Integration: IT Infrastructure and Human Resource Capabilities… 4.2.4 Relationship between Retail Channel Integration and Organizational Competences……………………. 4.2.5 Drivers of Organizational Performance: Exploitative Competence and Explorative Competence…………………………………………… 4.2.6 Control Variables………………………………………. Research Method.……………………………………………. 4.3.1 Survey Data Collection……………………………… . 4.3.2 Operationalization of Constructs…………………… Data Analysis and Results………………………………… . 4.4.1 Evaluation of the Measurement Model……………… 4.4.2 Testing of the Structural Model……………………… 4.4.3 Consequences of Retail Channel Integration……… Discussion and Implications………………………………… Conclusion…………………………………………………… 96 96 100 100 103 110 114 117 119 120 120 121 125 127 130 132 135 145 Research Note: Do Strategic Group or Firm Differences Explain Firm Performance Better? A Hierarchical Linear Model Analysis……………………………………………………… . Introduction……………………………………………………. Strategic Group and Firm Differences Affect Performance. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) Analysis……………. Results………………………………………………………… Discussion……………………………………………………… 146 146 147 149 151 152 Chapter 6 Conclusion…………………………………………………… 154 References…………………………………………………………………… 157 Appendix……………………………………………………………………… 172 vi SUMMARY In recent years, the retail industry has witnessed heightened use of information technologies as firms have increasingly applied digitization to integrate their business processes and retail channels. They strive to deliver new services and enhanced customer experiences in order to sustain operational excellence. This dissertation focuses upon how these net‐enabled retail organizations (NERO) transform themselves to embrace the hybrid commerce business model to conduct business with consumers through the provision of integrated information and innovative cross‐channel services. Drawing on the literature of information systems, strategic management, and service operations management as well as recent theoretical developments in organizational resource integration and new service developments, a multilevel configurational analysis on retail channel resource integration was performed. We examine how the organizational resource integration of information technologies, human resources, business processes, and customer channels impacts business performance. Survey data was collected from senior executives in 125 NEROs in Singapore. In Essay 1, we provided a strategic groups analysis of the current state of hybrid commerce in the retail industry. We used cluster analysis to develop a taxonomy of four distinct types of organizational configurations: novice integrators, people‐focused integrators, IT‐focused integrators and all‐ vii rounded integrators. We draw insights from the performance differences between these integrators. In Essay 2, we applied the profile deviation approach to assess the coaligment between hybrid organizational structure and generic business strategies of prospectors, analyzers and defenders. Results suggest that organizations that have hybrid structures that are most similar to the high‐ performing organizations of their strategic type performed better than those whose firm profile deviated from the ideal profile. In Essay 3, we examined how the organizational integration of resources within a firm can nurture innovation competences and impact business performance. Results from the Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis suggest that IT capability and human resources capabilities are both significant antecedents of the level of retail channel integration. Furthermore, higher levels of organizational integration facilitate the development of exploitative and explorative competences and lead to higher organizational performance. Finally, in the brief Research Note, we used hierarchical level modeling (HLM) to simultaneously estimate the explanatory power of firm‐level and strategic group‐level influences on measures of performance. We find that firm level differences consistently explained more performance variations compared to strategic group level differences. viii As the first study to holistically examine the issues of resource integration in NEROs, this dissertation has made substantial theoretical, methodological and managerial contributions. Results obtained from using four different statistical analysis approaches advanced our understanding in terms of the current state of hybrid commerce in the retail industry, strategic alignment between organizational structure and business strategy, the antecedent and performance implications of resource integration, and the nature of performance variations at the firm and intra‐industry levels. This novel study will serve as a useful foundation for other researchers in the field of Service Science, Management and Engineering (SSME). It will also provide managerial insights for firms embarking on digital integration in not just the retail sector, but also in other industries. Keywords: Business value of IT, retail channel integration, resource integration, configuration theory, strategic groups, structure‐strategy fit, new services development, resource complementarity, exploitative explorative competence, hierarchical linear modeling ix competence, TABLES Table 1.1: Organization of Dissertation……………………………………. Table 2.1: Sample Characteristics for Study 1 .……………… . Table 2.2: Characteristics of the Four Hybrid Commerce Organization Types Derived from Cluster Analysis……………………… . Table 2.3: Strategic Distance Between Groups……………………………. Table 2.4: Results of Canonical Discriminant Analysis………………… Table 2.5: Classification Results for Cross‐validated Accuracy…………. Table 2.6: Relative Performance Scores for Different Organization Types……………………………………………………………… Table 3.1: Sample Characteristics for Study 2 .………………………… . Table 3.2: Classification of Ideal Strategic Types Based on Strategy Attributes…………………………………………………………. Table 3.3: Profiles of Highest‐Performing Firms by Strategic Types…… Table 3.4: Reliability of Measurement Items……………………………… Table 3.5: Regression Models Within and Across Strategic‐Type Ideal Profiles……………………………………………………………. Table 3.6: Importance Weights Used for Each Strategic Types…………. Table 3.7: Descriptive Statistics of the Sample Population by Strategic Types……………………………………………………………… Table 3.8: Organizational Structure Fit with Strategic Type and Performance Regression Models……………………………… Table 3.9: Organizational Structure Fit with Strategic Type and Performance Regression Models with Control Variables…… Table 4.1: Conceptual Mapping of Multichannel Retail Dimensions .… Table 4.2: Sample Characteristics for Study 3 .………………………… . Table 4.3: Descriptive Statistics of Six Formative Dimensions of Retail Channel Integration…………………………………………… . Table 4.4: Psychometric Properties and Descriptive Statistics of Measurement Model…………………………………………… Table 4.5: Discriminant Validity of Reflective Constructive…………… Table 4.6: Results of Pseudo‐F Test………………………………………… Table 5.1: HLM Variance Decomposition…………………………………. 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The firm keeps an integrated purchase history of customers’ online and offline purchases. 7. The firm allows customers to access their prior integrated purchase history. 8. The firm makes future purchase recommendations to customers based on past consolidated online and offline purchases. 9. The Website customizes Web pages for customers based on past consolidated online and offline purchases. Integrated Product and Pricing Information Management 10. Product/service descriptions are consistent in both the physical store and Website. 11. Product/service category classifications are consistent in both the physical store and Website. 12. Information on stock availability is consistent in both the physical store and Website. 13. Product/service prices are consistent in both the physical store and Website. 14. Discounts are consistent in both the physical store and Website. Integrated Information Access 15. The Website allows customers to search for products available in the physical store. 16. The firm allows checking of inventory status at the physical store through the Website. 17. The physical store provides Internet kiosks for customers to access the information and functionalities available on the Website. 18. The physical store provides Internet kiosks for customers to access store maps to quickly locate items in the store. 19. The physical store provides Internet kiosks for customers to find answers to frequently asked questions without making enquiries from in‐store customer service assistants. Integrated Order Fulfillment 20. The gift coupons or vouchers issued by the store can be redeemed either online or offline. 21. The Website allows ordering by a catalog number. 22. The physical store allows customers to self collect their online purchases. 23. The firm allows customers to choose any physical store from which to pick up their online purchases. 24. The firm allows customers to make payment in the physical store for their online purchases. 25. The physical store provides Internet kiosks for customers to place orders for out‐of‐stock items. Integrated Customer Service 26. The in‐store customer service center accepts return, repair or exchange of products purchased online. 27. The Website provides post‐purchase services such as email support for the products purchased at physical stores. 28. The Website provides interactive access to the customer service assistant through a real‐time chat program. Note: measured on a 10‐point scale, 0: none to 9: to a large extent 172 Table A2. Measurement Scales for Business Strategy Attributes Defensiveness 1. We develop strong relationships with our suppliers. 2. We develop strong relationships with our customers. 3. We optimize coordination across our departments and/or product lines. 4. There is a constant drive to improve operating efficiency. Analysis 1. We tend to be number‐oriented and analytical in our operations. 2. We require detailed, factual information to support our day‐to‐day decision making. 3. We develop comprehensive analyses of each business opportunity or challenge we face. Risk Aversion 1. Our business decisions generally follow “tried and true” paths. 2. We adopt a rather conservative view when making major decisions. 3. In general, our mode of operations is less risky than that of our competitors. Proactiveness 1. We generally increase capacity (i.e., prepare to handle a greater volume of business) before our competitors do the same. 2. We are usually the first ones to introduce various products and/or services in the market. 3. We adopt innovations early. Futurity 1. The performance measures reviewed by the senior management team emphasize our long‐term business effectiveness. 2. Our criteria for budget allocations generally reflect long‐term considerations. Aggressiveness 1. We sacrifice current profitability to gain market share. 2. Gaining market share is more important than cash flow. 3. We frequently use price‐cutting to increase our market share. Note: measured on a 7‐point Likert scale 173 Table A3. Measurement Scales for Capabilities, Competences, and Firm Performance IT Infrastructure Capability: ITIC ITIC1: Our Web‐based systems are tightly linked to our existing computer systems in the physical stores via real‐time communication networks. ITIC2: The physical stores and the online store access a common inventory database. ITIC3: The physical stores and the online store access a common customer database. ITIC4: Information is shared seamlessly across our organization, regardless of location. Human Resource Capability: HRC HRC1: Our staff at the physical stores is knowledgeable about the products/services provided at the Website. HRC2: Our staff understands the firm’s cross‐channel integration strategies. HRC3: Our staff has the ability to implement the firm’s cross‐channel integration strategies. HRC4: Our staff is competent in the use of information technology to support the firm’s cross‐channel integration strategies. Exploitative Competence: EXPLOIT EXPLOIT1: Reduce distribution costs. EXPLOIT2: Reduce customer service costs. EXPLOIT3: Involve customers in personalizing their shopping experience. EXPLOIT4: Differentiate our products/services from those of our competitors. Explorative Competence: EXPLORE EXPLORE1: Launch new marketing strategies. EXPLORE2: Provide new ways of performing transactions. EXPLORE3: Offer new ways of order fulfillment. EXPLORE4: Reallocate resources quickly in response to changes in market conditions. Performance: PERFORM (1‐much worse than the competition; 4‐about the same; 7‐ much better than the competition) PERFORM1: Market share gains PERFORM2: Net profits PERFORM3: Revenue growth PERFORM4: Return on investment PERFORM5: Return on assets Note: measured on a 7‐point Likert scale 174 [...]... commitments include business‐level deployments of resources (cash, human, materials, etc.) to those functional areas that are critical to obtaining and maintaining a competitive advantage in target product‐market segments. Strategic groups research are useful in providing configurations as a possible means to explain intra‐industry performance variation and outlining ... benefits. Muller‐ Lankenau, Wehmeyer and Klein (2006) analyzed the Websites of 25 European retail grocers and concluded that the individual retailer’s general marketing strategy and national market structures had an impact on their multichannel strategy choices. A larger Website content analysis of 978 U.S.‐based retailers by Steinfield, Adelaar and Liu (2005) revealed that retailers are more likely to ... was to understand the value that consumers attached to the different aspects of retail channel resources integration. Results suggested that consumers considered the six dimensions of retail channel integration: integrated 13 promotion, integrated transaction information management, integrated product and pricing information management, integrated information access, integrated order fulfillment and integrated customer service as ... essay on the firm‐level analysis of the antecedents and consequences of resource integration. Chapter 5 comprises of a short research note on a hierarchical linear analysis of the performance variations between strategic group and firm level influences. Chapter 6 offers the conclusion of the dissertation. 15 CHAPTER 2 ESSAY 1: A STRATEGIC GROUP ANALYSIS OF NET ENABLED RETAIL ... medium used for marketing and customer service are also fast blurring. Such 3 technological convergence have led to the emergence of Net enabled Retail Organizations (NEROs). Drawing upon the notion of net enabled organizations (Straub and Watson 2001), we define NEROs as retail organizations that coordinate their activities and interactions with stakeholders through face‐to‐face ... Research Contributions This dissertation is novel on several fronts and makes substantial theoretical, methodological and managerial contributions. Drawing from the literature of diverse disciplines, it integrates and infuses new perspectives for understanding the business value of IT in net enabled retail organizations. By performing analysis at multiple levels with alternative configurational lenses, ... and loyal to retailers than single channel consumers (Venkatesan, Kumar and Ravishanker 2007). Hybrid commerce, also known as “brick‐and‐click” or “click‐and‐mortar” retailing, has been widely regarded as a distinct business model that differs from traditional retailing and B2C e‐ commerce (Prasarnphanich and Gillenson 2003; Steinfield, Bouwman and Adelaar 2002). At the ... store pick‐up” that can be provided. This process of retail channel integration is an innovation activity that transforms how retail organizations compete. However, based on anecdotal evidence and industry reports, the current level 17 of channel integration in the retailing industry is rather low (Stringer 2004). Retail organizations are now in a stage of exploring the technological possibilities to implement different degrees of integration in their operations. ... “pure‐clicks” virtual e‐commerce stores are also trying to establish a physical presence either through setting up their own stores or establishing strategic alliances with other companies (Prasarnphanich and Gillenson 2003). Given that there are relative advantages and disadvantages to retailing in physical and virtual stores, resource integration across retail channels thus allows retailers to combine the best aspects and mitigate the downsides of each retail ... innovations. The gravitation towards hybrid commerce seems to be occurring in tandem with the trend of convergence between offline/online information systems and communication media. For instance, traditional in store transaction processing information systems such as point of sales and online ordering systems are fast being integrated into enterprise‐wide information systems while the boundaries between traditional and digital communication . service developments, a multilevel configurational analysis on retail channel resource integration was performed. We examine how the organizational resource integration of informationtechnologies,humanresources,businessprocesses, and. 4.2.1NewServicesDevelopmentand Retail Channel Integration …………………………………………… 100 4.2.2Dimensions of Retail Channel Integration in Net enabled Retail Organization………………………… 103 4.2.3Antecedents of Retail Channel Integration: IT InfrastructureandHuman Resource Capabilities…. i A MULTILEVEL CONFIGURATIONAL ANALYSIS OF RESOURCE INTEGRATION IN NET ENABLED RETAIL ORGANIZATIONS OHLIHBIN M.Sc.(Info.Sys.),NUS B.Sc.(Hons.I)(Comp.&Info.Sci.),NUS A THESISSUBMITTED FORTHEDEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATIONSYSTEMS NATIONALUNIVERSITY OF SI