Development of a realistic finite element model of human head and its applications to head injuries

  DEVELOPMENT OF A REALISTIC FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF HUMAN HEAD AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO HEAD INJURIES TSE KWONG MING B.ENG (Mechanical), National University of Singapore A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2013   DE ECLARATION I hereb declare th this thes is my ori by hat sis iginal work and it has b k been written by n me in its en ntirety I duly ack ave knowledged all the sou d urces of info ormation wh hich have been u used in the t thesis hesis has a also not bee submitte for any degree in any univer en ed rsity This th previously Tse Kwon Ming ng Date: 12nd D 2013 D Dec i   ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Throughout the course of Ph.D study, there are many individuals whom I feel indebted to, for their help and support along the way Most of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors Associate Professor Lee Heow Pueh and Associate Professor Lim Siak Piang for their invaluable guidance, support and encouragement throughout the course of my Ph.D study I would also like to thank Dr Lee Shu Jin of National University Health System (NUHS) for her genuine enthusiasm and support of this work Many thanks also go to Dr Tan Long Bin and Associate Professor Vincent Tan Beng Chye for their contributions to the project and all their help during the years I would like to direct a special thanks to all the staffs in the Applied Mechanical Dynamic Vibration Lab for their technical support Most sincere thanks to all of my colleagues and my best friends Arpan Gupta, Guo Shifeng, Zhu Jianhua, Zhuang Han, Liu Yilin, Kyrin Liong, Saeid Arabnejad Khanooki, Shahrokh Sepehri Rahnama, Ahmadali Tahmasebimoradi, Wong Kim Hai, Shen Bingquan, Khoa Weilong and many others, for their valuable discussion, encouragement and friendship Lastly, I would like to dedicate all my success to my parents, my wife, my brother and his family as well as my sister for their love, support and encouragement in my academic pursuits in National University of Singapore ii   TABLE OF CONTENT Chapter 1  Introduction 1  1.1  Background 1  1.1.1  Epidemiology of head injury 1  1.1.2  Anatomy of human head 2  1.1.2.1  Scalp 3  1.1.2.2  Skull 4  1.1.2.3  Meninges 5  1.1.2.4  Brain 6  1.1.3  Classification of head injuries 8  1.1.3.1  Intracranial injury or traumatic brain injury (TBI) 11  1.1.3.2  Extracranial injury 12  Chapter 2  Literature Review 14  2.1  Mechanisms of injury (MOI) 14  2.2  Head injury criteria 18  2.3  Review of finite element human head models (FEHMs) 25  2.3.1  History of finite element human head models (FEHMs) 25  2.3.2  Revolution of model geometry and complexity 26  2.3.3  Material models 42  2.3.4  Boundary conditions and skull-brain interface 54  2.3.5  Validation with experimental data 58  2.3.5.1  Nahum et al [110]’s short duration impact 58  iii   2.3.5.2  Trosseille et al [115]’s long duration impact 62  2.3.5.3  Hardy et al [117]’s localized brain motion data 63  2.4  Significance and motivation 66  2.5  Objectives 67  2.6  Scope 68  2.7  Organization of the thesis 68  Chapter 3  Methodology 71  3.1  Development of the new 3D finite element head model (FEHM) 71  3.1.1  Segmentation 71  3.1.2  Models description 78  3.1.3  Generation and optimization of mesh 80  3.1.4  Material Properties 83  Chapter 4  Validation of the new 3D finite element head model (FEHM) 85  4.1  Methods and materials 86  4.1.1  Interface conditions in the models 86  4.1.2  Replication of experimental impacts in simulations 87  4.1.2.1  Nahum et al [110]’s impact force, intracranial acceleration and pressure data for short duration impulse 87  4.1.2.2  Trosseille et al [115]’s ICP data for long duration impulse 89  4.1.2.3  Hardy et al [117]’s localized brain motion data 90  4.1.2.3.1  Evaluation of the Results 92  4.2  Results and discussion 93  iv   4.2.1  Experimental validation against impact force, intracranial acceleration and pressure data for short duration impulse 93  4.2.2  Experimental validation against ICP data for long duration impulse 102  4.2.3  Experimental validation against localized brain motion data 104  4.2.3.1  Sensitivity test of localized brain motion data 108  4.3  Summary 112  Chapter 5  Modal analysis 114  5.1  Introduction 114  5.2  Methods and materials 117  5.2.1  Finite element method and governing equation 117  5.2.2  Interface conditions 119  5.3  Results 120  5.4  Discussion 132  5.4.1  Comparison of fundamental frequency 133  5.4.2  Comparison of mode shapes 138  5.4.3  Effect of damping on resonant frequencies and biomechanical responses 139  5.4.4  5.5  Limitations 145  Summary 146  Chapter 6  Investigation of the relationship between facial injuries and traumatic brain injuries 147  6.1  Introduction 147  v   6.2  Methods and materials 149  6.2.1  6.2.2  6.3  Loading, Boundary and Contact Conditions 149  Result Evaluation 151  Results 153  6.3.1  Stress Wave Propagation and Facial Fractures 153  6.3.1.1  Frontal Oblique Impacts on the Nasal Bone (Case & Case 2) 160  6.3.1.2  Frontal Impact on Lateral Cartilage (Case 3) 162  6.3.1.3  Frontal Impact on Teeth (Case 4) 166  6.3.1.4  Base Impacts on Mandible (Case & Case 9) 166  6.3.1.5  Lateral Impact on Mandible (Case 6) 168  6.3.1.6  Oblique Impacts on Zygomaticomaxillary Regions (Case & Case 8) 169  6.3.2  Intracranial biomechanical parameters 170  6.3.2.1  Intracranial Pressure (ICP) 174  6.3.2.2  Von Mises Stress 175  6.3.2.3  Shear Stresses 176  6.3.2.4  Strain 178  6.4  Discussion 179  6.5  Summary 183  Chapter 7  Ballistic ImpactS: Experiments and Finite Element Simulations 185  7.1  Introduction 185  vi   7.2  Part I: Advanced combat helmet damage evaluation and investigation of head kinematics in ballistic impacts using the assembly of advanced combat helmet, interior cushioning systems and Hybrid III headform 190  7.2.1  Methods and materials 190  7.2.1.1  Experimental procedure 190  7.2.1.2  Post-test observations 194  7.2.1.3  Finite element models of the advanced combat helmet and Hybrid headform 194  7.2.1.4  Material properties 199  7.2.1.5  Helmet failure modeling 203  7.2.1.5.1  Interlaminar Failure 204  7.2.1.5.2  Intralaminar Failure 205  7.2.1.6  Boundary conditions 210  7.2.1.7  Finite element simulations 210  7.2.2  Results 211  7.2.2.1  Post-test failure analysis 211  7.2.2.2  FE model validation with experimental data 213  7.2.2.3  High speed camera photography 220  7.2.3  Discussion 224  7.2.3.1  Effects of impact orientation and different cushion systems 224  7.2.3.2  Comparison with injury criteria 227  vii   7.3  Part II: Investigation of head biomechanical parameters in ballistic impacts using the assembly of advanced combat helmet, interior cushioning systems and subject-specific human head (Model 2) 230  7.3.1  Method and material 230  7.3.1.1  Preloading 230  7.3.1.2  Finite element simulations of ballistic impacts similar to Hybrid III experiments 232  7.3.1.2.1  Boundary conditions 233  7.3.1.3  Numerical simulations of National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Standard (STD) ballistic impacts from various directions 234  7.3.1.3.1  Boundary conditions 234  7.3.1.3.2  Full-metal jacketed (FMJ) bullet model 236  7.3.1.3.3  FMJ bullet failure modeling 238  7.3.1.4  Evaluation of results 240  7.3.2  Results 243  7.3.2.1  Validation with the ballistic Hybrid III headform experiments 243  7.3.2.2  Numerical simulations of ballistic impacts from various directions 245  7.3.2.2.1  Skull stress 245  7.3.2.2.2  Intracranial pressure (ICP) 247  7.3.2.2.3  Intracranial strains 251  7.3.3  Discussion 260  viii   7.3.3.1  Validation of the FEHM in short duration, low mass and high speed ballistic impacts 260  7.3.3.2  Effects of impact orientation and different cushion systems 262  7.3.3.3  Comparison with injury criteria 270  7.4  Summary 272  Chapter 8  Conclusion and Recommendations 274  8.1  Validation against three cadaveric pressure and displacement data 274  8.2  Modal analysis 276  8.3  Blunt impact on facial bones 277  8.4  Ballistic impacts on helmeted head 279  8.5  Recommendation for future work 281  LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 316  ix Bibliograp phy 289 290 291 M hesis  Tse, K.M Ph.D Th   ron, J.-C., Caillou, J.- Da Cun -P., nha, J., All lain, J.-C., Trameỗon and Sarr Ala (2000) Consequen ain nces of No onpenetratin Projectile Impact on a ng o Prot tected Head Study of Rear Effect of Protec d: ts ctions Jour rnal of Trau umaInju Infectio and Critical Care 49(5), pp 92 ury, on, 23-929 Ben nzinger, T L., Brody, D., Cardin S., Curle K C., M n, ey, Mintun, M A., Mun S K., Wong, K H and Wrath n, W hall, J R ( (2009) Bla ast-related b brain inju imaging for clinical and rese ury: g earch applic cations: repo of the ort 2008 st L Louis works shop J Neu urotrauma 26(12), pp 2127-2144 Li, Q M., Min R A W and Birc R S (20 nes, W ch, 000) The c crush behav viour of R Rohacell-51 1WF structu ural foam Internation Journal of Solids and nal l Stru uctures 37(4 pp 632 43), 21-6341 303     Appendices Tse, K.M P Ph.D Thesis  Appendix A: P Parameters use in the impact foam paddin in the valida ed tor ng ation of Nahum et al [110]’s ca adaveric experiment #37 Version Foam Model F 3_3_2 3_3_2_2 3_3_2_4_3 Li inear Elastic Li inear Elastic Li inear Elastic Young's Modulus, E (M MPa) Pa arameters Poisson's ratio, υ Density, ρ (kg/mm3) Foam Thi ickness (mm m) 0.33 0.33 0.33 Poisson's ratio, υ 0.33 5.10E-08 5.10E-08 5.10E-08 Density, ρ (kg/mm3) 5.10E-08 25.4 25.4 25.4 ickness Foam Thi (mm m) 25.4 0.33 5.10E-08 25.4 0.33 5.10E-08 25.4 0.33 5.10E-08 25.4 0.33 5.10E-08 25.4 15 1.2 Stress Strain Behavior Input* S 3_3_4 Hyperfoam H 3_3_4_2 Hyperfoam H 3_3_4_4 Hyperfoam H 3_3_4_5 Hyperfoam H 3_3_4_6 Hyperfoam H 3_3_5_5_3 3_3_6 3_3_7 3_3_9_4 3_3_9_6 Viscous Foam V Viscous Foam V Viscous Foam V Viscous Foam V Viscous Foam V Rochacell 51 Foa from Li et al (2000) [291] R am Modified from 3_ M _3_4 (Increased p plateau stress & decreased initial slope and dens sification slope) s Modified from 3_ M _3_4_2 (decrease plateau ed stress & increased initial slope and s d densification slop d pe) Modified from 3_ M _3_4_4 (decrease initial ed slope and densific s cation slope) Modified from 3_ M _3_4_5 (increase initial slope ed and a densification slope) n Viscous Foam Material Constan V M nts E10 E2 20 n1 n2 η20 (MPa) ( (MP Pa) 0.017 0.0102 170 0.8 0.017 0.0102 170 0.8 0.017 0.8 0.0102 170 1.7 0.2 0.0102 170 3.4 0.8 0.0102 170 304 Poisson's ratio, υ 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Density, ρ (kg/mm3) 2.00E-08 2.00E-08 2.00E-08 2.00E-08 2.00E-08 Foam Thi ickness (mm m) 25.4 30 38.1 44.45 44.45       A Appendices 3_3_9_7 3_3_9_8 3_3_9_9 Tse, K.M P Ph.D Thesis  Viscous Foam V Viscous Foam V Viscous Foam V 0.017 0.017 0.017 1.1 4 0.0102 0.017 0.0102 170 170 85 0.8 0.8 0.8 * Refer to Appen ndix B 305 0.05 0.05 0.05 2.00E-08 2.00E-08 2.00E-08 44.45 44.45 44.45   Appendice es Tse, K.M Ph.D Th M hesis  o strain beha aviors used as the hype erfoam use er Appendix B: Various stress-s input 306   Appendice es Tse, K.M Ph.D Th M hesis  dix act esponses us sing various material models and d Append C: Impa force re mate erial consta ants of the impactor padding p 307   Appendice es Tse, K.M Ph.D Th M hesis  t of pact for He elmet (str rapAppendix D: Impact sequence o the NIJ frontal imp netting) ) 308   Appendice es Tse, K.M Ph.D Th M hesis  x t pact for He elmet (strapAppendix E: Impact sequence of the NIJ lateral imp netting) ) 309   Appendice es Tse, K.M Ph.D Th M hesis  ix c e J act met pAppendi F: Impact sequence of the NIJ rear impa for Helm (strap netting) ) 310   Appendice es Tse, K.M Ph.D Th M hesis  ix a ce IJ act met pAppendi G: Impact sequenc of the NI top impa for Helm (strap netting) ) 311   Appendice es Tse, K.M Ph.D Th M hesis  x c e J mpact for H Helmet (O OA Appendix H: Impact sequence of the NIJ frontal im foam paddi f ing) 312   Appendice es Tse, K.M Ph.D Th M hesis  ix c e J mpact for Helmet (OA A Appendi I: Impact sequence of the NIJ lateral im foam paddi f ing) 313   Appendice es Tse, K.M Ph.D Th M hesis  of rear impact for Helme (OA fo t et oam Appendix J: Impact sequence o the NIJ r padding g) 314   Appendice es Tse, K.M Ph.D Th M hesis  x t t et oam Appendix K: Impact sequence of the NIJ top impact for Helme (OA fo padding g) 315   List of Pub blications Tse, K.M Ph.D Th M hesis LIST O PUBLI OF ICATION NS ng: Conference Proceedin *, H im, 2012) Char racterization of n Tse, K M Tan, L B., Lee, H P and Li S P (2 human head-brain-nec vibration behavior u ck n using modal analysis I Peterson D l In: n, R (Ed.) P Proceedings of The 4t America Conferen on Hu s th an nce uman Vibra ation (ACHV), H Hartford, CT US, pp 19 T, 9-20 *, B., J., P 14) ation Tse, K M.* Tan, L B Lee, S J Lim, S P and Lee, H P.* (201 Correla between facial trauma and brain injury - a f a finite eleme study In Goh, J (Ed.) ent n: Proceeding of The gs 15th Interna ational Con nference on Biomedica Engineer , n al ring pp 32-35: S Springer Int ternational Publishing Tse, K M.*, Tan, L B Lee, S J., Lim, S P and Lee, H P.* (20 B., J P , 014) A realistic subject-spe ecific finite element model of human h e head – dev velopment and experiment validatio In: Goh, J (Ed.) P tal on , Proceedings of The 15t Internatio th onal Conference on Biomedical Eng e gineering, p 307-310: Springe Internatio pp er onal Publishing rticles: Journal Ar M.*, H n, C 012) Tan, L B., Tse, K M Lee, H P.*, Tan V B C and Lim, S P (20 ce dvanced co ombat helm with dif met fferent inter rior cushion ning Performanc of an ad systems in ballistic impact: E n Experiment and fin ts nite elemen simulati nt ions Internation Journal o Impact E nal of Engineering 50(0), pp g 99-112 316 List of Pub blications Tse, K.M Ph.D Th M hesis M.*, Tan, L B., Lee, S J., Li L im, S P a and Lee, H P.* (20 H 013) Tse, K M Developme and val ent lidation of two subjec ct-specific finite elem ment models of human hea against three cad ad daveric exp periments Internation Journal of nal l Numerical M Methods in Biomedica Engineeri al ing DOI: 10 0.1002/cnm m.2609 .*, S onventional and Tse, K M Tan, L B., Lim, S P and Lee, H P.* (2013) Co complex m modal analys of a fini element (FE) model of human head and neck ses ite l n Computer M Methods in Biomechan and Bio nics omedical En ngineering, p 1-13 pp Tse, K M.* Tan, L B Lee, S J Lim, S P and Lee, H P (2014 Investiga *, B., J., P H 4) ation of the relat tionship be etween facia injuries and trauma brain in al atic njuries usin a ng realistic sub bject-specif finite ele fic ement head m model (A M Manuscript) ) *, B., P gation of eff fects Tse, K M.* Tan, L B Lim, S P and Lee, H P (2014) Investig of helmet i interior cush hion system and ballistic impact orientation on a subj ms t n jectspecific fin element head mode (A Manus nite el script) Note: * den notes the corresponding author of t article g the 317 ... facial bones and cranial bones as well as intracranial injuries are evaluated based on the tolerance limits of the biomechanical parameters General trend of maximum intracranial biomechanical parameters... thanks to all of my colleagues and my best friends Arpan Gupta, Guo Shifeng, Zhu Jianhua, Zhuang Han, Liu Yilin, Kyrin Liong, Saeid Arabnejad Khanooki, Shahrokh Sepehri Rahnama, Ahmadali Tahmasebimoradi,... wave propagation paths in the facial skeleton and the intracranial brain presented to study the association of the traumatic brain injury (TBI) with the facial trauma sequences Fractures of facial