Restrictive clauses/ defining clauses mệnh đề xác định : Đây là loại mệnh đề mà chủ ngữ cha đợc xác định rõ nên cần phải có mệnh đề này để làm rõ chủ ngữ hơn.. Non- Restrictive clauses
Trang 1RELATIVE CLAUSE
A THEORY
1 Restrictive clauses/ defining clauses (mệnh đề xác định ) : Đây là loại mệnh đề mà chủ ngữ
cha đợc xác định rõ nên cần phải có mệnh đề này để làm rõ chủ ngữ hơn
Ex: The man who is my brother stands overthere
That is the book that I like best
2 Non- Restrictive clauses/ non - defining clauses (mệnh đề không xác định ) : Đây là loại
mệnh đề mà chủ ngữ đã đợc xác định rõ nên không cần phải có mệnh đề này để làm rõ chủ ngữ hơn mà mệnh đề này chỉ làm một nhiệm vụ là bổ sung thông tin cho chủ ngữ
Ex: That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike
3 Differences between defining and non - defining adjectives clauses.
a Form: non - defining clauses đợc ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bởi dấu phẩy, trái lại mệnh đề xác định thì không
b Structure:
* Tiền ngữ của mệnh đề không xác dịnh là từ xác định :
- Danh từ riêng
Eg: Mr John, who is a world population expert, is teaching at this school
- Danh từ đợc bổ nghĩa bởi:
+ Đại từ phiếm chỉ : this/ that/ these/ those, sở hữu của tính từ
Eg: that man, who gave you my address, is my uncle
Eg: her son, who is the best student in school, has just won the scholarship to study in Australia
- Danh từ đợc bổ nghĩa bởi cụm tính từ
Eg: the man in light blue, who stands next to the door, is a famous artist
4 Notes:
* That ủửụùc duứng trong nhửừng trửụứng hụùp sau:
- Thay Who/ Whom/ Which trong meọnh ủe quan heọ giụựi haùn.à quan heọ giụựi haùn
- Sau so saựnh nhaỏt
Ex: She is the most warm-heated woman I have met her
à She is the most warm-heated woman that I have met
- Sau nhửừng tửứ sau: all, few, any, only, anything, last, first, It + be + …
Ex: Do all the test I gave you them
à Do all the test that I gave you
It is the girl She does this exercises
à It is the girl that does this exercises
- Sau nhieàu danh tửứ vửứa chổ ngửụứi vửứa chổ vaọt
Ex: I see people and cattle They go down town à I see people and cattle that go down town
* That khoõng ủửụùc duứng trong nhửừng trửụứng hụùp sau
Trong meọnh ủeà quan heọ khoõng giụựi haùn
Ex: This is Nam He is my best friend
à This is Nam that is my best friends (wrong)
- Theo sau giụựi tửứ
Ex: Here is the car I told you about it
à Here is the car which I told you about
Here is the car about which I told you
Here is the car that I told you about
Here is the car about that I told you (wrong)
- Ta coự theồ lửụùc boỷ ủaùi tửứ quan heọ trong meọnh ủeà quan heọ xaực ủũnh khi noự coự chửực naờng laứ taõn ngửừ trong caõu
Ex: Here is the car ( which) I told you about
Trang 2- Đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ ở mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định không đợc lợc bỏ, trái lại, ở mệnh đề
quan hệ xác định đại từ quan hệ có thể lợc bỏ
* Khi giới từ đứng cuối Relative clauses là thành phần của động từ kép thì ta không đem ra
tr-ớc WHOM,WHICH
Ex: This is the book which I'm looking for
That is the child whom you have to look after
B EXERCISES
a Choose the best answer
1 The man hat blew off in the wind chased it across the park
2 The building whose walls are made of glass is the place I work
3 The movie we are talking about is fantastic
4 The little girl I borrowed this pen has gone
5 The boy the piano is my son
A who is playing B that is playing C playing D A, b, or C
6 She gives her children everything they want
7 Why do you always disagree with everything I say?
8 This is an awful film It is the worst I have never seen
9 The hotel we stayed was not clean
11 What was the name of the people car had broken down
12 I recently went back to the town I was born
13 She told me her address I wrote on a piece of paper
14 The dress didn’t fit her, so she took it back to the shop she had bought it
15 The painting sun Flower, ………painted by Van Gogh, was stolen many times
A which is B which was C that is D /
16 ……….was a French Emperor, fought his final battle in Waterloo
A Napoleon Bonaparte who C Napoleon Bonaparte, that
B Napoleon Bonaparte, who D Napoleon Bonaparte, whose
17 A person …….makes bread and cakes and sells them is a baker
A it is who B whom C whose D who
18 .Hai Phong is the place…… I grew up between the age of two and ten
A which B where .C that D who
19 .She is the most intelligent woman I’ve ever met
20 .The police want to know the hotel in Mr Foster stayed two weeks ago
Trang 3A which B where C that D when
21 .I have not decided the day I’ll go to London
22 .He doesn’t want to sell the house He was born
23 .We enjoyed the city we spent our vacation
24 Mary and Margaret you meet them yesterday are twins
25 The man opinions I respect most is my father
26 Tell me you want and i will try to help you
B Combine each pair of sentences
1 The woman is my mother She understands me best
2 What was the name of the boy? You borrowed these books from him
3 I’ll introduce you to the man His support for the project is essential
4 The dam is nearly empty We receive our water supply from it
5 The clerk doesn’t work here any more You asked about him
6 I don’t like people People lose their tempers easily
7 He’s the man People like him at first sight
8 It is the important matter We are interested in it
9 The child enjoyed the chocolates Her mother bought them from France
10 This is the story of a man His wife suddenly loses her memory
11 Mr Phong hasn’t come yet He is supposed to be at the meeting
12 Lan went back home She forgot to turn off the faucet
13 Disney World is a famous amusement park It is located in Orlando, Florida, USA, and covers a large area of land
14 Dr Oley is our family’s dentist He is a popular dentist in the city
15 The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666 It destroyed a large part of the city
16 Van Gogh cut off his ear He was a well known writer
17 David is going to talk about careers I’m sure you all know him
18 Romeo and Juliet were lovers Their parents hated each other
19 This is Mrs Jones Her son won the championship last year
20 Charlie Chaplin died in 1977 His films amused millions of people in the world
SOME COMMON ENGLISH STRUCTURES
A THEORY
1 Adverb clause of reason
a BECAUSE + Clause
Eg:
- I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill
Trang 4- Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off.
b BECAUSE OF + Phrase
Eg:
- I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of his illness
- Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off
2 adverb clause of concession
a ALTHOUGH + Clause
Eg:
- They came to the concert though it was raining heavily
- Although it is a very hot day, I shall go for a walk
b IN SPITE OF + Phrase
Eg:
- They came to the concert in spite of the heavy rain
- In spite of a hot day, I shall go for a walk
3 Adverb clause of result
a SO + Adj / Adv + THAT + Clause
Eg:
- He is so famous that everyone knows his name
- They discussed so hotly that they forgot to come to the conclusion
b SUCH + (A / An + Adj + Noun) THAT + Clause
Eg:
- He is such a famous man that everyone knows his name
- It was such a hot discussion that they forgot to come to the conclusion
C TOO + Adj / Adv + (For someone) + TO + Infinitive Eg:
- It is too late to go to the movies
- The lecture was too boring for us to listen to
- He spoke too fast for me to understand him
4 Adverb clause of purpose
a SO THAT + Clause
Eg:
- I’m studying hard so that I can keep pace with my classmates
- The man spoke loudly so that everyone would hear him clearly
b IN ORDER TO} SO AS TO}+ Infinitive(Inf phrase of purpose) Eg:
- I’m studying hard in order to keep pace with my classmates
- So as not to be late for class, John must get up early
- We learn English to have better communication with other people
C Adj / Adv + ENOUGH + (for someone) + TO + Inf
Eg:
- The questions were easy enough for her to answer
- The teacher spoke clearly enough for us to understand him
5 IT + Takes / Took + SOMEONE + TIME + TO + Inf
Eg:
- It took me five minutes to walk to the post office
- It takes us two hours to fly from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City
Trang 56 Causative form
a HAVE + Object + Past Participle
Eg:
- Mary is going to have her hair done
- He had his car washed yesterday
7 IT + BE + Adj + (for someone) + TO + Inf
Eg:
- It is difficult for us to master a foreign language
- It is dangerous to drive too fast
EXERCISE 1: Combine these pairs of sentences using “so…that” :
1/ That woman was very tall She could almost touch the ceiling
- That woman was so tall that she could almost touch the ceiling
2/ This coat is very big I can’t wear it
3/ The coffee was so strong She couldn’t go to sleep
4/ That bag was very heavy None of us could carry it
5/ The stadium is very large It can hold 60,000 people
6/ Those lessons are very difficult He can’t understand them
7/ She was very busy She couldn’t do the housework
8/ The clmate was very bad All the plants couldn’t grow well
9/ I’m very tired I couldn’t keep my eyes open
10/ That boy is very lazy He never does his homework
EXERCISE 2 : Combine these pairs of sentences using “too…to” :
1/ The bag was very heavy She couldn’t carry it
- The bag was too heavy for her to carry
2/ He is very old He can’t run
- He is too old to run
3/ She is very young She can’t go to school
4/ Tom is very short He can’t play volleyball
5/ It’s very late We can’t go to the movies
6/ The question was very hard We couldn’t answer it
7/ The TV programme is very exciting The children won’t miss it
8/ You’re very young You can’t drive that car
9/ She was tired She didn’t go anywhere
10/ These shoes are very small I can’t wear them
EXERCISE 3 : Combine these pairs of sentences using “such….that” :
1/ Tom was a tall man He could almost touch the ceiling
- Tom was such a tall man that he could almost touch the ceiling
2/ Mary is a good swimmer She has won two gold medals
3/ He drank strong coffee He couldn’t go to sleep
4/ It was a long walk The children got tired
5/ He told interesting stories They all like him
6/ The boy made rapid progress It surprised everybody
7/ He had a difficult exercise He couldn’t do it
8/ The speaker gave a long talk Most of the audience felt sleepy
9/ We watched an exciting competition We didn’t want to go home
10/ It was an excellent show We all enjoyed it
Trang 6EXERCISE 4 : Combine into a sentence using “so that” :
1/ The boys stood on the beach They wanted to get a better view
- The boys stood on the beach so that they could get a better view
2/ We lowered the volume of the radio We didn’t want to bother our neighbours 3/ I will write to you I want you to know my decision soon
4/ These men were whispering They didn’t want anyboby to hear their conversation 5/ The lecturer spoke loudly He wanted eveyone to hear him clearly
6/ John gets up early He doesn’t want to be late for class
7/ Mary hid the novel under the pillow She didn’t want her father to see it
8/ They did their jobs well They hoped the boss would increase their salary
9/ You should walk slowly Your sister can follow you
10/ He hurried to the station He didn’t want to miss the train
EXERCISE 5 : Rewrite the sentences using “enough” instead of “too…to”:
1/ He is too old to wear this colored shirt
- He is not young enough to wear this colored shirt
2/ She is too weak to carry this box
3/ This pen is too expensive for me to buy
4/ Bill was too stupid to understand what I had said
5/ This bag is too heavy for her to carry
6/ The test was too difficult for them to do
7/ I’m too poor to help you with the money
8/ This book is too dull to read
9/ The room is too dark for us to study
10/ The shelf is too high for her to reach
EXERCISE 6 : Rewrite the sentences using “It takes / took…” :
1/ I go to school by bicycle in ten minutes
- It takes me ten minutes to go to school by bicycle
2/ He did that exercise in an hour
3/ I need fifteen minutes to get to the post office
4/ He spent the whole morning writing the composition
5/ We needed two days to paint the house
6/ He will need three hours to do this work
7/ He spends one hour reading newspapers
8/ They finished their work in three days
9/ Jane will need a lot of time to complete this report
10/ We spent a day cleaning the house
EXERCISE 7 : Rewrite the sentences using the causative form :
1/ The Smiths are going to build a new house
- The Smiths are going to have a new house built
2/ Please tell someone to take my luggage to the station
3/ We must find someone to add an extra room to the house
4/ Order the porter to carry these boxes up to my room
5/ She has just asked the dressmaker to make a new dress for her daughter
6/ I paid a man to sharpen these knives and scissors yesterday
7/ My mother is going to pay a doctor to test her eyesight
8/ Did you order the boys to plant some trees in the garden?
Trang 79/ Bob doesn’t pay anyone to cook his meals He cooks them hinself.
10/ He will ask someone to mend his shoes
Đề 1:
Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others.
Pick out the word that has the different stress from that of the others.
4. A excellent B gymnastic C stadium D volleyball
Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D that best completes each sentence.
6. Leningrad was _St Petersburg
7. Neil Armstrong was the first man to _foot on the moon
8. The sheer size of the cathedral is a _reminder of the power of religion
A whole B continual C continuous D constant
9. Cuts in the health service could have tragic _for patients
A effect B results C consequences D damage
10.We were just talking about her when, at that precise _, she walked in
11.Please _attention to what I am saying
12.No candidate fulfils all the _for this position
A standard B experience C criteria D require
13.I have heard nothing from him since _
A he had left B he leaves C he has left D he left
14.-"What was your impression _that concert? - "I thought it was great."
15.Colonists in isolated areas of Northern America were almost totally self-sufficient
A lived B living C who living D who that lived
16.We should use time we have available to discuss Jon's proposal
17.Despite the bad weather, he get to the airport in time
A could B couldn't C was able to D wasn't able to
18.23 Bill is jealous your promotion
19.-“I haven’t been to New York yet.” -“Neither ”
A haven’t we B we have C have we D we haven’t
20.The Civil War in 1861 and lasted for four years
Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting.
21.Friends advised h e r to st o p doing the h ou s e w o r k be c au se her old age
Trang 822. l t h o u g h she is 103 b u t she still does a l o t o f work in the flat.A
23.The f i r st May Day c e l eb r a t e d in England in 1 8 90
24.We s h ou ld eat food that is good a t our t ee th and our body
25.I found it ha r d ly to keep my c on c en t r a t i o n with s u ch a noise going on
Choose the correct sentence which has the same meaning as the root one.
26. 31 In spite of their differences, Peter and John plan to be roommates.
A Peter and John do not like each other B Peter and John will be different
roommates
C Peter and John are too different to be roommates
D Peter and John intend to be roommates even though they are different
27.32 It won't be long before her husband comes back
A There's likelihood that her husband won't return soon
B Her husband will come back later than planned
C Her husband will be returning quite soon
D Possibly, her husband won't come back as soon as he wants
28.33 Nothing but the whole story would satisfy Tim
A On the whole, Tim was satisfied with the story
B Tim wouldn't be satisfied with anything
C Tim wanted to know just the end of the story
D Tim insisted on being told the complete story
29.34 I should have studied last night, but I was too tired
A I couldn't study last night because I was very tired
B I studied last night because I was bored
C I studied last night because I had to
D I tried to study last night, but the homework was too hard
30.35 I have never felt better than I do now
A I have never felt well B I have always felt well
Choose the word that best fits the blank space in the following passage:
HARNESSING THE WIND
Wind power is an (31) option for collection alternative electric power Wind power works by (32) the energy from the wind with a rotor that turns and powers a generator The (33) is then stored or used to power machinery, lighting, and even homes Wind power is (34) even if you don't have much land, but is not (35) for city areas where nearby buildings will block most of the wind
31.A inexpensive B expensive C inexpense D expensively
32.A collected B collecting C collect D collection
33.A electric B electrical C electricity D electrically
34.A inconvenient B convenience C conveniently D convenient
35.A recommended B recommend C recommending D recommendation
Choose the item among A, B, C or D that best answers the question about the passage:
Trang 9NASA officials expressed a great deal of concern over the descent of Skylab, a satellite
which was slowly making its way back to Earth and was expected to reenter our atmosphere within the two weeks The aluminum Skylab was not expected to burn up on reentry In fact, it was feared that some 400 to 500 pieces, some weighing up to 1,000 pounds, could survive reentry These pieces would not all land in one area, but would be spread over hundreds of miles causing a great deal of damage to property and endangering human lives At this point,
we just don't know where or when it will come down or how much damage it might cause
36.In this passage, the word "satellite" means.
A a plane B a space station C a spaceship D a TV station
37.From what type of material was Skylab made?
38.Which of the following statements is true?
A It would burn on reentry to the earth's atmosphere
B It would collide with aircraft on reentry
C It might cause considerable damage
D It would not survive its atmospheric descent
39.Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A The pieces would be concentrated in one area
B The Skylab would not completely bum before reentry
C There could be considerable property damage
D Some 400 to 500 pieces might survive
40.In this passage, the word "concern" most nearly means.
-THE
END -Đề 2:
Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the rest
3. A thounsand B relatives C newspaper D transfer
Circle the word whose stress is placed differently from that of the rest.
5. A regularly B successful C accompany D variety
Choose the best option to complete these following sentences
6. She is the famous writer books I always enjoy reading
7. My mind has been too occupied with the coming examination
8. The Asian games are held for the of developing intercultural knowledge
9. All fossil fuels are resources that can not be replaced after use
A non-renewable B renewable C available D unlimited
10. The hotel which we are staying is neither spacious
A or comfortable B nor comfortable C or comfort D nor comfort
11. The natural enviroment consists all natural resources
Trang 10A of B to C on D in
12. The water in this river is too seriously polluted to swim in
A disappeared B purified C endangered D contaminated
13. He has gone to school by bus since his bicycle stolen last week
14. Football has the most of all sports
A attractive B attractor C attract D attraction
15. In 1961, Yuri Gagarin lifted into space aboard the Vostok 1
16. Neil Armstrong was the first person foot on the moon
17. Nobody wants to talk to him, ?
18. The woman next door, to I talked last week, is moving next month
19. The average T.V time of the British is about 25 hours a week
20. My father, knows a lot about this sort of thing, told me about what I should do
21. Neither him nor I good at English
22. Smoking bad for health, so my father many years ago
A is/ has stopped smoking B was/stopped smoking
smoking
Choose the underlined part that needs correction
23. The song to that we listened last night was beautiful
24. After Ann finished his homework, he watched cartoon film
25. I don’t remember the people whom came late
26. Both Lan and Hoa is very good at chemistry
Read and then choose the correct option to complete each blank
uman beings (1) to protect only the beautiful and non-threatening parts of our
environment We tend to pay more (2) to animals on land than any other large sea animals Environmentalists have not done much enough to help save the Pacific Ocean sharks (3) population has decreased nearly to the point of extinction
H
Sharks are among the oldest creatures on Earth, having survived in the seas for more than
350 million years The fact that they have managed to live in the oceans for so many millions of years is enough proofs of their efficiency and adaptability to change environments It is time (4) human beings to begin considering the protection of sharks as (5) important part
of a program for protection of our natural environment