Originally ships were constructed with single bottoms, liquid fuels and fresh water being stored in separately constructed tanks. The double bottom structure which provides increased safety in the event of bottom shell damage, and also provides liquid tank space low down in the ship, evolved in early twentieth century. Today only ships less than 500 grt will be having the single bottom construction and large ocean going vessels are fitted with some form of double bottom.
Ship Structure Bottom Structure Originally ships were constructed with single bottoms, liquid fuels and fresh water being stored in separately constructed tanks. The double bottom structure which provides increased safety in the event of bottom shell damage, and also provides liquid tank space low down in the ship, evolved in early twentieth century. Today only ships less than 500 grt will be having the single bottom construction and large ocean going vessels are fitted with some form of double bottom. Single Bottom Construction Keels Keel is considered as the backbone of the ship and is located at the center line of the bottom structure. This contributes substantially to the longitudinal strength and distributes the load effectively generated while docking. The commonly found found keels are as follows: Flat Plate Keel Flat Plate Keel – this type of keel are fitted in majority of the ocean going vessels. Bar Keel Bar Keel – Found in smaller vessels like trawlers, tugs, smaller ferries etc. Where grounding is a possibility this type of keel is suitable with its massive scantlings, but with additional draft with out additional cargo capacity. Duct Keel Duct Keel – Duct Keels are provided in the double bottoms of some of the vessels. Duct keel is a form of flat plate keel but has two center girders instead of one for a simple flat plate keel. Duct Keel This runs from the forward engine room bulk head to the collision bulkhead and are utilized to carry the double bottom piping and makes the piping accessible even when the cargo is loaded. The entrance to the duct is provided at the aft from the forward end of the engine room. A width of not more than 2mtrs is allowed for the duct, and strengthening is provided at the tank top and keel plate to maintain continuity of strength of the transverse floors. Inner Bottom Plating The inner bottom plating is the top plating for the double bottom. In general cargo ships the plating may be slopped towards the side for easy drainage of bilges. They are supported by girders and floors. At the center line of the ship the middle strake of the inner bottom plating may be considered as the flange of the centerline line docking girder. If the grabs are used the plate thickness will be increased or double ceiling will be fitted. Deck Fittings Various fitting on the deck and deck edges are provided to assist in safe and efficient mooring operations and provide clear run or lead for the mooring ropes and warping wires. Bollards or mooring bits are provided for mooring the ships once it is along side. These are welded to the deck or to a box type structure which is welded to the deck. Additional supports by means of stiffeners are provided directly underneath the deck. Mooring Bitts Fairleads Fairleads are used to guide the hawsers or mooring wires to the bollards or mooring winches. Fair leads are attached to the deck, a raised seat or the deck and bulwarks. The normally found fairleads on board merchant ships are multi-angled fairlead, the pedestal fairlead, the roller fairlead and the panama fairlead. Multi-angle Fairlead: This consists of two horizontal and two vertical rollers. The wire passes through the central gap between these four rollers. Fairleads Fairleads The multi angle fairlead is fitted at the deck edge and reduces the number of guide rollers or other fairleads required to give a clear lead of wire to the winch. Pedestal Fairlead: A pedestal fairlead consists of a single vertical or horizontal roller mounted on a raised pedestal or seat and often termed as ‘Deadman’ or ‘Old- man’. They provide a direct lead of mooring line to windlass, winch or capstan. Fairleads Fairleads The pedestal fair lead leads the wire across the deck to the winch clear off any obstructions. Roller Fairlead: A roller fairlead is one or more vertical rollers fitted on a steel base which may fasten directly to the deck or to the deck and bulwarks. Roller fairlead is used at the deck edge to lead in the mooring and warping wires. Fairleads Fairleads Panama type fairlead- A no-roller almost an elliptical opening fairlead mounted at the ships side and enclosed so that mooring may be led to ashore with equal facility either above or below the horizontal and strictly pertains only to fairleads complying with panama regulations but often applied to any closed fairlead or chock. A panama fairlead is so named since they were mostly used in the Panama Canal. Fairleads The ship is hauled by small locomotives and the wires are sent out through these leads – they are of adequate strength to prevent the metal being cut open by the wires. Fairleads Typical Mooring Arrangement Deck Fittings Where it is welded to the deck the plate thickness is increased. Where it is fitted onto the bulwark support for the bulwark at this region is increased substantially compared to else where. Additional stiffeners are provided at this region. On the deck where the deck machineries are fitted a lot of local stresses are imparted to the structure. To resist these stresses by distributing them effectively to other portions of the structure, additional strength members are fitted directly below these equipments’ foundations in the form of pillars and also thick plate inserts are welded. Superstructure and Deckhouses A superstructure may be described as an erection above upper deck, extending from side to of the ship forming a part of the main hull. A deck house may be described as a comparatively light structure more or less resembling a steel box, and used mainly for accommodation and similar purpose. It does not extend to the full width of the ship and is placed on ship’s main hull as distinct from forming an integral part of it. Superstructure and Deckhouses The most important structural member of this is the bridge front bulk head as it has to withstand force of the seas. The area where great care has to be exercised is where these structures terminate abruptly and large stress concentration will develop locally. Long super structures exceeding 15% of the ship’s length and exceeding 50% of the ship’s length amidships should be given special attention as they also contribute to the longitudinal strength of the ship. Superstructure and Deckhouses In passenger ships where long super structures are fitted, the bending stress distribution is more or less linear and the strength deck is shifted above upper deck and will be in the way of the superstructure deck. This type of superstructures are termed as effective superstructures as they contribute to the effective strength of the hull. [...]... should be at least ¾th depth of the center girder. Steel Sections Used for Ship Construction A range of steel sections are rolled from ingot It is preferable to limit the sections required for ship building to those readily available that is the standard types If special sections are used, steel mill will have to be set up for exclusively for these sections and will not be economical Steel Sections Used for Ship Construction Frames 1 ... governed by their unsupported span, the breadth of the ship, and in some cases, by the load which the deck has to carry Longitudinal beams: longitudinal beams or deck longitudinals are required under the strength deck in all ships of over 120mtrs long They are supported at intervals by heavy transverse beams, which must be not more than 2.5mtrs apart for the forward 7.5% of the ship s length or 4.0mtrs apart elsewhere... subdivisions, they also give protection against fire and flooding Minimum number of bulk heads: all ships must have at least : A collision bulkhead, not less than 5%, nor more than 8% of the ship s length abaft the stem at the load water line An aft peak bulk head, to enclose the shaft tube in a water tight compartment Water Tight Bulk Heads 5 Ships over 90mtrs long must have additional bulkheads spaced at reasonably uniform intervals. The number of ... are normally used in ship construction Large knees must have flange of at least 50mm at their free edge When longitudinal beams are fitted , the knees at those frames where there is no transverse beam, must extend to the first longitudinal. Water Tight Bulk Heads 1 2 Bulk heads are an important element of transverse strength, particularly against racking stress By dividing the ship into longitudinal ...Floors Floors are fitted to give sufficient strength to the ships structure. They form as one of the support members for the inner bottom plates. Floors can be broadly divided into: Solid floors, are fitted to strengthen the bottom transversely and support the inner bottom. ... Heads 5 Ships over 90mtrs long must have additional bulkheads spaced at reasonably uniform intervals. The number of bulkheads to be fitted depends on the length of the ship and on whether the engines are placed amidships or aft Collision bulk head must extend up to the upper deck The after peak bulk head need only extend up to the first deck above the load water line, if it forms a water tight ... bottom respectively for solid floors inside the tanks. Plate floors are can be made water or oil tight as required by closing the openings. The floors run transversely from the center girder to the margin plate on each side of the ship. The spacing of the solid plate floors depend on the load to be supported and the local stresses experienced. Under the engine room, boilers, bulkhead and in the pounding region plate floors are provided at every ... The longitudinals are connected to the transverse beams by direct welding or by flat bars similar to those used in double bottoms Beams At bulk heads the longitudinals may be cut and bracketed to the bulk head if the ship is less than 215mtrs If the length is more than 215mtrs the longitudinals must be continuous At hatch ways the longitudinals are cut and attached to the hatch end beams by brackets Strong beams: A strong beam is a specially heavy beam ... They may be attached to the shell plating by intermittent welds, or by continuous fillet welds Web frames: they are heavy plate frames which are not normally used as a system They are fitted in certain parts of the ship to impart local strength They are normally fitted in engine rooms and at every fourth frame space in “tween decks” abaft after peak bulk head Frames 3 4 5 “Cantilever system of framing” is a modification of web ... “Cantilever system of framing” is a modification of web frames Deep framing: is a system in which every frame is made deeper and stronger over a given area of shell plating to provide extra strength Frame spacing: in main body of the ship the frame spacing may not exceed 1.0 mtr Between the one fifth length from the stem and collision bulk head the spacing must not exceed 700mm In peak tanks and cruiser sterns it must not exceed . Ship Structure Ship Structure Bottom Structure Bottom Structure Originallyshipswereconstructedwith singlebottoms,liquidfuelsandfreshwaterbeing storedinseparatelyconstructedtanks.Thedouble bottom structure whichprovidesincreasedsafetyin theeventofbottomshelldamage,andalsoprovides liquidtankspacelowdowninthe ship, evolvedin earlytwentiethcentury.Todayonlyshipslessthan 500grtwillbehavingthesinglebottom constructionandlargeoceangoingvesselsarefitted withsomeformofdoublebottom. Single. Structure Originallyshipswereconstructedwith singlebottoms,liquidfuelsandfreshwaterbeing storedinseparatelyconstructedtanks.Thedouble bottom structure whichprovidesincreasedsafetyin theeventofbottomshelldamage,andalsoprovides liquidtankspacelowdowninthe ship, evolvedin earlytwentiethcentury.Todayonlyshipslessthan 500grtwillbehavingthesinglebottom constructionandlargeoceangoingvesselsarefitted withsomeformofdoublebottom. Single. Sections Used for Ship Steel Sections Used for Ship Construction Construction Arangeofsteelsectionsarerolledfromingot. Itispreferabletolimitthesectionsrequiredfor ship buildingtothosereadilyavailablethatisthe standardtypes. Ifspecialsectionsareused,steelmillwillhavetobe setupforexclusivelyforthesesectionsandwillnot beeconomical. Steel