RELATIVE CLAUSE mệnh đề quan hệ/ liờn hệ* Khỏi niệm: Mệnh đề quan hệ hay cũn gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ là mệnh đề phụ được bắt đầu bằng 1 đại từ / trạng từ liờn hệ đứng sau danh từ, đại từ
Trang 1RELATIVE CLAUSE (mệnh đề quan hệ/ liờn hệ)
* Khỏi niệm: Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay cũn gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ) là mệnh đề phụ được bắt
đầu bằng 1 đại từ / trạng từ liờn hệ đứng sau danh từ, đại từ hay 1 mệnh đề để làm rừ nghĩa cho danh
từ, đại từ đú
Eg:
1 The man who is sitting next to me is my friend.
Relative clause
2 This is the present which my friend gave me yesterday.
Relative clause
A DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ XÁC ĐỊNH)
* Khỏi niệm:
- Đứng sau 1 danh từ chung hoặc 1 đại từ (those, someone, something, anyone, no one… ) là mệnh đề cần thiết cho nghĩa của câu, không thể lược bỏ
Eg:
1 Do you know the girl who is talking to my father?
2 A biologist is someone who studies biology
3 This is the house which was built by my grandfather
I Relative pronouns used in defining relative clause (những đại từ liờn hệ thường dựng trong
mệnh đề xỏc định).
That
Whom/ Who That
Whose
That
Which That
Whose
Of which
1 Relative pronouns for persons (đại từ liờn hệ chỉ người).
a/ Subject: Who or that(Who thường hay dựng hơn).
- Dựng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm chủ ngữ trong cõu
Eg:
1 The man has been arrested The man robed you
S -> The man who robbed you has been arrested
2 Only those had booked in avance were allowed in
-> Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in
* Chỳ ý: “That” thường được dựng trong cỏc trường hợp sau: all, everybody, no one, no body…
Eg:
Everyone who knows him likes him
Or -> Everyone that knows him likes him
Trang 2b/ Object: Whom, who or that (có thể bỏ): dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm tân ngữ trong
câu
- Whom: hay dùng hơn
- Who/ that: hay dùng hơn trong ngôn ngữ nói
Eg:
The man wants to talk with you You met the man on the train
O -> The man (whom) you met on the train wants to talk with you
(who/ that)
* Chú ý: Chú ý đối với tân ngữ giới từ.
+ Khi chưa đảo thì giới từ có thể đứng sau động từ (phía trước vẫn có thÓ)
Eg:
1 Do you know the man (whom) they are talking about?
(who/ that) + Khi đảo thì giới từ sẽ đứng ngay trước đại từ quan hệ: whom (người) và which (vật)
- Không dùng “that” và “who”
- Không được bỏ đại từ quan hệ
2 Do you know the girl about whom they are talking?
c/ Possessive:Whose/of which
Eg:
Any student will be sent aboard to study His grade is the highest in the exam
-> Any student whose grade is the highest in the exam will be sent aboard to study
2 Relative pronouns for things (đại từ liên hệ chỉ vật)
a/ Subject: Which or that (có thể bỏ, which hay được dùng hơn)
Eg:
1 The book is mine The book is lying on the table
-> The book which is lying on the table is mine
Or -> The book that is lying on the table is mine
b/ Object: Which or that (có thể bỏ, which hay được dùng hơn).
1 This is the bag I bought it yesterday
-> This is the bag (which) I bought yesterday
Or -> This is the bag (that) I bought yesterday
2 This is the hotel I have ever known it
-> This is the best hotel (that) I have ever known
*Chú ý: Giới từ không được đặt trước “that” và không được bỏ đại từ quan hệ Giới từ chỉ đứng trước whom/ which
Trang 3The music was very lyrical I listened to it last night
-> The music to which I listened last night was very lyrical
c/ Possessive: ĐTLH chỉ sự sở hữu |:Whose, of which.
Eg:
These tree should be cut down Its branches were dry
-> The tree whose branches were dry should be cut down
-> The tree, the branches of which were dry, should be cut down
II Relative adverbs (trạng từ liên hệ): When Where, why Used in difining relative clause.
When = on/ at/ in which = khi mà (dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ thời gian,ở vị trí adv)
Where = on/ at/ in which = nơi mà (dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ địa điểm, nơi chốn,ở vị trí adv trong câu)
Why = for + which = tại sao mà (dùng để thay thế cho nguyên nhân, lý do,ở vị trí trạng ngữ)
Eg:
1 I never forget the day on which we first met
-> I never forget the day when we first met
2 Do you often remember the place in which you were born?
-> Do often remember the place where you were born?
3 The reason for which he didn’t go to work yesterday is that he was ill
-> The reason why he didn’t go to work yesterday is that he was ill
III A relative clause replaced by participle or infinitive(Trạng từ liªnhệ được thay thế bằng phân từ hoặc động từ nguyên thÓ)
1 Present participle (P I )
+ Đặc điÓm:
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế = PI khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ đó ở dạng chủ động với các thì: HTĐ,HTTD,QKĐ,QKTD,TLĐ,TLTD
+ Cách rút gọn PI:
- Bỏ đại từ quan hệ chủ ngữ (và “tobe” nếu có)
- Động từ ở các thì trên -> PI
Eg:
1 The man who is standing at the door is my uncle
-> The man standing at the door is my uncle
2 Boys who attend this school have to wear uniform
-> Boys who attended this school had to wear uniform
-> Boys ateending this school have to wear uniform
(had)
2 Past participle (P II )
- Đặc điểm:
Trang 4- Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế bằng PII khi động từ trong mệnh quan hệ ở dạng bị động với cỏc thỡ: HTĐ, TLĐ, QKĐ
+ Cỏch rỳt gọn:
- Bỏ đại từ quan hệ
- Bỏ dạng của động từ “to be”, giữ lại PII
Eg:
1 The English language which is spoken all over the world is the most popular one
-> The English language spoken all over the world is the most popular one
2 This is the house which was built by my grandparents
-> This is the house built by my granparents
3 Infinitive.
+ Đặc điểm:
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được thay thế = động từ nguyờn thể khi ở trước mệnh đề quan hệ là cỏc cụm từ: The fist, the second, the thirth, the fourth, the last, the only… hoặc so sỏnh hơn nhất (the best… )
+ Cỏch rỳt gọn:
- Bỏ đại từ quan hệ
- Động từ trong MĐQH -> to – infinitive (chủ động)
-> tobe + PII (bị động) Eg:
1 The last man who leaves the room must turn off the lights
-> The last man to leave the room must turn off the lights
2 The fist man that we saw was a manager
-> The fist man to see a manager
-> The fist man to be seen was a manager
B NON – DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE (mệnh đề quan hệ khụng xỏc định)
+ Khỏi niệm:
- Đứng sau 1 danh từ riờng, hoặc 1 danh từ cú tớnh từ chỉ tớnh chất, tớnh từ chỉ định, đặc điểm hoặc sở hữu đứng trước, khụng cần thiết cho nghĩa của cõu Nú luụn giống như 1 lời giải thớch
để trong ngoặc kộp, cú thể bỏ mà khụng ảnh hưởng đến nghĩa của cõu
- Luôn dùng dấu phẩy để ngăn cách mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính
Eg:
1 Mrs Smith, who taught me English, is living in London
2 My sister, whom you met yesterday, is going to study aboard
I Relative pronouns used in non – defining relative clause (ĐTLH thường dựng trong mệnh đề
khụng xỏc định).
Trang 5Of which
1 Non – defining relative clauses: persons (chỉ người)
a Subject: Who
Eg:
1 I met Jane’s father, who works at the university
2 Peter, who has never been aboard, is studying French and English
b Object: Whom/ who (Whom hay được dùng hơn)
Eg:
She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before
* Chú ý: Đối với tân ngữ có giới từ: khi đảo giới từ chỉ dùng “whom”
c Possessive: Whose
Eg:
Mrs young, whose children go away, feels very lonely
2 Non – difining relative clauses: things (chỉ vật).
a Subject: Which (không được dùng “that”)
Eg:
The 8.15 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today
b Object: Which
Eg:
These books, which you can get an any bookshelf, will give you all the information you need
* Chú ý: Tân ngữ giới từ có thể đảo giới từ lên trước đại từ quan hệ “which” (hoặc để sau động từ)
c Possessive: Whose, of which
Eg:
This house, whose windows were all broken, was in bad condition
-> This house, the windows of which were all broken, was in bad condition
C CONNECTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES (liên mệnh đề): luôn dùng dấu “,”
1 Dùng đại từ quan hệ “which” thay thế cho cả ý c ña mệnh đề trước đó
Eg:
1 He dranks a lot of beer, which made him fat
2 He usually comes home late, which annoys her parents
2 Dùng đại từ quan hệ: “whom” đối với danh từ chỉ người, “which” đối với danh từ chỉ vật sau
những từ chỉ số lượng: one, two,… few, several, some, all, both, most, any, none of + whom/ which Eg:
1 I have got two sisters, both of whom are married
2 He introduced me to his friends, one of whom offered to go with me
3 I saw many houses, several of which were unsuitable for me
D CLEFT SENTENCES (CÂU CHE) (hình thức nhấn mạnh)
Trang 6Mẫu chung
It be Noun/ pronoun/ adverbial phrase Defining relative clause
1 Subject focus.
was
S who (for persons) + V _ (present tense)
that (for things) _ (past tense) Eg:
1 The man teaches me English
-> It’s the man who teaches me English
2 The dog bit me yesterday
-> It was the dog that bit me yesterday
2 Object focus
was
O who(m) (for persons) + V _ (present tense)
that (for things) _ (past tense) Eg:
1 I met the man on the train
-> It was the man who(m) I met on the train
2 She is learning English
-> It is English that she is learning
3 Adverbial focus.
It + is/ was + adverbial + that + S + V _ (present tense)
_ (past tense)
Eg:
1 Uncle Ho left his country in 1911
-> It was in 1911 that Uncle Ho left his country
2 I’m learning at Le Quy Don high school
-> It’s at Le Quy Don hight school that I’m learning
* Note: Không được dùng “Which” trong câu che
Trang 7PRACTICE Exercise1: Choose the best option.
1 “Who is eligible for the scholarship?”
“Anyone scholastic record is above average can apply fog the scholarship.”
2 Dr Sale is a person
A in whom I don’t have much confidence
B in that I don’t have much confidence
C whom I don’t have much confidence in him
D.I don’t have much confidence
3 “Is April twenty – first the day _ ?”
A you’ll arrive men C on that you;ll arrive
B when you’ll arrive D when you’ll arrive on
4 The severe drought _ occurred last summer ruined the corn crop
5 Florida, _ the Sunshine State, attracts many tourists every year
6 The new shopping mall is gigantic It’s advertised as a place you can find just about anything you might want to buy
7 Loral’s marriage has been arranged by her family She is marrying a man
A that she hardly knows him C she hardly knows
B whom she hadly knows him D she hardly knows him
8 People who exercise frequently have greater physical andurance than those
9 “Is the address to you want the package sent?”
“Yes”
10 Ann quit her job at the advertising agency, surprised everyone
11 That book is by a famous anthropologist It’s about the people in Samoa _ for two years
B that she lived among them D where she lived among them
12 The missing man’s family is desperately seeking anyone information about his actives of whereabouts
13 The publishers expect that the new biography of Simon Bolivar will be bought by people _in Latin American history
A who they are interested C interested
B are interested D they are interested
Trang 814 I have always wanted to visit to Paris _ of France.
A is the capital C that is the capital
B which is the capital D the capital
15 The chemistry book was a little espensive
16 “Have you ever met the man over there?”
17 “Do you have the book the teacher?”
“Yes, I do.”
A that it belongs to C to which belongs
B to which belongs to D that belongs to
18 The voters were overwhelmingly against the candidate proposals called for higher taxes
19 “Do you remember Mrs Goddard, taught us English composition?”
“I certainly do.”
20 I have three brothers, are businessmen
21 “Where were you able to locate the person wallet you found?”
“Luckily, yes”
22 “Why do you get up at 4.00 A.M?”
“Because it’s the only time _ without being interrupted.”
A that I can work on my book
B when I can work on my book at
C when I can work on book then
D when I can work on my book
23 “You seem so happy today”
“I’m You are looking at a person _ has just been accepted into medical school.”
24 “The movie _ last night was terrifie.”
“What’s about?”
25 Many people lost their homes in the earthquake The government needs to establish more shelters
to care for those _ have homes
26 The problem never occurred
A I had expected it C that I had expected it
Trang 9B who I had expected D I had expected
27 I had to drive to the factory to pick up my brother car wouldn’t start
28 I read a book about Picasso,
A is a Spanish painter C who a Spanish painter is
B a Spanish painter D that is a Spanish painter
29 The people _ the acrobat turn circles in the air were horrified when he missed the outstretched hands of his painter and tell to his death
30 “My writing has improved a lot in this class.”
“Mine has, too All the students _ do well in writing.”
A whom Mr Davis teaches them C that Mr Davis teaches them
B which Mr Davis teaches D Mr Davis teaches
31 “Have you seen the place the graduation ceremony will be held?”
“Yes, It’s big enough to hold 5.000 people.”
32 “How’s yours class this term?”
“Great I have seventeen students, most of _ speak English very well.”
33 “Will everyone like the book?”
“No only people _ interested in anthropology.”
34 “How did you enjoy your dinner with Mr Jackson?”
“It was boring He talked only about himself, _ almost put us to sleep.”
35 My grandfather, awise man, has greatly influenced my life
36 “Is Dr Brown the person _ you wish to speak?”
“Yes, please”
37 In the movie, a teenager to pursue a singing career meets resistance from his strong – willed father
38 “Excuse me, but there is something about immediately”
“Certainly.”
A which I must speak to you
B which I must speak to you about it
C that I must speak to you about
D that I must speak to you
Trang 1039 “Little Women”, _ in 1868, is my sister’s favorite book.”
A is a novel published C a novel was published
B a novel published D was a novel published
40 He _ always likes to do something new can change the situation
Excercise2 Choose the underlined part that needs correcting.
1 In my life I have never eaten in a restaurant where serves seafood
A B C D
2 It was during the summer of 1999 when I was in Mexico
A B C D
3 That post office is very proud of a team of well – trained staff, who is
thoughtful, helpfuland courteous
4 Yoko told me about students who has taken the entrance exem 13 times
5 She didn’t know where most of the people in the room was from
6 Florida, where has become the twenty – seventh state in the U.S on March, 3rd, 1845,
A B C
is one of the most beautiful ones there
D
7 The woman whose children go away feel very lonely
A B C D
8 I was wakened by someone knocked on the door
A B C D
9 That is the man who he told me the bad new
A B C D
10 The proposal he made at the meeting sounded interestingly
A B C D
11 The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious
12 Bob is a kind of person to whom one can talk about anything
13 I’m looking for an electric can which also can sharpening knives
A B C D
14 People whose outlook on life are optimistic are usually happy people
A B C D
15 Your career should focus on a field in that you are genuinely interested
A B C D
16 William Harvey, the English doctor who discovered the circulate of the
A B C D
blood, was born in 1578
17 Florida, that is known to be the Sunshine State, attracts many tourists every year
18 Lora’s marriage has been arranged by her family She is marrying a man she
hardly knowns him
C D
19 Pople who exercise frequently have physical endurancal than those who doesn’t
20 Is this the addrees to whom you want to passage sent?
A B C D
21 Ann quit her job at the advertising agency, that surprised everyone
A B C D
22 That book is by a famous anthropologist It is about the peolpe in Samoa
among them she lived for two years