TOEFL READING COMPREHENSION TEST 46

It can be inferred from the passage that during the last 150 years humans have A constructed submarines B learned how to swim C threatened the existence of some marine mammals D begun to

TOEFL READING COMPREHENSION TEST 46 Passage 1

Since there is such an abundance of food in the sea, it is understandable that some the efficient, highly adaptable, warm - blooded mammals that evolved

on land should have returned to the sea Those that did have flourished Within

about 50 million years - no time at all, geologically speaking - one of the four

kinds of mammals that has returned to a marine environment has developed into the largest of all animal forms, the whale A second kind, the seal, has produced what is probably the greatest population of large carnivorous mammals on Earth This suggests that these "top dogs" of the ocean are prospering and multiplying However, such has not been the case, at least not for the last 150 years Trouble has closed in or these mammals in the form of equally warm-blooded and even

more efficient and adaptable predators, humans At sea, as on land, humans

have now positioned themselves on to -of the whole great pyramid of life, and

they have caused serious problems for the mammals of the sea

There is a simple reason for this Marine mammals have the misfortune to

be swimming aggregates of commodities that humans want: fur, oil, and meat

Even so, they might not be so vulnerable to human depredation if they did not,

like humans, reproduce so slowly Every year humans take more than 50 million tons of fish from the oceans without critically depleting the population of any

species But the slow-breeding mammals of the sea have been all but wiped out

by humans seeking to satisfy their wants and whims

1 Which of the following statements about marine mammals best expresses the main idea of

the passage

(A) They have their origins on land

(B) They have evolved successfully but are now threatened by humans

(C) They compete with one another for the ocean's food supply

(D) They have many of the biological traits of humans

2 What advantage did some land mammals gain by returning to the sea?

(A) Fewer predators exist in the sea (B) More space is available in the sea

(C) There is a greater supply of food in the sea (D) The climate is more hospitable

in the sea

3 It can be inferred from the passage that during the last 150 years humans have

(A) constructed submarines

(B) learned how to swim

(C) threatened the existence of some marine mammals

(D) begun to harvest certain plants from the ocean as food

4 In line 14 the word "they" refers to

(A) marine mammals (B) commodities (C) humans (D) fur oil and meat

5 Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?

(A) The whale's ancestors were driven into the sea by humans

(B) The food supply of seals is being depleted by humans

(C) The whale evolved from a species of land - dwelling mammal.

(D) Whales are a more efficient and adapt-able species than humans

6 It can be inferred from the passage that marine mammals are like humans in which of the

following ways"

(A) They survive despite changes in their metabolic rates

(B) They reproduce slowly

(C) They are prospering and multiplying

(D) They are depleting the vegetation of the seas

Passage 2

Of all the folk artists in the United States the most well known of the

twentieth century is certainly Grandma Moses-Anna Mary Robertson Moses

(1860 - 1961) She was also the most successful within her lifetime and her work was reproduced on greeting cards and calendars and in prints As with many folk artists, her career as a painter started late in life, at the age of 67, but she

continued painting until her death at the age of 101, so her active painting life still spanned over 34 years

Her subjects are based on the New England countryside and evoke a

strong mood of nostalgia Many of her early paintings are copies of, or use

sections from, prints by Currier and Ives that she then recomposed in her own way In her versions the figures became more stylized and the landscapes less naturalistic Her painting was preceded by the production of landscapes in

needlework, and it was only the onset of arthritis that forced the change of

medium The images, however, continued the same, and she reexecuted some

of her needlework landscapes in paint at a later date

From these early sources she then began to compose original paintings

such as Housick Falls New York in Winter (1944) that relied on her surroundings

and her memories of country life and activities: these paintings display an ~

technical ability By the 1940's her work had become a marketable commodity

and collectors created a demand for her paintings

Like many painters of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Grandma

Moses made use of photographs for information, for figures, for fragments of

landscape, and for buildings, but her work, especially that of her later years, was not a slavish copying of these but compositions using them as source material Her output was prodigious, and consequently her work is of varying quality

Although much of her public appeal is based on the emotive image of the

"Grandma" figure producing naive pictures of country life, her paintings place her among the top folk painters of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

1 What is the main topic of the passage?

(A) The painting materials used by Grandma Moses

(B) The major artistic influences on Grandma Moses

(C) The folk art of Grandma Moses

(D) The life of Grandma Moses

2 According to the passage, Grandma Moses started her painting career

(A) without much success (B) in her sixties

(C) after much study (D) by producing greeting cards

3 Why does the author mention Currier and Ives in lines 8-9?

(A) They are folk artists

(B) They collected many of Grandma Moses' paintings

(C) They made calendars from Grandma Moses' landscapes

(D) Grandma Moses based some paintings on their work

4 According to the passage, Grandma Moses switched from needlework to painting because

of

(A) her desire to create landscapes (B) the public's interest in painting (C) her need to make money (D) a physic condition that affected her

5 The word "naive" in line 23 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

(A) Unsophisticated (B) Ignorant (C) Unspoiled (D) Trusting

6 According to the passage, Grandma Moses based her painting on all of the following

EXCEPT

(A) photographs (B) her needlework (C) her family (D) prints

7 Where in the passage does the author mention when Grandma Moses became popularly

accepted?

(A) Lines 4 – 6 (B) Lines 10 – 12 (C) Lines 16 – 17 (D) Lines

21 – 24

Passage 3

In general, as soon as the newborn child's muscles, sense organs, and

nerves are fully formed, the child begins to use them But much of the human

nervous system is not fully developed until the child is a year or two old, and

some parts, such as the corpus callosum, continue to mature for at least the next

20 years

The general pattern of bodily development is from head to foot Simple

skills, such as head movements, appear first because the structures that control these skills are among the first to mature More complex behavior patterns, such

as crawling, standing, and walking, come much later in the developmental

sequence than head movements do

The motor centers in the brain are connected by long nerve fibers(usually through one or more synapses) to the muscles in various parts of the body

Since the head muscles are closer to the brain than are the foot muscles,

according to one theory, the head comes under the control of the motor centers long before the feet do The appearance of a new motor skill (such as crawling

and grasping) always suggests that a new part of the child's body has just

matured-that is, that the brain centers have just begun to control the muscles

involved in the new motor skill

1 What is the author's main purpose in this passage?

(A) To describe how children crawl, stand, and walk

(B) To explain why some children are slow to develop

(C) To describe early physical development in children

(D) To explain the function of the corpus callosum

2 According to the passage, the corpus callosum is part of the human

(A) muscular system (B) digestive system

(C) circulatory system (D) nervous system

3 According to the passage, which of the following motor skills does an infant first develop?

(A) Moving the head (B) Crawling

(C) Controlling the arms (D) Kicking

4 According to the passage, we can tell that the child's brain centers have begun to control

new muscles when

(A) the child's brain matures (B) the child moves its body in new ways

(C) long nerve fibers disappear (D) the child performs an acquired skill more rapidly

Passage 4

By long-standing convention, all meteorites are assigned to three broad

divisions on the basis of two kinds of material that they contain: metallic nickel - iron(metal) and silicates, which are compounds of other chemical elements with silicon and oxygen As their name suggests, the iron meteorites consist almost

entirely of metal At the opposite extreme, the stony meteorites consist chiefly of silicates and contain little or no metal A third category, stony-irons, includes

those meteorites that contain similar amounts of metal and silicates Since

meteoritic metal weighs more than twice as much as the same volume of

meteoritic silicates, these three kinds of meteorites can usually be distinguished

by density, without more elaborate tests

The stony meteorites can also be subdivided into two categories by using nothing more complicated than a magnifying glass The great majority of such

meteorites are chondrites, which take their name from tiny, rounded objects -

chondrules - that occur in most of them and are among their most puzzling

features The rest of the stony meteorites lack chondritic texture and are

therefore called achondrites Achondrites vary widely in texture, composition, and history

Irons, stony-irons, chondrites, and achondrites are by no means equally

abundant among observed meteorites: chondrites are much more common than all other kinds of meteorites put together The irons, which are usually prominent

in museum displays, are really quite uncommon Curators like to highlight iron

meteorites because many of them are large and their internal structure is

spectacular in polished, etched slices A stony meteorite has a beauty of its own, but it only appears under the microscope: to the unaided eye, stony meteorites

appear to be - indeed they are - rather homely black or gray rocks

To go further with meteorite classification, it is necessary to be more

specific about the minerals that make up a meteorite: which silicates are present, and what kind of metal? To answer these questions, one needs to see more

detail than is visible to the unaided human eye

1 What is the passage mainly about?

(A) The formation of meteorites (B) Some recent meteorites

(C) The classification of meteorites (D) How meteorites are displayed

2 The word "elaborate" in line 9 is closest in meaning to which of the following

(A) Natural (B) Detailed (C) Basic (D) Proven

3 According to the passage, small, rounded objects can be found in what kind of meteorites?

(A) Irons (B) Chondrites (C) Stony-irons (D) Achondrites

4 According to the passage, the spectacular meteorites usually found in museums are

(A) gray or black (B) generally small

(C) unimportant to science (D) fairly uncommon

5 The word it" in line 21 refers to

(A) beauty (B) meteorite (C) microscope (D) eye

6 ???

7 Where in the passage does the author suggest a means by which meteorites can be

differentiated?

(A) Lines 3-4 (B) Lines 7-9 (C) Lines 18 – 19 (D) Lines 20-22

Passage 5

National parties in the United States have generally been weak in structure and wary of ideology Many writers have said that American parties are the least centralized in the world However, the argument that parties have not

represented significant differences in policy can be pushed too far For example,

in this century, at least, the Republicans have been more committed than the

Democrats to a market - oriented economy, while the Democrats have been

more prepared to use government to address economic problems Within both parties there has been wide variance on issues but in general the Republicans have been the more conservative and the Democrats the more liberal

Both parties, however, have resisted reducing these tendencies in their social, economic, and moral belief systems to a rigid ideology And neither, until recently, vested much authority in its national party structure

At state and local levels, on the other hand, party organizations often

achieved impressive levels of solidarity and internal discipline Both Democrats and Republicans maintained potent local political organizations in many cities and states

Whatever their merits or demerits, the traditional organizations went into

steep decline during the 1950's and 1960's The Old organizations lost the ability

to maintain internal discipline The share of voters regarding themselves as

political independents, that is, people not affiliated with either of the major

parties, rose

There were several reasons for the loss of effectiveness of the major party organizations Development of a welfare state administered by the federal

government established some of the services that had formerly been dispensed

by the organizations as political favors As recent immigrants became more

educated they were less dependent on party workers The inclusion of more

state employees under civil service protection dried up some of the old wells of patronage Growing unionization of public employees after 1960 struck an even more serious blow at the patronage system Television brought candidates into voters' living rooms, thereby antiquating some of the communication and

education functions of party workers Most of all, perhaps, the old tribal

differences associated with the parties began to seem irrelevant to members of generations that sought fresh identities

1 What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) American political parties in the twentieth century

(B) The role of ideology in American politics

(C) The future direction of United States politics

(D) Differences between Republicans and Democrats

2 According to the passage, what is true of the major political parties in the United States?

(A) They are both generally conservative

(B) Party organizations have been stronger at the state level than at the national level (C) Party organizations have increased their influence in recent years

(D) Democrats have been stronger than Republicans at the national level

3 The word "steep" in line 15 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

(A) characteristic

(B) unexpected

(C) sharp

(D) predictable

4 The passage mentions all of the following as causes of the decline of political organization

in the United States EXCEPT

(A) increased numbers of immigrants

(B) development of the welfare state

(C) improved conditions for state workers

(D) the influence of television

5 The passage supports which of the following conclusions?

(A) Democrats are more committed than Republicans to a market - oriented economy (B) Republicans are more liberal than Democrats

(C) Republicans and Democrats tend to be flexible on ideological questions

(D) Only Democrats have traditional political organizations

6 The word "irrelevant" in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) unquestioning (B) uninteresting

(C) irreversible (D) unimportant