Biodegradable polymers by madhuri phute

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS By : Madhuri Phute Biodegradation Biodegradation is the process of converting polymer material into harmless, simple, gaseous products by the action of enzymes, micro-organisms and water. Biodegradable Polymer Biodegradable polymers degrade as a result of natural biological processes, eliminating the need to create a disposal system which can cause harm to our environment. INTRODUCTION NEED FOR BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS • Polymers have become an essential part of our daily life. • Having its numerous advantages, it finds it use in every field. • But these polymer products account for approx. 150 million tons of non biodegradable waste every year. • Such large amounts of waste leads to various problems, not to mention, a general lack of cleanliness in the neighbourhood. • Inert • Permeability • Non-toxicity • Bio-compatibility • Tensile strength • Mechanical strength • Controlled rate of degradation Characteristics Of Biodegradable Polymers BIODEGRADATION ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION COMBINATIONHYDROLYSIS BULK EROSION SURFACE EROSION Mechanism Of Biodegradable Polymers ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION Enzymatic degradation takes place with the help of various enzymes. The type of enzymes used for degradation depends upon the type of polymer: • Fungi – ‘ Fusarium Moniliformae’ • Yeast- ‘Cryptococcus • Enzymes from moulds such as ‘Penicillium’ POLYMER DEGRADATION AND EROSION Degradation Chain Cleavage Erosion Loss of Mass 1. Bulk Erosion 2. Surface Erosion Degradation in two Phases 1 Water penetration (Rate Determining) -Attacking Chemical bonds -Shorter water soluble fragments 2 Rapid loss of polymer -Enzymatic attack -Solubilisation EROSION Type I Erosion : • Evident with water soluble polymers cross linked to form three dimensional network. • Cross linking still intact. • Network insoluble. • Swelling. • Solubilisation by cleavage of water soluble backbone or crosslinking Type II Erosion : • Polymers first are water insoluble but converted to water soluble by reaction with pendant group. Type III Erosion : • Polymers with high molecular weight are broken down and transformed to smaller water soluble molecules. POLYMER DEGRADATION POLYMER EROSION CHEMICAL STRUCTURE (a) Functional Group (b) Hydrophobicity MORPHOLOGY (a) Tensile strength (b) Branching PARTICLE SIZE Larger the particle size slower the degradation process. FACTORS AFFECTING BIODEGRADATION [...]... conditions, polyglycolide is degraded by hydrolysis, and broken down by certain enzymes The degradation product, glycolic acid, is nontoxic Studies undergone using polyglycolide have shown that the material loses half of its strength after two weeks and 100% after four weeks The polymer is completely resorbed by the organism in a time frame of four to six months Biodegradable Polymers For Controlled Drug Delivery.. .BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS • Biopol (Polyhydroxybutarate-hydroxyvalerate) • • • • Polycaprolactone Polylactic Acids Polyglycolic Acids Polydioxane BIOPOL BIOPOL is a copolymer of 3-hydroxy butyric acid and 3-hydroxy valeric acid PRODUCTION : It is produced by fermentation of glucose by Acaligenes eutrophus species POLYHYDROXYBUTARATEHYDROXYVALERATE... months Biodegradable Polymers For Controlled Drug Delivery  POLY ESTERS  POLY PHOSPHO ESTERS  POLY ANHYDRIDES  POLY OLEFINS  POLY AMIDES NATURAL POLYMERS These are the polymers obtained from natural resources, and are generally non-toxic NATURAL POLYMERS PROTEINS Polysaccharides Ex: COLLAGEN ALBUMIN FIBRIN Ex : DEXTRAN CHITOSAN STARCH ADVANTAGES : 1) Readily & Abundantly Available 2) Comparatively... Advances in Controlled & Novel Drug Delivery; First Edition, Reprint 2003; CBS Publishers & Distributors; pg no 1 – 17 Mark Chasin, Robert Langer; Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems; First Indian Edition, Reprint 2008; Marcel Dekker PowerPoint presentation by Mr Shrikant Sharma Internet sites: – – – – www.wikipedia.com www.athurstream.com www.slideworld.com www.google.com ... sugar Uses of Polylactic Acids: Mulch film made of PLA-blend Biodegradable PLA cups in use at an eatery bio-flex Due to PLA's relatively low glass transition temperature, PLA cups cannot hold hot liquids However, much research is devoted to developing a heat resistant PLA POLYGLYCOLIC ACID • Polyglycolide or Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is a biodegradable, thermoplastic polymer and the simplest linear,... facilitating its anaerobic biodegradation in sediments • Nontoxic • Less 'sticky' when melted, making it a potentially good material for clothing in the future POLYCAPROLACTONE Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable polyester Preparation of Polycaprolactone: Properties Of Polycaprolactone: • • It has a low melting point of around 60°C It has a glass transition temperature of about −60°C Uses Of Polycaprolactone:... of other materials, PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to PVC • Degradation Of Polycaprolactone: PCL is degraded by hydrolysis of its ester linkages in physiological conditions (such as in the human body) • It has therefore received a great deal of attention for use as an implantable biomaterial • In particular it . BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS By : Madhuri Phute Biodegradation Biodegradation is the process of converting polymer material into harmless, simple, gaseous products by the action. degradation Characteristics Of Biodegradable Polymers BIODEGRADATION ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION COMBINATIONHYDROLYSIS BULK EROSION SURFACE EROSION Mechanism Of Biodegradable Polymers ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION . a disposal system which can cause harm to our environment. INTRODUCTION NEED FOR BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS • Polymers have become an essential part of our daily life. • Having its numerous advantages,