kỹ thuật mới giải nhanh bài tập hóa học tập 2 vô cơ

546.076 K600T CtJ THANH TOAN NGUYEN NGOC OANH KYTHUATMdfl GIAINHANHBAITAP HOA HOC I I 114 4 4 i i i 4 ' wo'c lOnil , f B TAP 2 HOA HOC VO CO ^ ^ - Tuyen chon cac ky thuat giai nhanh ve 7 chuyen de hoa v6 ca - Danh cho hoc sinh \6p 10, 11, 12 va luyen thi DH - CD OCR] NHA XUAT BAN DAl HOC i^UOC GIA HA NOT "XU THANH TOAN NGUYEN NGOC OANH KYTHUATMOfl GIAINHANHBAITAP HdA HOC TAP 2 HOA HOC V6 CO - Tuyen chpn cac ky thuat giai nhanh ve 7 chuyen de hoa v6 ca - Danh cho hoc sinh Idp 10,11,12 va luyen thi DH - CD NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI L6INOIDAU Cac ban ddng nghidp va cac em hoc sinh than m6'n! Trdn CO so phan tfch kl luong cac n6i dung kien thiic v^ ki nang nam trong khung chuong trinh thi, ca'u true, ma tran d6 thi va cac dang bai tap thucmg gap trong da thi tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang ciia B6 GD - DT, chung toi da biSn soan tap sach: "Kithudt moi gidi nhanh bai tap Hod hoc" Cu6'n sach mof ra m6t co h6i cho giao vian va cac em hoc sinh nhin nhan lai mot each sau sac va toan dien cac da thi tuyan sinh DH - CD ki tii khi ap dung hinh thiJc thi trac nghiem, tilr do giao vian c6 dinh hirdng dung dan cho cac em hoc sinh va miic do kien thiic va cac dang bai tap; con cac em hoc sinh se vihig vang, tu tin hom de di tran con duomg den c6ng truong Dai hoc ma minh mo udfc. Tac gia cung khdng quan gili gam vao eu6'n sach cac phuong phap giai hay, giai nhanh, nham giiip cac em ren luyan ki nang giai nhanh cac dang bai tap trong di thi tuyen sinh DH - CD. Cuon sach se la nguori ban d6ng hanh than thia't vdri cac em hoc sinh trong qua trinh chinh phuc nhiing dinh cao vinh quang ciia tri thiic; cuon sach se la tai lieu qui cho cac ban d6ng nghiep trong qua trinh giang day. Da' cuon sach hoan thian hon, ra't mong nhan duoc su dong gop y kia'n chan thanh ciia cac ban d6ng nghiep va ciia cac em hoc sinh. Chuc cac em dat dirge nhiau thanh tich cao trong cac ky thi sap t6i. Xin tran trong cam cm ! ' * TAC GIA Nhd Sach Kkang Viet xin tran trong giai thieu toi Quy doc gid vd xin long nghe moi y kien ddng gop de cuon sach ngdy cdng hay hon, bo ich hon. Thu xin gtH ve: Cty TNHH Mot thanh vien - Dich Vu Van Hoa Khang Viet. 71- Dinh Tien Hoang, Fhuimg Dakao, Quan 1, TP HCM. Tel: (08) 39115694 - 39111969 - 39111968 - 39105797 - Fax: (08) 39110880 Email: khangvletbookstore@yahoo.com.vn C. KI THUAl GSAl NHANH 7 CHUVeN HOA VO CO CHUYEN ©11: KT THUAT ©SAI NHANH cAc D^m BAI TJSip yg HALOGEN A. LI THUYI^T 1. DAC DI£M CIJA CAC NGUVfiN T6 HALOGEN Flo Qo Brom lot (F) (CI) (Br) (I) ca'u hmh electron 16p ngoai Cling 2s^2p' 3s^3p' 4s'4p' 5s^-5p' Ban kinh nguyan tif 0,64A° 0,99A° 1,14A° 1,33A° D6 am dien 3,98. 3,16 2,96 2,66 Ai lire electron 3,58 eV. 3,81 eV 3,56 eV 3,29 eV Nang lugmg ion hoa thif nhatl, (eV) 17,42 12,97 11,34 10,45 Nang luong lien ket (kJ/mol) 159 242 • 192 150 Nhiat d6 nong chay ("C)" -219,6 -101,0 -7.3 113,6 Nhiat d6 s6i ("C) -188,1 -34,1 59,2 185,5 Tiang thai (dkt) khi khi long ran Mau sac luc nhat vang luc do nau den tim Mui rat d6c Xoc hdi kh6ng miJi Ham iKong (% s6' nguydn tir) 0,02 0,02 3.10-* 4.10-' II. TINH CHAT HOA HOC CUA DON CHAT F2 Br, I2 Vdikim loai - Tac dung vod tat ca cac kim loai (ca Au, Pt, ) - Phan ling toa nhiet manh nha't. - Tac dung v<5ri h^u he't kim loai. - Phan ihig toa nhi^u nhiet. - Tic dung vdi hdu he't kim loai. - Phan umg toa nhiet It hon clo. - Tac dung vdri kim loai cf nhiet d6 cao hoac cin xiic tac. Vdikim loai 2E + nX, > 2EX„ Vdfi hidro (H2) Phan ling nS manh ngay b - ZSZ^C, trong bong t6'i. Phan ihig nS khi chia'u sang hoac dun nong. Phan ling xay ra a nhiet d6 cao, kh6ng n6. Phan ling chi xay ra a nhiet d6 cao, thuan nghich. Vdfi hidro (H2) H, + X,. 2HX (X: F, Q, Br) H, + I, ^ 2HI Vdri nude (H2O) 2F2 + 2H2O -> 4HF + O2 0 -1 +1 X2 + H2O HX + HXO Phan ling kho dSn tiir CI, d6'n I, Vdi dung dich ki^m 2F,+ 2NaOH„„,„3, ->2NaF + OF.+ao CI, + 2K0H ->KC1 + KCIO + H2O 3a, + 6K0H 5KC1 + KCIO3 +3H2O 3X, + 6KOH > 5KX + KXO3 + 3H,0 Vdri mu6'i halogenua Khi F, kh6 khur duoc Cr, Br, I trong rnu6'i nong chay: F2 + 2NaCl,„^„g (.^ij,, 2NaF + O2 Khir duoc Br , I trong dung djch mu6'i: CI, +2KBr ^2Naa + Br, Khu duoc r trong dung dich: Br, +2NaI 2NaBr +1, Kh6ng Phan ling. Chi the' hien tfnh khijr Kh6ng CO Br, +5a, + 6H,0 ->2HBr03 + lOHQ i, + 5a,+ 6H,0^ 2HIO3 + lOHCl Nhan xet F2 > CI2 > Bo > h J Tinh oxi hoa gi5m dan 4 III. DI^U cut TRONG PH6NG THI NGHlfeM VA SAN XUAT TRONG C6NG NGHIEF Nguyen tac chung: Oxi hoa ion halogenua thanh nguyen tir: 2X" > X2 + 2e F2 CI, Br, I2 Trong phong thi nghiem. Kh6ng dilu che' Cho dung djch HX dSc tac dung vdi chat oxi hoa (MnO,, PbOj, KCIO3, KMn04, ): 4HX + MnO, X, + MnXj + 2H2O Trong c6ng nghiep. Dien phan nong chay (lOfC) h6n hop KF + 2HF: 2HF ->F2 +H, Dien phan dung dich NaQ cd m^ng ngan: 2Naa + 2H,0 -> Cij + H2 + 2NaOH Sau khi phoi nudrc bien d^ la'y NaCl, ph^n con lai chiia nhidu NaBr: NaBr +CI2 -> 2Naa + Br2 Rong bi^n kh6 -^tro —^^^'^ > dung djch c6 Nal. 2NaI + CI, I2 + 2NaCl 1, Trong phong thi nghiem: 4HX<d) + MnO, .0 • * MnX, + X2 + 2H,0 16HX(,, + 2KMn04 > 2KX + 2MnX2 + X, + SH^O 6HX<a) + KCIO3 -> KCl + 3X, + 3H2O .0 2NaX + MnO, + 2H,S04(d) -i-^ X2 + MnS04 + Na2S04 + 2H2O (X la CI, Br, I) 2. Trong cong nghiep: 2Naa + 2H2O t rudrc day: > Cl,t + H^t + 2NaOH m&ngngin 4HC1 + 0, <: xt,t" ± 2C12 + 2H20 2NaBr + QX.jy^^^) —^ Br2 + 2NaCl 2NaI + Cl„ dd 2(vta All) > I, + 2Naa IV. CAC HIDRO HALOGENUA VA AXIT HALOGENHIDRIC (HX) Nhidt d6 s6i (°C) D6 tan trong 1 lit nude (bOPC) HF 19,5 Tan v6 han HCl -85,1 500 lit HBr 4-66,8 600 lit HI -35,4 425 lit Tinh axit cua dd HX Yiru Manh Manh hom HCl Manh hon HBr Tac dung vdi dd AgNOj Khong AgCU trdng AgBri vang nhat Agli vang Tdc dung voi Si02 SiO^ + 4HF -> SiF4 + 2H2O Kh6ng phan Ung. Tdc dung Vdri O2 Kh6ng phan ung. 4HC1,„ + 0,(,, CU +2Hfi 4HX<,„) + O, (kk) -> 2X2 + 2H2O Tac dung v6i H2SO4 dac Kh6ng phan ling. 2HBr + H2SO4 -> Br2 + SO2+ 2H2O SHI + H2SO4 41, + H,S + 4ao Nhan xet HF HCl HBr HI Tinh axit tang din, tinh khuf tSng dSn CaF,,,) + H2SO, 4(d) 2HFt + CaSOai Di^u ch6' va san xua't 2Naa„ + H2S04(a) l">400"C ^ 2Ha + Na2S04 H2(k)+ CI •'2(k) >2HC1 (k) RH + CI2 -> RCl + HCl PX3 + 3H2O ^3HX +H3PO3 Thuc te: 3X2 + 2P + 6H2O —^> 6HX + 2H3PO, V. MUOI HALOGENUA Mu6'i florua Mu6'i clorua (CD Mu6'i bromua (Br) Mu6'i iotua (D Ti'nh tan - D6u tan (trif CaFj, ) - Da s6' tan (trir AgCl, PbCl,, ) - Da s6' tan (li ij AgBr, PbBr2, ) - Da s6' tan (triif Agl, Hgl,, Pbl,, Mnlj). Mu6'i AgX. Tan, mau trSng. Kh6ng tan, mau trang. Kh6ng tan, mau vang nhat. Kh6ng tan, mau vang. Phan ling vori halogen Kh6ng xay ra. F2 + 2C1 („6ngchdy) -> 02 + 2F CI2 + 2Br-,,,, ^ Br2 + 20" CI, + 2r„„ -> I2 + 2a- Br2 + 2r„d) -> I, + 2Br Phan iJng vod H,S04 dac CaF2 + HiSOiij) 250^ C ^ NaCV,+ H2S04<„ <2.'>0°C ^ 2NaBr„y + H2SO4,,) -> Br, + SO, + HJO + Na2S04 SKI + 5H2S04,a, 4I2 + HjS + 4K2Sb4 + 4H,0 Phan iJng vod H,S04 dac 2HFt + CaS04 r HClt+ NaHS04 2NaBr„y + H2SO4,,) -> Br, + SO, + HJO + Na2S04 SKI + 5H2S04,a, 4I2 + HjS + 4K2Sb4 + 4H,0 Phan ling vdd Khong xay ra Khdng xay ra Kh6ng xay ra 2FeCl3 4 2KI 2Fea, +1, + 2KC1 Phan iJng voi O3 'Kh6ng xay ra. Kh6ng xet. Kh6ng xet. O3 + 2KI + H2O I2 + 2KOH + 0, Trang thai tif nhiSn - Quang florit (CaF,), criolit (Na3AlF,), - Mu6'i an (NaCl). - KCl, CaCi,, NaBr (nude bi^n) Nal (rong bi^n) Nhan biet (bang AgN03) Kh6ng xay ra. Ag^ + cr ->Aga>l trdng Ag^ + Br- AgBri vang nhat Ag* + I" Agli vang 7 VI. HOP CHAT C6 OXI CUA HALOGEN Nudrc Javen Clorua vol Muoi kali clorat Thanh phan NaCl + NaClO + H2O CaOCU: -1 +1 CI - Ca - 0 - CI KCIO3 Dieu Che *Cl2 + 2NaOH„„,„,, NaQ + NaQG + H2G * Didn phan dung dichNaa(15-20%) 6 dieu kifenthucmg, khdng CO mang ngan. * CI, + Ca(OH)„^, + H2O * CI, + Ca(OH), (v6i sOa) -jf^ CaOCl, + H2O * 3C1, + 6KOH —^ 5KC1 + KQOj + 3H,0 * Di6n phan dung dich KCl 25%anhia d6 70°C - 75°C. * 6C1, + 6Ca(OH), —-> Ca(C103), + 5CaCl, + 6H,0 Ca(C103)2 + 2KC1 2KC103i +Caa2 Tinh chat - Tinh oxi hoa manh: 4NaaO + PbS -> PbS04 + 4NaCl - La mu6'i ciia ax it ra't y€u: Nacio + CO, + ao -^HClO + NaHcbj - Tinh oxi hoa manh: CaOCl, + 2HC1 ——> CaCl, + a, + H2O - Trong kh6ng khf 2CaOCl, + CO, + H,0 ->CaC03 + CaCi, + 2HC10 - Kem ben nhifit: 2KCIO3 —^ 2KC1 + 30,T - Chat oxi hoa manh: 5KCIO3 + 6P -> 5KC1 + 3P2O5 KCIO3 + 6HC1 -> KCl + 30, + 3H,0 tfng dung - Sat trung - T^y trSng sod, vai, gia'y. - Tiy trSng soi, vai, gia'y. - T^y u6' chu6ng trai, c6'ng ranh, h6' rac. - XiJr ly chat d6c, tinh che' dSu mo. - Thudc n6, ditm. - Diiu che O, trong phong thf nghidm. B. CAC DANG BAI TAP TRONG DE THI TUYJ^N SINH DH - CD Dang 1: Xdc dinh chat (halogen, muoi halogenua, kim loqi) 1. Li thuyet van dung va phuomg phap giai: * D6' giai cac bai tap dang nay c6 th^ sir dung cac phuomg phap giai nhanh: . Phuong phap xac dinh chat dua vao cong thiirc tinh phan tur khoi: Gia six c6 chat cho electron la A. Ta c6: m. ke k Vay: m MA ^ ' ne(cho) Trong do: m^: Khd'i lucmg chat A (gam) M^: Khd'i luong mol chat A (gam) k: s6' electron do m6t nguyen tir A nhucmg n^ (cho)- s6' mol electron do toan bo luong chat A nhircJng. \ + Dua vao cac dir ki^n bai ra cho, xac dinh diroc cac dai lirong m^, k, n^fcho)- + Tinh gia tri M^. + Tir phan tir khoi xac dinh duoc cha^ cin tim. f Phirong phap trung binh: C6ng thiic tinh nguyfin tir kh6'i trung bmh ciia hai — m kim loai lidn tife'p trong ciing mot nhom A: M = hh ^hh It. + Tinh cac luong chat da cho trong bai ra. + Viet phuong trinh hoa hoc (so d6 hoa hoc) six dung ki hi6u trung binh. + Tinh dai lucfng trung binh thich hop. + Rut ra kd't luan va tinh cac dai luong theo ydu c^u. Phuong phap bao toan electron: Trong phan umg oxi hoa khir, t6ng s6' mol electron do chat khir cho phai diing bang t6ng s6' mol electron do chait oxi hoa nhan: E e (cho) = S e (nhan) n,h„. N, ,ho = n„hj„. N, „^,„ Trong do: n^ho- "nhan l^n 'ifcrt la s6' mol nguyen tir chat nhircmg, nhan electron (s6' mol nguyen tir chat khir, chat oxi hoa). Nccho. N, „hj„ \in luot la s6' electron m6t nguyen tur chat khir nhuomg, m6t nguyen tijr chat oxi hoa nhan. + Viet cac qua trinh oxi hoa, qua trinh khir (kh6ng cin vie't phuong trinh phan ling oxi hoa - khir). + Dat in, dua vao djnh luat bao to^n electron lap duoc phuong trinh dai s6'. Giai he phuong trinh, xac dinh duoc M => chat cin tim Q - Phuong phap bao loan khoi lucmg: Trong mdt phan ung hoa hoc, tdng khO'i luong ciia cac cha't san phsim bang long khO'i liromg cua cac chat tham gia phan ling. Gia sir c6 phan ung: aA + bB cC + dD Iheo djnh luat bao toan kh6'i luong ta c6: niA + nig = nic + Ap dung: Trong mot phan ung, c6 n cha't {ki ca chat phan ling va san pha'm), n6'u biet kh6'i luong ciia (n - 1) cha't thi tinh duoc khd'i lucmg cua ch&t con lai. * Mot s6' n6i dung cin chu y: - Cac kim loai c6 nhieu hoa tri (Fe, Cr, ) tac dung voi CI2, axit HCl tao ra mu6'i clorua kim loai CO hoa tri khac nhau: ' " " 2Fe + 3a > 2FeCl3 Fe + 2HC1 -> FeQ, + H, - Cac dung dich mudi halogenua nhu mu6'i clorua, bromua, iotua d^u tac dung voi AgNOj, con muoi florua khong tac dung duoc voi dung djch AgNO,: . NaF + AgNOj: Khong xay ra NaCl + AgNOj Agai + NaNOj NaBr + AgNOj ^ AgBri + NaNO, Nal + AgNO, Agll + NaNO, Vi vay cac bai tap h6n hop mu6'i halogenua tac dung vdri dung dich AgNOj tao ra ke't tiia cSn chia hai trucmg hop d^ giai. 2. Cac thi du minh hoa: Thidu 1: Hoa tan hoan toan 1,1 gam h6n hop gom m6t kim loai kiim X va m6t kim loai ki6m thd Y (Mx < My) trong dung djch HCl du, thu duoc 1,12 lit khi H, (dktc). Kim loai X la A. K. B. Rb. C.Li. D.Na. (Trich de tuyen sink Cao dang khoi A) Hudfng din gidi Theobaira: nn^ =0,05 (mol) => 0,05<nx^y <0'Umol) 1! - 11 - :::>ili<MxY <— =^ 11 < Mx,Y < 22 0,1 0,05 Vi Mx < My => Mx < 22 . Trong cac kim loai kiem chi c6 kim loai liti (Li) c6 M = 7 < 22. vay kim loai X la Li. Dap an dung la C. Thidu 2: Cho dung djch chiJa 6,03 gam hdn hop g6m hai mudi NaX, NaY (X, Y la hai nguyen to c6 trong tu nhien, d hai chu ki lien tiep thu6c nhom VIIA, sd hieu nguyen tir < Zy) vao dung dich AgNOj (du), thu duoc 8,61 gam ke't tua. PhSn tram khdi luong ciia NaX trong hdn hop ban ddu la A. 47,2%. B. 52,8%. C. 58,2%. D.41,8%. (Trich De thi tuyen sinh Dai hoc khoi B) Hu&ng ddn gidi Trudmg hcrp 1: Hai mudi NaX va NaY d^u tao ke't tiia vdfi AgNO,. Dat cong thiic chung ciia 2 mudi la NaX: NaX + AgNOj -> AgX 4- + NaNO, (23 + X)g (108+X)g 6,03 g 8,61 g ' Ta c6: (23 + X). 8,61 = 6,03. (108 + X) X = 178 (khdng c6 halogen nao c6 trong tu nhien ma c6 M > 178 => loai truong hofp nay). Tru&ng hop 2: X la flo, Y la clo: i Goi X, y \in luot la sd mol ciia NaF, NaCl. - - Theo bai ra, ta c6: 42x + 58,5y = 6,03 (1) ' J4 i . NaF + AgNOj > khdng xay ra NaCl + AgNOj > AgCU + NaNOj y y (mol) Ta c6: 143,5y = 8,61 y = 0,06 (2) TCr (1, 2) ta c6: x = 0,06; y = 0,06. 6,03 Dap an diing la D. Thi du 3: Hoa tan hoan toan 6,645 gam hdn hop mudi clorua ciia hai kim loai ki^m thudc hai chu ky ke' tiep nhau vao nude duoc dung dich X. Cho toan bo dung djch X tac dung hoan toan vdi dung dich AgNOj (du), thu duoc 18,655 gam ke't tiia. Hai kim loai ki6m tren la A. RbvaCs B. NavaK C. K va Rb D. Li va Na (Trich de tuyen sinh Cao dang - Khoi A) Hu&ng ddn gidi K6t tiia la AgCl: sd mol AgCl = = 0,13 (mol) • Ki hieu chung hai mudi clorua la MCI MCI + AgNO, ^ AgCl i + MNO3 0,13 <- 0,13(mol) =^Mi^,,, =^.51,12 3=>M.15,62^^'^^^'^ ^ 0,13 lNa(M = 23) Vay hai kim loai ki^m la Li va Na. ' Dap an diing la D. ' • ' ' 11 Thi du 4: Di hoa tan hoan loan 6,4 gam h6n hop g6m kim loai R (chi c6 hoa trj II) va oxit cua no cdn viira dii 400 ml dung dich HCl IM. Kim loai R la A. Mg B. Be C. Ba D. Ca (Trich de tuyen sinh Cao dang khoi A) Hudng dan gidi Theobaira: HHCI =0.4.1 =0,4(mol) Oxit ciia kim loai R la RO (R c6 hoa tri II). Ki hifiu chung cho kim loai R va oxit RO la X. PTHH: X + 2HC1 RCI2 + 0,2 0,4 (mol) ^MR.RO =Mx =6,4/0,2 = 32 ViMx=32nen j^^^^ ^16<R<32 [R + 16>32 Trong cac kim loai hoa tri II chi c6 kim loai Mg (R = 24) thoa man. Vay kim loai R la Mg. Dap an diing la Thi du 5: Cho 1,9 gam h6n hop mu6'i cacbonat va hidrocacbonat cua kim loai ki^m M tac dung he't v6i dung dich HCl (du), sinh ra 0,448 1ft khi (0 dktc). Kim loai M la A.Na. B. K. CRb. D.Li. (Trich De thi tuyen sinh Dai hoc khoi B) Hu&ng ddn gidi Theobaira: nco2 = 0,448/22,4 = 0,02 (mol) Taco Mhh = 1,9/0,02 = 95 . Suy ra: 2M + 60 > 95 > M + 61 => 17,5 < M < 34. Vay M = 23 (Na). Dap an dung la A. Thi du 6: Cho kim loai M tac dung v6i CI, duoc mu6'i X; cho kim loai M tac dung vdfi dung dich HCl duoc mu6'i Y. Ndu cho kim loai M tac dung vdi dung dich mu6'i X ta cung duoc mu6'i Y. Kim loai M c6 th^ la A. Fe. B.Al. CMg. D. Zn. (Trich De thi tuyen sinh Cao dang khoi A) Hu&ng ddn gidi Trong cac kim loai da cho, M c6 th^ la Fe. That vay: 2Fe + 3Cl2 y 2FeCl3 Fe + 2Ha > FeCl2 + H2 Fe + 2Fea3 > BFeClj Dap an diing la A. Thi du 7: X la kim loai thu6c phan nhom chinh nhom II (hay nhom IIA). Cho 1,7 gam h6n hop g6m kim loai X va Zn tac dung vdi luong du dung dich HCl, sinh ra 0,672 lit khi Hj (d dktc). Mat khac, khi cho 1,9 gam X tac dung v6i luong du dung djch H^SO^ loang, thi thi tich khi hidro sinh ra chua d€n 1,12 lit (0 dktc). Kim loai X la A. Mg. B. Sr. C. Ba. D. Ca. • (Trich De thi tuyen sinh Cao dang khoi A) ^' ' Hu&ng ddn gidi S6 mol khi Hj trong hai thi nghiem: nH2 = 0,03 (mol); ni^^ < 0,05 (mol). PTHH: E(X,Zn) + 2HC1 > ECl^ + H, 0,03 mol 0,03 mol Suyra: Mg = 1,7/0,03 = 56,67 Vi Mz„ = 65 > 56,67 => Mx < 56,67 (1) PTHH: X + H,S04 (loang) > XSO4 + H^ Ux < 0,05 (mol) n^^^< 0,05 (mol) Suyra: Mx> 1,9/0,05 = 38 (2) Tilr(l,2)tac6: 38 < Mx < 56,67. Trong cac kim loai nhom IIA chi c6 kim loai canxi (M = 40) thoa man. vay X la Ca. Dap an diing la D. Thi du 8: H6n hop X g6m M3CO3, MHCO3 va MQ (M la kim loai ki^m). Cho 32,65 gam X tac dung vijra dii vofi dung dich HCl thu duoc dung djch Y va c6 17,6 gam CO, thoat ra. Dung djch Y tac dung vdi dung dich AgNOj du duoc 100,45 gam ket tiia. Kim loai M la A.Rb B. Na C.Li D. K Hu&ng ddn gidi S6 mol khi CO,: nco^ = IM = o,4 (mol) 2 44 S6' mol ke't tua AgCl: n^gci = 100,45 /143,5 = 0,7(mol) Goi X, y, z Idn luot la s6' mol M^COj, MHCO3, MCI trong 32,65 gam X. Bao toan cacbon ta c6: x + y = 0,4 Bao toan clo ta c6: 2x + y + z = 0,7 Ap dung djnh luat bao toan khd'i luong ta c6: 13 nix + niHci = mMCi(Y) + "^002 + "IH20 => 32,65 + 36,5(2x + y) = (M + 35,5).(2x + y + z) + 17,6 + 0,4.18 rr> 36,5(x + y) + 36,5x = (M + 35,5)(2x + y + z) = 7,85 Thay x + y = 0,4;2x + y + z = 0,7 vao, tadiroc: , 0,7(M + 35,5)-36,5 = 22,45 =>0,7M-36,5x 2,4 • '- 2,4 + 0,7M " , , => X = 36,5 Vi 0 < x < 0,4 => M < 17,4 => M = 7(< 17,4). Vay kim loai ki^m la Li. Dap an diing la C. Thi dti 9: H6n horp X chira dong ihbi hai mu6'i natri cua hai halogen lien tife'p trong bang tuSn hoan. La'y mot luorig X cho tac dung vira dii \6'\0 ml dung dich AgNO, IM thi thu duoc 15 gam ket tiia. C6ng thiJc phan tijf ciia hai muoi trong X la (cho F = 19; Q = 35,5; Br = 80; I = 127; Na = 23) A. NaF va NaCl B. NaBr va Nal C. NaCl va Nal D. NaCl va NaBr Hu&ng dan gidi S6 mol AgNOj: n^gNOj =0-' ("loO • ' Trirorng hop 1: Hai halogen d^u tao diroc kfi't tiia v6i AgNOj. Dat c6ng thufc chung ciia mu6'i la NaX. PTPU': NaX + AgN03 -> AgX i + NaNOj 0,1 -> 0,1 ^M.^= 150 0,1 108 + X = 150=>X = 42 CI (M = 35,5) Br (M = 80) Hai halogen la Q (35,5) va Br (80). vay hai mu6'i trong X la NaCl va NaBr. Dap an dung la D. Trucmg hop 2: Hai mu6'i la NaF va NaCl. NaF4-AgNOj -> kh6ng xay ra NaCl + AgNOj AgCl i + NaNOj 0,1 -> 0,1 mol => "^Agca =0.1.143,5=14,35(gam) ^1.5(gam) loai tnrcmg hop nay. Thi du 10: Cho 19 gam h6n hop b6t g6m kim loai M (hoa tri khdng d6i) va Zn (ti IS mol tirong umg 1,25 : 1) vac binh dirng 4,48 lit khi CI, (dktc), sau cac phan ufng hoan toaii thu duoc h6n hop chat rSn X. Cho X tan h6't trong dung dich HQ (dir) tha'y c6 5,6 lit khi H, thoat ra (dktc). Kim loai M la A. Na B. Ca C. Mg D. Al Huatng ddn gidi S6'mol khi CI, va H, Mn lirot la: n^j =0,2(mol); n^^^ =0,25(mol) Dat X la s6' mol Zn => s6' mol kim loai M la 1,25x Taco: 65x+ M.l,25x = 19 (l) V',' Theo nguydn tic bao toan electron ta c6: l,25n.x + 2x = 0,4 + 0,5 = 0,9 (2) si 65x + M.l,25x 19 65+l,25M 19 TO (1,2) ta c6: l,25n,x + 2x 0,9 => 25,75n + 38 = 58,5 + 1,I25M =>l,125M = 23,75n-20,5 l,25n + 2 0,9 N 1 2 3 M le 24 le Ket luan Loai Mg Loai Gia tri phii hop la n = 2 => M = 24 (Mg) Dap an diing la C. • > 3. Cac bai tap tu luyen: Cku i: Kim loai nao sau day tac dung voi dung djch HCl loang va tac dung vdi khf CI3 cho cung loai mu6'i clorua kim loai? A.Fe B.Zn C. Cu D. Ag Hu&ng ddn gidi Kim loai do la Zn: Zn + 2HC1 >ZnCl2 + H2 Zn + Cl2 >ZnCl2 Dap an diing la B. ' ^ Cha v Phan ling ciia cac kim loai v6i khi CI, va axit HCl: ^5^_Fe -i^^FeCl. + H, _±£ll_ Cu -tHC^ Khdng xay ra ' -C!2_ Ag—^Khangxayra. FeClj <- CuCl, « AgCl ^ 15 C&u 2: Cho m6t lirong don chat halogen tac dung h6't vdd magie thu dirge 19 gam magie halogenua. Cung lugng don chat halogen do tac dung h6t vdi nhom tao ra 17,8 gam nh6m halogenua. Kh6'i lirgng don chat halogen da phan ung la A. 8,0 gam. B. 14,2 gam. C. 19,0 gam. D. 7,1 gam. Hu&ng ddn gidi Dat CTHH cua don chat halogen la X, • PTHH: X2 +Mg >MgX2 ' . 'f% a mol > a mol 3X2 + 2A1 > 2AIX3 a mol > 2a/3 mol Theobaira: a.(24 + 2X) = 19 ^.(27.3X) = ,7,8 =,ll?itl^ = JL =,x=35.5 (a) 3 ^ ^ 2.(27+ 3X) 17,8 ^ Vay halogen do la clo (CU). a=- =0,2 (24 + 2.35,5) Vay mei2 =71.a = 14,2(gam). Dap an dung la B. C&u 3: Cho 1,03 gam mu6'i natri halogenua (A) tac dung vdi dung dich AgNO, du thi thu dirge mot kd't tua, ke't tiia nay sau khi phan iJng hoan loan cho 1,08 gam bac. C6ng thiic ciia mu6'i A la A. NaF. B.NaCl. C. NaBr. D. Nal. Hu&ng ddn gidi I no Sd'molAg: n^ = —-0,0l(mol) Dat mu6'i natri halogenua la NaX. PTHH: NaX + AgNOj > AgXi + NaNOj 0,01 < 0,01 (mol) AgX Ag + -X2 0,01 <- 0,01 (mol) 1 03 ^^Suyra: M^^x =^ = 103 =>23 + Mx-103 =^ -80(Br) vay mudi A 1& natri bromua (NaBr). Dap an diing la C. C&u 4: Cho dung djch chura 6,79 gam h6n hop g6m 2 mu6i KX, KY (X, Y m 2 nguydn t<5 c6 trong tu nhifin, 6 hai chu ki lifin tie'p thu6c nhom VIIA, s6' hidu Zx < ZY) vao dung dich AgNO, dir thu dugc 8,61 gam kd't tiia. Th^nh ph^n % kh6'i lugng ciia KX trong h6n hop ban d^u la A. 34,17%. B. 25,56%. C. 45,68%. D. 89,90%. Hu&ng ddn gidi Tnrcmg hop AgX, AgY d^u k^ tiia: f (1) KX + AgNOj ^ AgX + KNO3 :, VV • -' S (2) KY + AgNO, ^ AgY + KNO3 S6 mol h6n hop KX, KY = ^'^^ ~ ^'^^ = 0,0264(mol) 108-39 ^ ^ vay: Mhh ^^ = 257,4(g/mol)=^Mx,y-218,4(g/mol) ' ; 0,0264 vay khdng CO X, Y phu hgp. Trucmg hop X 1^ F, Y la CI: AgF tan n6n chi c6 AgCl kd't tiia Tir (2) ^ s6' mol KCl = s6' mol AgQ = 8,61 : 143,5 = 0,06 (mol) vay: mKci = 0,06 . 74,5 = 4,47 (gam) => mKP = 2,32 (gam) %m(KF) = —xlOO% =34,17%. ' " ^ ^ 6,79 Dap an diing la A. Cau 5: M6t h6n hcyp X g6m 3 muoi halogenua ciia kim loai natri nang 6,23g hoa tan hoan toan trong nuoc dugc dung dich A. Sue khi clo du vao dung dich A roi c6 can hoan toan dung dich sau phan ung dugc 3,0525g mu6'i khan B. La'y m6t nua lucmg mu6'i nay hoa tan vao nude r6i cho phan ihig voi dung djch AgNO, du thi thu dugc 3,22875g ket tiia. Tim c6ng thiic ciia cac mu^i va tinh % theo khd'i lugng m6i mu6'i trong X. Hu&ng ddn gidi Gia sii lugng mu6'i khan B thu dugc sau khi cho clo du vao dung djch A chi c6 NaCl-> n^aci =-^^ = 0,0522 mol ' 58,5 *'* NaCl + AgNO, Agai + NaNO, (1) * 3 22875 Theo (1) -> n^^ci = "Aga = -2 = 0,045 mol < 0,0522 mol t Do do, mu6'i khan B thu dugc ngoai NaCl con c6 NaF. Vay trong h6n hgp X chira NaF, khd'i lugng NaF: niNaF = mB - mNaci = 3,0525 - 0,045. 58,5 = 0,42 (g) , 0 42 %NaF = ——.100% = 6,74%"'^'*''-»-""''«*"'-»-'"-^*":'^^^ 6.23 THiy mji TiwH oiNii Tmm 17 [...]... miii 2H2S + 3 02( d^, _> 2SO2 +2H2O SO, — ^ Liru huynh trioxit, S O 3 Luu huynh dioxit, S O 2 - Tinh k h u manh: chA TRIOXIT > SO3 + N O S 02( k) + CI20,) Pb(N03 )2 + H2S -> P b S i + 2 H N O 3 > S 020 ,(h) SO2 + Brj + 2H2O den > 2 H B r + H2SO4 SO, + 2FeCl3 + H2O > 2 F e C l 2 + 2HC1 + H2SO4 5 S O , + 2 K M n 0 4 + 2H2O > K2SO4 +2MnS04 + 2H2SO4 Dilu - S + O2 — ^ - 4 F e S 2 + IIO2 - 2 S O 2 + O2 < = = ± SO2... 2FeC^ + FeCl 2 + 4 H 2 O Fe304 + 8HC1 Cu + 2FeCl3 B a , c , d , f , g C a, b, c, d, e, g, f D a, f, g Hu&ng ddn gidi cac phan litig tao ra san ph^m I2: ^ a) 2 K I + 2FeCl3->l2+2FeCl2+2Ka >2FeCl2+CUCI2 b) 2 K I + 0 3 + H 2 0 - > l 2 + 0 2 + 2 K 0 H d) Sn + 2HC1 >.SnCl2 + H2 Z n + 2HC1 b) > Z n a 2 + H2 Fe2 ( 5 0 4 ) 3 + ^" '^¥^:*' d) 2 K I + H 2 0 2 - > l 2 + 2 K 0 H 0 ^ CuSO^ + 2FeS04 a2+2KI->l2+2KCl... SO3 + 2 N a O H - > SO2 + NaOH -> NaHSOj SO2 + CaO Na2S04 + H2O SO, + 2 M g — ^ SO3 + PaO > CaS03 hoa SO, + 2H2S SO3 + 2 K I S + 2MgO > CaS04 + 3SO2 + 3H2O SO2 + 4 H I - > 2I2 + S + 2 H , 0 2SO3 H j S t + FeOj 2SO, + 02 < > I2 + K2SO3 3S03+2NH3^N2 + > 3S + 2H2O > CuS i + H2SO4 ^ >H2S04, baza Tinh khir FeS + 2Ha S 0 , , „ + H20 voi oxit > NajS +2H2O H2S + CUSO4 ' ^ ^ ^ > 2SO2 + O2 > 2SO3, • AH Chat... D(g/cm^) 2H2 02 3H2+O3 H2O2 + K N O 2 K N O 3 + H2O - Tac dung vdi chat oxi hoa: 5H2 02+ 2KMnO,+ 3H2S64 -> 2MnS04 + 5 O 2 + K,S04 + 8H,0 ->3H20 + 2KI + H2O H,o,+ a ^ I2 + 2 K d H + O2 O , + 2HC1 O3 H2O K2S H2Se H2Te ^ Tinh ben giani dan Che' - Chung ca't phan doan khong khi long -30, uv 4 2O3 as.xt Hep chat hidroxit H2SO4 H2Se04 Tinh axit giam dan H2Te04 ^ - 6CO, + 6 H , 0 C,HnO, + 6 0 - Nhiet phan: 2KMn04... 6,4 va 0,5 325 D 6,4 vk 1,065 (y mol) (Trich de thi du bi dai hoc) Hu&ng ddn gidi Ta c6: n^^c \2 = "FeO = x (mol); npecij = 2nFe203 = 2y (mol) V i ti le s6 mol Fe2+ va Fe^* la 1 : 2 PTHH: =>nFeCi2 :"FeCi3 = 1 :2 16NaOH + 2Cra3 + 3CI2 ^ 12NaCl + 2Na2Ci04 + 8H2O 0,08 CI2 X : 2y = 1 :2 + 2FeCl2 2FeCl2 x/4 Na2S03 + H2O SO, + NO2 3 S + 2H,0 Nhan - La chat long, khdng m^u T i c d u i i g ^ Tao ra 2 loai mu6'i: Tinh oxi HgS,,)(fthuomg) H2S + 2NaOH > S + H2O fic S O 2 + 6 N O 2 + 4H2O HjS + N a O H HjS ' v6i k i ^ m H2S + 6HN03(a)-> - Tinh axit: axit rat yfi'u, tao 2 loai ' ° > FeS HjS + O2 2 H a + S4 H2S + 4 0 2 + 4 H 2 O ^ SHO + H2SO4 3SO2+2H2O S + H2 < ^ vatly H2S(k) + a2(k, —... phircfiig trinh hoa hoc: A K2Cr207,HCl,KMn04,Mn 02, HC10 +2 +3 2Fe -2. 1e->2Fe B K2Cr207,HCl,KMn04,MnOj,NaCl,HCIO,H2SO4 2Cl +2. 1e->2Cl 0 C K2Cr207,HCl,KMn04,Mn 02, NaCl,HCIO -1 6FeS04 + 3CI2 -> 2Fe2 (804)3 + ^^^^'3 D K2Cr207,HCl,KMn04,Mn 02, KC103 =>a:e = 6 : 2 = 3 : l Hu&ng ddn gidi PTHH eac phan ung didu ehe CU trong PTN: Dap an diing la D 16HC1 + 2KMn04 ^ 2KCI + IMnCXj + 5CI2 + SHjO Thidu 2: Hay cho bid't, phan... > Na2[Zn(OH)4] (NH4)2C03 + 2 H a + 2H2O ^ 2Na[Al(OH)4] > Z n a 2 + 2H2O Zn(OH )2 + 2 N a O H H 2 S + 4NaC10 - > H2SO4 + 4NaCl + MnOi > 2Aia3 + 3H2O AI2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O Cac khi bi o x i hoa boi nude Javen: 2HC1 j, AI2O3 + 6 H a y; - Tuy vay, C O , vSn phan ling duoc vdi nude Giaven (khdng phai phan ling 4HC1 > 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 • *) Cdc chat luong tinh: Dap an diing la A - > AICI3 + 3H2 2A1 + 2NaOH... n 0 4 — > K2Mn04 + M n O j + O2 t Suy ra: m (dung djch moi) = 56x + 24 y - 2 + 36,5 2 100 /20 = 56x + 24 y + 363 X vay: 2KC1 + 2MnCU + 5 0 , + SHjO 0,15 mol 20 '^ 5e CI2 X 4e + + 2e 0, 12 ', V -CI2 KCI +2 MnCl KMn04 KMnO , (A) 2x < 1,08.36,5.100 ^ , ^ = 91,53(ml) -I +HC1 KCIO3 - 02 - " H C l = n K C i +2nMnci2 + 2 n c i 2 =0,15 + 2. 0,15 + 2. 0,315 = 1.08 64 D 56,8% nci2 = 0 , 1 5 ( m o l ) Mn 02 KCIO3 A p... Ssda phucng) >20 00''c 0 + 0 - Rat k6m b^n: > 02 + 0 O3 ^ 4 A g H- O 20 0°C > 2Ag,0 O3 -> Ag20 + O2 k i m loai 1 ,27 .10"^ 2, 06 4,80 6 ,24 t°„c(°C) -21 8,9 119,3 21 7 449,3 25 4 -1 82, 96 444,60 684,90 990,00 0,03 10' 10' 2. 10" ^ 2CuO 3Cu + O 3 0 3CuO 3 C O + O 3 - > 3CO2 9 62, 00 58,0 2Cu + O , — 9,30 2CO + O ^ 2CO, Ham lucmg a v6 trai da't (% 2H, + O , 2H,0 stf nguy6n tCr) Hop chat voi hidro XI 2H20 + 0 , Po . Br, I) m^ng ngan 2Naa + 2H2O > 02! + H2t + 2NaOH xtt" 4HCI + O2 < > 2a2 + 2H20 2NaBr + a2(ve«du) —^ Br2 + 2Naa 2NaI + Cl2(w«du) —^ I2 + 2Naa Di^u chd' cac . + 2H2O 16HX,,) + 2KMn04 > 2KX + 2MnX2 + X2 + 8H2O 6HX(„ + KQOj > KCl + 3X2 + 3H2O 2NaX + MnOj + 2H2SO4,,, —^ Xj + MnS04 + Na.SO^ + 2H2O (X la a, Br, I) m^ng ngan 2Naa. ra. F2 + 2C1 („6ngchdy) -> 02 + 2F CI2 + 2Br-,,,, ^ Br2 + 20 " CI, + 2r„„ -> I2 + 2a- Br2 + 2r„d) -> I, + 2Br Phan iJng vod H,S04 dac CaF2 + HiSOiij) 25 0^