Characteristics of flow in the wake region of a bluff vertical cylinder in the presence of waves,currents and combined wave current flows 3

Appendix B Time Series of Experimental Forces on Downstream Cylinder Figure B1. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, and (e) C= 50 mm/s. Figure B2. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents, T = 0.7s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s and (f) No currents. Figure B3. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents, T = 0.85 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents. Figure B4. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents, T = 1.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents. Figure B5. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents, T = 2.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents. Figure B6. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, and (e) C= 50 mm/s. Figure B7. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents, T = 0.7s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, (f) C= 25 mm/s, (g) C= 10 mm/s, and (h) No currents. Figure B8. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents, T = 0.85 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, (f) C= 25 mm/s, and (g) No currents. Figure B9. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents, T = 1.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents. Figure B10. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents, T = 2.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents. 280 2.090 Hz Fx 0.166 Hz (a). Fy 2.383 Hz Fx (b). 0.137 Hz Fy 1.914 Hz 0.225 Hz Fx (c). 0.117 Hz 0.225 Hz Fy 2.080 Hz Fx (d). 0.625 Hz Fy 0.088 Hz 0.381 Hz Fx (e). Fy Figure B1. 0.391 Hz Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, and (e) C= 50 mm/s. 281 1.621 Hz 1.533 Hz Fx 0.156 Hz 1.533 Hz (a). 1.621 Hz Fy 1.592 Hz 2.383 Hz 1.514 Hz Fx 1.592 Hz (b). Fy 1.514 Hz 2.012 Hz 1.563 Hz 1.865 Hz Fx 1.563 Hz 1.865 Hz (c). Fy 1.524 Hz 1.719 Hz Fx 1.719 Hz (d). Fy 1.524 Hz 1.494 Hz 1.602 Hz Fx 1.602 Hz (e). Fy 1.494 Hz 282 1.426 Hz Fx 1.426 Hz Fy (f). Figure B2. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents, T = 0.7s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s and (f) No currents. 283 1.309 Hz 1.777 Hz Fx 1.309 Hz 1.777 Hz (a). Fy 0.361 Hz 1.289 Hz 1.631 Hz Fx 1.289 Hz (b). Fy 1.592 Hz 1.270 Hz 1.514 Hz Fx 1.270 Hz (c). Fy 1.484 Hz 1.240 Hz 1.416 Hz Fx 1.240 Hz (d). Fy 1.387 Hz 1.221 Hz 1.328 Hz Fx 1.221 Hz (e). 1.309 Hz Fy 284 1.172 Hz Fx (f). 0.273 Hz Fy Figure B3. 1.172 Hz Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents, T = 0.85 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents. 285 1.094 Hz 1.406 Hz Fx 0.166 Hz (a). 1.260 Hz Fy 2.197 Hz 1.084 Hz 1.318 Hz Fx 0.137 Hz (b). Fy 1.084 Hz 2.168 Hz 1.064 Hz 1.240 Hz Fx (c). 1.064 Hz Fy 1.191 Hz 1.045 Hz 1.172 Hz Fx (d). Fy 0.977 Hz 1.123 Hz 1.035 Hz 1.104 Hz Fx 2.061 Hz 1.074 Hz (e). Fy 1.035 Hz 286 0.996 Hz Fx 0.361 Hz (f). 0.889 Hz Fy Figure B4. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents, T = 1.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents. 287 0.537 Hz Fx 0.332 Hz (a). Fy 0.527 Hz Fx (b). 2.383 Hz Fy 0.234 Hz 0.518 Hz Fx (c). Fy 0.224 Hz 0.518 Hz Fx (d). Fy 0.547 Hz 0.508 Hz Fx (e). Fy 0.400 Hz 288 1.982 Hz 0.498 Hz Fx (f). 0.361 Hz Fy Figure B5. Forces on downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents, T = 2.0 s, and: (a) C= 150 mm/s, (b) C= 125 mm/s, (c) C= 100 mm/s, (d) C= 75 mm/s, (e) C= 50 mm/s, and (f) No currents. 289 Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder) Currents C = 100 mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm X direction Kinematics measured at y = 100 mm offset, X = ½ D, D and ½ D WAVES 1½D ½D ½D x x x 100 mm CURRENTS Figure D10. X direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) ½ D, (b) D, and (c) ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s. 328 Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder) Currents C = 100 mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm Y direction Kinematics measured at y = mm offset, X = ½ D, D and ½ D WAVES CURRENTS Figure D11. ½D ½D 1½D x x x Y direction velocities measured at y = offset, at spacing of (a) ½ D, (b) D, and (c) ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s. 329 Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder) Currents C = 100 mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm Y direction Kinematics measured at y = 100 mm offset, X = ½ D, D and ½ D WAVES 1½D ½D ½D x x x 100 mm CURRENTS Figure D12. Y direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) ½ D, (b) D, and (c) ½ D for combined wave and currents of T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s. 330 Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder) Currents C = mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm X direction Kinematics measured at y = mm offset, X = ½ D, D and ½ D WAVES CURRENTS Figure D13. ½D ½D 1½D x x x X direction velocities measured at y = offset, at spacing of (a) ½ D, (b) D, and (c) ½ D for wave only run, T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm. 331 Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder) Currents C = mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm X direction Kinematics measured at y = 100 mm offset, X = ½ D, D and ½ D WAVES 1½D ½D ½D x x x 100 mm CURRENTS Figure D14. X direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) ½ D, (b) D, and (c) ½ D for wave only run, T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm. 332 Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder) Currents C = mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm Y direction Kinematics measured at y = mm offset, X = ½ D, D and ½ D WAVES CURRENTS Figure D15. ½D ½D 1½D x x x Y direction velocities measured at y = offset, at spacing of (a) ½ D, (b) D, and (c) ½ D for wave only run, T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm. 333 Plots of Kinematics in the Wake of Upstream Cylinder from CFD simulation (Single Cylinder) Currents C = mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm Y direction Kinematics measured at y = 100 mm offset, X = ½ D, D and ½ D WAVES 1½D x CURRENTS Figure D16. ½D ½D x x Y direction velocities measured at y = 0.6 D offset, at spacing of (a) ½ D, (b) D, and (c) ½ D for wave only run, T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm. 334 Appendix E Time Series of CFD Calculated Forces on Downstream Cylinder Figure E1. (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s. Figure E2. (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s. Figure E3. (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s. Figure E4. (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for wave only run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm. Figure E5. (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s. Figure E6. (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s. Figure E7. (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s. Figure E8. (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for wave only run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm. 335 Plots of Forces on Downstream Cylinder from CFD simulations Currents C = 50 mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm Downstream Cylinder Position: Figure E1. ½ D Downstream, 100 mm lateral offset (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s. 336 Plots of Forces on Downstream Cylinder from CFD simulations Currents C = 75 mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm Downstream Cylinder Position: Figure E2. ½ D Downstream, 100 mm lateral offset (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s. 337 Plots of Forces on Downstream Cylinder from CFD simulations Currents C = 100 mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm Downstream Cylinder Position: Figure E3. ½ D Downstream, 100 mm lateral offset (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for combined waves and currents run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s. 338 Plots of Forces on Downstream Cylinder from CFD simulations Currents C = mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm Downstream Cylinder Position: Figure E4. ½ D Downstream, 100 mm lateral offset (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0.6 D, for wave only run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm. 339 Plots of Forces on Downstream Cylinder from CFD simulations Currents C = 50 mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm Downstream Cylinder Position: Figure E5. ½ D Downstream, mm lateral offset (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 50 mm/s. 340 Plots of Forces on Downstream Cylinder from CFD simulations Currents C = 75 mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm Downstream Cylinder Position: Figure E6. ½ D Downstream, mm lateral offset (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 75 mm/s. 341 Plots of Forces on Downstream Cylinder from CFD simulations Currents C = 100 mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm Downstream Cylinder Position: Figure E7. ½ D Downstream, mm lateral offset (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for combined waves and currents run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm, C = 100 mm/s. 342 Plots of Forces on Downstream Cylinder from CFD simulations Currents C = mm/s Waves T = 0.7 s Wave Height H = 25 mm Downstream Cylinder Position: Figure E8. ½ D Downstream, mm lateral offset (a) Longitudinal x forces and (b) lateral y forces acting on a slice of downstream cylinder placed at x = ½ D, y = 0, for wave only run. T = 0.7 s, H = 25 mm. 343 [...]... single cylinder in combined waves and currents flow T = 0.7 s, C = 100 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C4 PIV images of a single cylinder in wave only flow T = 0.7 s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C5 PIV images of a single cylinder in currents only flow C=50 mm/s, at time increments of T/10 Figure C6 PIV images of a single cylinder in currents only flow C = 75 mm/s, at time increments of. .. mm/s, and (f) No currents 298 Appendix C Flow Visualization from PIV Experiments (Fixed PIV Frame of Reference) Figure C1 PIV images of a single cylinder in combined waves and currents flow T = 0.7 s, C = 50 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C2 PIV images of a single cylinder in combined waves and currents flow T = 0.7 s, C = 75 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C3 PIV images of a single... C7 PIV images of a single cylinder in currents only flow C =100 mm/s, at time increments of T/10 Figure C8 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0 in combined waves and currents flow, T = 0.7 s, C = 50 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C9 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0 in combined waves and currents flow, T = 0.7 s, C = 75 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10... downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D in combined waves and currents flow, T = 0.7 s, C = 50 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C14 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D in combined waves and currents flow, T = 0.7 s, C = 75 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C15 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D in combined waves and currents flow, T =... images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0 in wave only flow, T = 0.7 s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C11 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0 in currents only flow, C = 50 mm/ s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C12 PIV images downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0 in currents only flow, C = 75 mm/ s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C 13 PIV images of downstream... PIV images of a single cylinder in combined waves and currents flow T = 0.7 s, C = 75 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 30 1 t = T / 10 t = 2T / 10 t = 3T / 10 t = 4T / 10 t = 5T / 10 t = 6T / 10 t = 7T / 10 t = 8T / 10 t =9 T / 10 t=T t = 11T / 10 t = 12T / 10 Figure C3 PIV images of a single cylinder in combined waves and currents flow T = 0.7 s, C = 100 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 30 2 t =... mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C16 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D in wave only flow, T = 0.7 s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C17 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D in currents only flow, C = 50 mm/ s, at time increments of T / 10 Figure C18 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D in currents only flow, C = 75 mm/ s, at... C14 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D in combined waves and currents flow, T = 0.7 s, C = 75 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 31 3 t = T / 10 t = 2T / 10 t = 3T / 10 t = 4T / 10 t = 5T / 10 t = 6T / 10 t = 7T / 10 t = 8T / 10 t =9 T / 10 t=T t = 11T / 10 t = 12T / 10 Figure C15 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0.6 D in combined waves and currents flow, T =... images of a single cylinder in currents only flow C = 100 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 30 6 Tandem Cylinders C = 50 mm/s, T = 0.7s (Downstream cylinder placed 1 ½ D c/c, lateral offset = 0 mm) t = T / 10 t = 2T / 10 t = 3T / 10 t = 4T / 10 t = 5T / 10 t = 6T / 10 t = 7T / 10 t = 8T / 10 t =9 T / 10 t=T t = 11T / 10 t = 12T / 10 Figure C8 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0 in combined. .. = 0 in combined waves and currents flow, T = 0.7 s, C = 50 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 30 7 t = T / 10 t = 2T / 10 t = 3T / 10 t = 4T / 10 t = 5T / 10 t = 6T / 10 t = 7T / 10 t = 8T / 10 t =9 T / 10 t=T t = 11T / 10 t = 12T / 10 Figure C9 PIV images of downstream cylinder at x = 1 ½ D, y = 0 in combined waves and currents flow, T = 0.7 s, C = 75 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10 30 8 t = T / . single cylinder in combined waves and currents flow T = 0.7 s, C = 50 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10. Figure C2. PIV images of a single cylinder in combined waves and currents flow T = 0.7. at time increments of T / 10. Figure C3. PIV images of a single cylinder in combined waves and currents flow T = 0.7 s, C = 100 mm/s, at time increments of T / 10. Figure C4. PIV images of. images of a single cylinder in currents only flow C = 75 mm/s, at time increments of T/10. Figure C7. PIV images of a single cylinder in currents only flow C =100 mm/s, at time increments of