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EYEWITNESS BOOKS Eyewitness COMPUTER (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved. %X]]/LJKW\HDU D&*,FKDUDFWHU IURP7R\6WRU\ 3XQFKHGFRPSXWHU RXWSXWWDSH )LUVWHYHU KDFNLQJGHYLFHD &DSpQ&UXQFKZKLVWOH 0R]LOOD)LUHIR[ ORJR 0RGHORID IXWXUHQDQRERW 5RERWIURP .LVPHWSURMHFW 6QRZERDUGLQJXVLQJ YLUWXDOUHDOLW\GLVSOD\ (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved. Eyewitness COMPUTER :ULWWHQE\ 'U0LNH*ROGVPLWK DQG 7RP-DFNVRQ 0LFURSURFHVVRU 5DQGRP DFFHVV PHPRU\ '.3XEOLVKLQJ (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved.  &RQVXOWDQW'U-RQ:RRGFRFN '.'(/+, 3URMHFWHGLWRU.LQJVKXN*KRVKDO 3URMHFWDUWHGLWRU*RYLQG0LWWDO (GLWRU9LULHQ&KRSUD $VVLVWDQWDUWHGLWRU1LVKHVK%KDWQDJDU 6HQLRU'73GHVLJQHU7DUXQ6KDUPD '73GHVLJQHU0RKDPPDG8VPDQ '73PDQDJHU6XQLO6KDUPD 0DQDJLQJHGLWRU6XFKLVPLWD%DQHUMHH 0DQDJLQJDUWHGLWRU5RPL&KDNUDERUW\ 3URGXFWLRQPDQDJHU3DQNDM6KDUPD './21'21 6HQLRUHGLWRU5RE+RXVWRQ 6HQLRUDUWHGLWRU&DURO'DYLV $VVRFLDWHSXEOLVKHU$QGUHZ0DFLQW\UH 3LFWXUHUHVHDUFKHUV-HQQ\)DLWKIXO 6DUDK+RSSHU0\ULDP0ÆJKDUEL 3URGXFWLRQHGLWRU$QG\+LOOLDUG 3URGXFWLRQFRQWUROOHU&KDUORWWH2OLYHU -DFNHWGHVLJQHU1HDO&RERXUQH 86HGLWRU0DUJDUHW3DUULVK )LUVWSXEOLVKHGLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVLQ E\'.3XEOLVKLQJ+XGVRQ6WUHHW 1HZ<RUN1HZ<RUN &RS\ULJKW'RUOLQJ.LQGHUVOH\/LPLWHG  uu-XO $OOULJKWVUHVHUYHGXQGHU,QWHUQDWLRQDODQG3DQ$PHULFDQ&RS\ULJKW&RQYHQWLRQV 1RSDUWRIWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\EHUHSURGXFHGVWRUHGLQDUHWULHYDOV\VWHPRU WUDQVPLWWHGLQDQ\IRUPRUE\DQ\PHDQVHOHFWURQLFPHFKDQLFDOSKRWRFRS\LQJ UHFRUGLQJRURWKHUZLVHZLWKRXWWKHSULRUZULWWHQSHUPLVVLRQRIWKHFRS\ULJKW RZQHU3XEOLVKHGLQ*UHDW%ULWDLQE\'RUOLQJ.LQGHUVOH\/LPLWHG $FDWDORJUHFRUGIRUWKLVERRNLVDYDLODEOHIURPWKH/LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVV ,6%1+DUGFRYHU /LEUDU\ELQGLQJ &RORUUHSURGXFWLRQE\0'38. 3ULQWHGDQGERXQGE\7RSSDQ3ULQWLQJ&R6KHQ]KHQ/WG&KLQD /21'211(:<25. 0(/%2851(081,&+$1''(/+, ([RVNHOHWRQ 3DF0DQ HDWLQJGRWV /D\HUHGYLHZRI KDUGGLVNGULYH 7KHUPLRQLFYDOYH &KLQHVHDEDFXV (c) 2011 Dorling Kindersley. 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