Cambridge.University.Press.Philosophy.and.German.Literature.1700-1990.Jun.2002.
This page intentionally left blank PHILOSOPHY AND GERMAN LITERATURE – Although the importance of the interplay of literature and philosophy in Germany has often been examined within individual works or groups of works by particular authors, little research has been undertaken into the broader dialogue of German literature and philosophy as a whole Philosophy and German Literature – offers six chapters by leading specialists on the dialogue between German literary writers and philosophers through their works The volume shows that German literature, far from being the mouthpiece of a dour philosophical culture dominated by the great names of Leibniz, Kant, Hegel, Marx, Heidegger and Habermas, has much more to offer: while possessing a high affinity with philosophy it explores regions of human insight and experience beyond philosophy’s ken N I C H O L A S S A U L is Professor of German and Head of Department at the University of Liverpool He is the author of Poetry and History in Novalis and in the Tradition of the German Enlightenment () and Literature and Pulpit Oratory in the German Romantic Age () He is a contributor to the Cambridge History of German Literature He has also edited volumes on literature and science, and the body in German literature CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN GERMAN General editors H B Nisbet, University of Cambridge Martin Swales, University of London Advisory editor Theodore J Ziolkowski, Princeton University Also in the series J P STERN: The Dear Purchase: A Theme in German Modernism SEAN ALLAN: ´ The Plays of Heinrich von Kleist: Ideals and Illusions W E YATES: Theatre in Vienna: A Critical History, – The German ‘Bildungsroman’: Incest and Inheritance MICHAEL MINDEN: TODD KONTJE: Women, the Novel, and the German Nation –: Domestic Fiction in the Fatherland Literature and German Reunification STEPHEN BROCKMANN: JUDITH RYAN: Rilke, Modernism and Poetic Tradition Freud’s Literary Culture GRAHAM FRANKLAND: PHILOSOPHY AND GERMAN LITERATURE – EDITED BY NICHOLAS SAUL University of Liverpool Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom Published in the United States by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521660525 © Cambridge University Press 2002 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2002 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-0-511-06644-3 eBook (NetLibrary) 0-511-06644-9 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-66052-5 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-66052-1 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents Contributors Acknowledgements List of abbreviations page viii x xi Introduction: German literature and philosophy Nicholas Saul Criticism and experience: philosophy and literature in the German Enlightenment John A McCarthy The pursuit of the subject: literature as critic and perfecter of philosophy – Nicholas Saul Two realisms: German literature and philosophy – John Walker Modernism and the self – Ritchie Robertson The subjects of community: aspiration, memory, resistance – Russell A Berman Coming to terms with the past in postwar literature and philosophy Robert C Holub Bibliography Index vii Contributors JOHN A M c CARTHY is Professor of German and Comparative Literature, and Co-Director of German Studies at Vanderbilt University His teaching and research focus on Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, Weimar Classicism, Nietzsche, science and literature, the essay genre, and the history of Germanics Among his book publications are Crossing boundaries: a theory and history of essayistic writing in German – () and Disrupted patterns: on chaos and order in the Enlightenment () Currently McCarthy is researching his next major project: the reception of the Sturm und Drang movement, – is Professor of German and Head of Department at the University of Liverpool He is the author of Poetry and history in Novalis and the German Enlightenment () and ‘Prediger aus der neuen romantischen Clique.’ Zur Interaktion von Romantik und Homiletik um () He has also edited volumes on literature and science, threshold metaphors, and the body in German literature, and published on authors from Frederick the Great of Prussia to Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Botho Strauß He contributed the section on German literature – to the Cambridge history of German literature () NICHOLAS SAUL is lecturer in German at Birkbeck College, University of London, where he served as Chair of Department in – His research interests focus on the interrelation between philosophy and literary form in German literature – He has published a book on Hegel’s religious and historical thought, History, spirit and experience (), and edited the collection of essays Thought and faith in the philosophy of Hegel () He has also contributed to books on Hegel and Nietzsche, and published several articles on Lessing, Kleist, Bă chner and Bă ll u o JOHN WALKER viii Index continuity, Cooper, Anthony Ashley see Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, rd Earl of cooperation, , Copernicus, corporeality, cosmopolitanism, , cosmos and harmony, Council Communist movement (–), , creativity, , , , ; creative origin, , ; exogenous, credibility problem, Creuzer, Friedrich, crime, necessary, Critical Theory, , criticism: age of, , , ; cultural (Kritik), –, , ; literary critics, , ; reflective, ; Romanticism and Marxism, crowd phenomenon, Culmus, Luise Adelgunde Victorie von, , ; Die Pietisterey im Fischbeinrocke, culture: conformism in USA, ; German juridical, ; and German society, ; and history, , ; non-European, ; cultural pessimism, ; popular culture as political oppression, ; post-war cultural production, , ; as propaganda, ; spiritual core of, ; after national unification, ; Weber and modern, ; works of art, – Dadaism, , – dance and harmony, – Danto, Arthur, Darwin, Charles, , , Darwinism, , , , , , , Dauthendey, Elisabeth, death, , , –, ; in expressionist literature, ; in literature of early s, –; and pessimism, , ; and questions of Being, ; and war, , debate, rational, deconstruction of texts, , deity see God democracy, Mann on, – Dennis, John, Derleth, Ludwig, Descartes, Ren´ , , , , ; see also body e and mind desire: ambiguity of, ; personal, , , , , despair, , destiny: human, –, , , and grace, determinism, ; economic, ; historical, ; social, , developer (city planner), development see Bildung dialogue in drama, dialogue technique, diction, didactic intent, Dilthey, Wilhelm, , , –; Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften, ; Lebensphilosophie, – Dionysius, , Dischereit, Esther, discourse: aesthetic, ; literary and philosophical, discovery, dissociation of public from private, dissociation of the self, diversity and unity, , division, , , , ; see also dualism Dă blin, Alfred, , , , o documentation in literature, , –, – Doesseker, Bruno see Wilkomirski, Binjamin Domin, Hilde, domination in relationship to the world, Doppelgă nger gure, , a drama, , , , , , ; Brecht on, , ; documentary in, –, –; dramatic art and transitions, ; dual focus, ; expressionist, ; naturalism, , ; post-Second World War, , , –; social realism, –, –; see also tragedy dreams, , , –, Dresden, drives/instincts, – Droysen, Johann Gustav, – drugs, dualism, , , , , , ; in Bă chners u Lenz, ; Doppelgă nger figure, ; inward a and outward vision, ; see also division Durkheim, Emile, Dă rrenmatt, Friedrich, u Dă sseldorf Academy, u duty, , , dynamic principle, Eagleton, Terry, , East Germany see German Democratic Republic (GDR) ´clairer see Enlightenment e economic determinism, – economics, , , ; Brecht’s analysis, ; Max Weber, ; post-Second World War, , , Index ecstasy, –, ; see also ‘Erlebnis’; mysticism education, , , , ; reform, , ; and religion, ego, , , , Eichmann Trial, emotion, –, , , empathy, empiricism, , , , ; certainty of empirical knowledge, ; and the minimal self, , ; and the rational self, ; scientific naturalism, – encyclopaedia, Hardenberg’s, – endurance of the self, energy, Engels, Friedrich, Englă nder, Richard see Altenberg, Peter a Enlightenment, , , , –; dual objective, , , ; education and aestheticisation, ; failing during Nazi era, –, ; Gadamer and Habermas on, ; and Gellert, ; German, –, , , , ; and modernity, , ; notion of sound reason, ; popularisation, –; quietism and activism, –; radicalising, –; as rooted in Christianity, ; scientific research methods, ; and Sturm und Drang movement, –; three principles of inquiry, ; ‘underside’ of, –; see also society and perfectibility entelechy, , , enthusiasm, environment, Enzensberger, Hans-Magnus, epiphanies, –, epistemology, , , , , , epistle as literary form, , ‘Erdgeist’ in Faust, ‘Erlebnis’ (intense experience), , , , Eros, error and reason, erudition, scholarly, ethics, , , ; the ‘beautiful soul’, –; essentialist, ; ethical causality, ; ethical experience, –; function of art, ; Kant’s revolutionary, , , , ; memory, –; monistic, ; moral consensus in s, –; post-Second World War, ; problems of choice, ; replacing religion, ; and Romanticism, ; Weber and Protestant ethic, , – eugenics, everyday experience and Romanticisation, evolution theory, , existence, , , existentialism, , , , –; post-Second World War, ; see also individuality; Jă nger, Ernst; subjectivity u experience: aesthetic, , , –; alienated everyday, ; empirical, , –; ethical, –; and ideology, ; independence of, –; and intellectual intuition, ; intense (‘Erlebnis’), –, ; and linguistic representation, ; literary representation, ; literature of immediate post-war, –; personal/received, ; poetry of personal, ; public and private representation, ; and reason, ; sum of human, ; and the will, : see also aesthetics; intuition expressionism, , –; attacked by Dadaists, , ; ‘expressionism debate’, , ; the ‘new man’, – fable, , –, , faith, family ties, fascism: in aesthetics and politics, ; anti-fascism in GDR, , , ; and poststructuralism, ; and structures of culture, , –, ; women’s involvement, ; see also Nazi regime fasting, fear in tragedy, , Federal Republic of Germany, , , ; unification, – feeling see emotion femininity, –, feminism, post-war, Feuerbach, Ludwig, ; Das Wesen des Christentums, Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, , , , , –; Bestimmung des Menschen, ; Hardenberg’s Fichte-Studien, ; Reden an die deutsche Nation, ; on the self, , ; and self-consciousness, ; ‘Wissenschaftslehre’, , , , ; Zweite Einleitung in die Wissenschaftslehre, fiction, finance see economics fine arts, First World War, –, , ; German culture after, –; and psychoanalysis, folk arts, , Fontane, Theodor, , , –, , , –; Effi Briest, , , ; Der Stechlin, , ; Unsere lyrische und epische Poesie seit , ; Vor dem Sturm, forgiveness, Foucault, Michel, Index fragmentation, ; and autonomy of literature, ; of identity, , , ; of modern subject, , , ; of texts, ; see also alienation; ‘collection’ in expressionist literature frameworks, transgression of, Frank, Manfred, , – Frankfurt School of Social Research, –, , ‘free association’ technique, freedom: absolute subjective, ; appearance of, ; and the categorical imperative, ; in German culture, ; in Goethe’s Faust, ; individual, , , , ; in Mann’s Doktor Faustus, –; and necessity, , ; politically repressed, ; unconditional, , Frege, Gottlieb, Freiburg, French Revolution (), , , ; and aesthetic education, ; antagonism in body politic, ; Bă chners Dantons Tod, ; as u fulfilment of Enlightenment, –; German reaction, , Freud, Sigmund, –, , –; Der Mann Moses, ; Totem und Tabu, ; Die Traumdeutung, , –, –; Das Unbehagen in der Kultur, , Freytag, Gustav, – Frisch, Max, Gadamer, Hans-Georg, , Galileo, , gallantry (bon sens/galant homme), , Garve, Christian, ‘Gattungswesen’, Gay, Peter, , Gegenwartsroman, Gelassenheit (even temper), Gellert, Christian F., , , , –; Das Leben der schwedischen Gră n von G , ; Pro a comoe[oe]dia commovente, ; Die ză rtlichen a Schwestern, ; Gemă tlichkeit’, – u gender, , , , – genius, , , , , genocide see Holocaust (Shoah) George, Stefan, –, , , , –, German Democratic Republic (GDR), , –, –, – Gerstenberg, Heinrich Wilhelm von, Glorious Revolution (GB ), God: as Creator and Ruler, , ; divine perfection, –; existence of, , , ; in Faust, ; and the intellect, , ; knowledge of the divine, , –; and love, –, ; man as second creator, ; and monads, , ; in nature, ; as necessity, ; in post-Second World War writing, –; see also Christianity; spirit; theology Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, , , –; Faust, ; and Fichte, ; Gătz von o Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hand, ; harmonisation of subject and nature, ; and Herder, , ; Iphigenie, ; on Kant, –, ; Die Leiden des jungen Werthers, ; ‘Die Metamorphose der Pflanzen’, ; Propylă en ; on Shakespeare, ; on a Spinoza, ; Die Wahlverwandtschaften, ; and Wieland, ; Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, , –, , , –, Goldhagen, Daniel, Hitler’s willing executioners, good, moral, , ; see also supreme good Gottsched, Johann Christoph, , , , , ; literary theory, –, ; Versuch einer Critischen Dichtkunst, –, , government, Grabbe, Christian, , grace, , , – Grass, Gă nter, , ; Die Blechtrommel, , u ; Der Butt ; Ein weites Feld, ; Katz und Maus, , , – gravity, Graz Group, greatness of personality, Greece, ancient, Greiner, Ulrich, Grillparzer, Franz, , , ; Der arme Spielmann, Grimm, Hans, Gruppe, , , guilt, post-Second World War, , , , , Gă nderrode, Karoline von, ; Geschichte u eines Braminen, ; Mahomed, der Prophet von Mekka, Gundolf, Friedrich, , Gutzkow, Karl, , Habermas, Jă rgen, , , –; defence of u modernity, –; and Gadamer, –; historians’ debate in s, ; and Luhmann –; Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne, – Haeckel, Ernst, , , , , Hagedorn, Friedrich von, , , Haller, Albrecht von, , , –; Die Alpen, –; Versuch Schweizerischer Gedichte, Hamann, Johann Georg, , , ; Kreuzză ge u eines Philologen, ; Sokratische Denkwă rdigkeiten, u ; Sturm und Drang, – Index Handke, Peter, , happiness, , , , ; duty and individual, ; expressed in nature poetry, ; in Gellert’s work, ; Herder’s view, Hardenberg, Friedrich von (Novalis), , , , , ; Das allgemeine Brouillon, ; Fichte-Studien, , ; Heinrich von Ofterdingen, –; Die Lehrlinge zu Sais, , ; Mann on ; scientific poetry, –; theory of knowledge, Haring, Theodor see Alexis, Wilibald harmony: absolute, , , ; ‘Anmut’ (grace), –, –; Hegel ; impossibility of, –; of intellect and sense, ; in natural sciences, ; pre-established, , , , ; subject and nature, Hart, Julius, Hartmann, Eduard von, Hauptmann, Gerhart, , ; Bahnwă rter a Thiel, ; Der Ketzer von Soana, ; Vor Sonnenaufgang, , Hauser, Harald, Heartfield, John, Heath, Stephen, Hebbel, Friedrich, , ; Agnes Bernauer, , ; Judith, –; Maria Magdalena –; Mein Wort uber das Drama, Hegel, Georg ă Wilhelm Friedrich, , –, ; on Fichte ; Habermas and Hegelian problematic, ; on modern literature, ; Phă nomenologie des Geistes, ; philosophical a idealism, ; on Romanticism, , ă ; Vorlesungen uber die Asthetik, , ă hegemony and the Enlightenment, Heidegger, Martin, , , , , ; phenomenology and Being, –; post-Second World War, –, ; role in Nazi era, –; Sein und Zeit, , ; ‘Ursprung des Kunstwerks lecture, Heine, Heinrich, , ; Deutschland Ein Wintermă rchen, –; on Romanticism, ; a Die romantische Schule, Heissenbă ttel, Helmut, u Helmholtz, Hermann von, , Helv´ tius, Claude Adrien, , e Heraclitus, , Herder, Johann Gottfried, , , , , ; Auch eine Philosophie, , ; Erkennen und Empfinden, –; Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit, ; Journal meiner Reise in Jahr, ; re-evaluation of cultural history, –; Von deutscher Art und Kunst, heredity, hermeneutics, , –, ; and history, ; ontological, ; see also systems theory hermetic symbolism, heroism, , , ; or reason Heym, Georg, , – Hinduism, , Hinske, Norbert, historicism, , –, , historiography, – history, ; concepts of, , , , ; contingency of epochal trends, ; cultural, ; determinist philosophy of, ; as dialectical process, ; in drama, , –, –, ; fixation on the past ; historians’ controversy in, s ; and the idea, ; and literature, ; and opera, ; political vs intellectual, ; post-Second World War, , ; repetition in, ; Spengler on, –; sudden intervention of art in, –; teleology, ; see also novel, historical Hitler, Adolf, , , Hă ch, Hannah, o Hochhuth, Rolf, –, –; Der Stellvertreter, – Hoffmann, E T A., –, ; Die Bergwerke zu Falun, –; Die Elixiere des Teufels, ; Magnetiseur, Hoffmann, Johann Adolph, Zwei Bă cher der u Zufriedenheit, Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, , , , , ; Chandos Letter, , , ; on death, –; Elektra, ; Gestern, ; homosexuality, ; impressionism, –; influence on Walter Benjamin, ; poetic language, –; on psychic fragmentation, –; Der Tor und der Tod, , Hă lderlin, Friedrich, ; Hyperion oder der o Eremit in Griechenland, ; Seyn, Urtheil, Modalită t, a holism, , , Holocaust (Shoah), –, –, , , ; absence from discourse in GDR, –; changing attitudes to, , , ; representation in drama, –, ; TV series (), ; Wolf ’s Kindheitsmuster, – Holub, Robert C., – Holz, Arno, , , Homer, , homosexuality, , Horace, –, horizon (Gadamer), Horkheimer, Max, , , , ; Dialektik der Aufklă rung, a Huelsenbeck, Richard, humanism, aesthetic see Bildung Index humanitas, , , Hume, David, ; Treatise of human nature, humility, hunger in realist novel, Husserl, Edmund, , , , ; Die Krisis der europă ischen Wissenschaften und die a transzendentale Phă nomenologie, ; Logische a Untersuchungen, Hutcheson, Francis, hypocrisy, hysteria, – ‘I’ and ‘Not-I’, , , , , , ; see also ego Ibsen, Henrik, , id, idea, , –, , ideal: notions of the, , , ; questioning shared ideals, idealism, , , , –; aftermath (–), –, literary texts, –, –, philosophical context, –; and expressionism, ; as highest form of realism, ; reaction against philosophy, ideality, cognitively inaccessible, identity, , –, , , ; collective ; of indiscernible subjects, ; Mann on German identity and democracy, ; and sanitised history, ideology and reality, , – idleness, illusion, , image in language, imagination, –, , ; artistic, , ; autonomisation, ; and conceptuality, ; and ethical experience, –; of historian, ; literary, –; pre-cognitive task of, ; productive imitation see mimesis immanence, ontological, Immermann, Karl, Die Epigonen, immortality, , , –, impressionism, , –, –, inadequacy, moral, inclination, , indifference, ultimate, individualism, –, – individuality, , , , , ; and the absolute, ; Brecht on, –; and the embattled male self, ; and humanitas, ; integrity and non-conformism, ; lability of, , ; subject-object unity, ; and totality, , ; see also self-cultivation individuation, , , industrialisation, infinite–finite interaction, , , – insanity and mysticism, insects, insight, rational, instincts/drives, , – institutions and the self, – intellect, –, , , , ; essential activity of, ; healing and purifying, ; intellectual intuition, –, ; mankind’s full potential, ; and Saxon comedy, ; and sensuality, , intelligence, – intensification, internal change principle, interpretation, , ; see also representation interventionism, , intrigue, intuition, , , , –, ; aesthetic, , , ; dreams, ; intellectual, –, , –, , ; and language, ; and reason, , , , ; redemptive, ; religious visionary, ; and Romantic, Fragment, ; see also faith inwardness, , , – irony, , –; literary, ; in modern art, ; and utopianism, irrationalism, , , –, Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, , , , James, William, , , Jandl, Ernst, Jaspers, Karl, , –, , ; Die Schuldfrage, – Jauss, Hans Robert, Jean Paul see Richter, Johann Paul Friedrich Jehovah’s Witnesses, Jelinek, Elfriede, Jena, Jenninger, Phillip, Jews: in GDR, –; and mysticism, –, ; in the novel, –; as source of salvation, –; in totality of modernity, ; see also anti-Semitism; Holocaust (Shoah) Joă l, Karl, e journals, literary and philosophical, , , Joyce, James, judgement, , , Jung-Stilling, Johann Heinrich, ; Lebengeschichte, Das junge Deutschland (ed J Hermand), , , , Jă nger, Ernst, , –, , u Kafka, Franz, , , –; Ein Landarzt, ; Der Process, , ; Das Schloss, ; on Index sense of smell, ; Der Verschollene, Kaiser, Georg, Kaiserreich, kalokagathia, Kant, Immanuel, –, , , , ; categorical imperative, , –; concept of history, ; on the Enlightenment, –; Goethe’s evaluation, –; Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, ; influence on Schiller, ; Kleist on ; Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, ; Kritik der reinen Vernunft, , , , , –, , three principles of inquiry, ; Kritik der Urteilskraft, –, , ; neo-Kantianism, , ; Prolegomena zu einer jeden kă nftigen Metaphysik, ; revolutionary u philosophy, –; subjectivity, –; telos in human history, –; see also neo-Kantianism Keller, Gottfried, , , –; Der gră ne u Heinrich, ; Romeo und Julia auf dem Dorfe, – Kirkbach, Wilhelm, Kirsch, Sarah, Klee Paul, Kleefeld, Gă nther, u Kleist, Heinrich von, , –; Amphitryon, ; Das Erdbeben in Chili, ; Das Kă thchen von a Heilbronn, ; Der Prinz von Homburg, ; uber ă das Marionettentheater, Klemperer, Viktor, , Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian, Sturm und Drang, Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, , , – Kluge, Carl Alexander Ferdinand, ¨ Knigge, Adolph von, ; Uber den Umgang mit Menschen, knowledge, , , , ; and art, ; certainty/uncertainty of, ; Fichte’s theory of, ; in Goethe’s Faust, ; hermeneutic theory, ; intelligible nature, ; Kant’s two sources of, –; limits of, , –; and literary creation, ; loss of faith in certainty of, ; and meaning, ; Nietzsche on, ; and philosophy, ; a posteriori, ; a priori, , ; and public debate, ; Spinoza’s ethics, ; useful, – Koeppen, Wolfgang, Kohl, Helmut, , Kokoschka, Oskar, Korff, Hermann August, Korsch, Karl, Kraus, Karl, – Kretzer, Max, Kritik see criticism, cultural La Roche, Sophie von, Das Fră ulein von a Sternheim, , – Landauer, Gustav, Lange, language, ; body, ; in constructing totality, ; crisis (‘Sprachkrise’), ; divine origin, ; effect on thought, ; and identity, ; illusion in, ; illusion of the self, –; of immediate experience, ; Mauthner’s theory of, , ; and mysticism, ; of nature, ; of philosophy, , ; rejected by Dadaism, –, ; of the senses, –; social objectivity of, ; switch of register in drama, ; in work of Friedrich Gundolf, – langue, Laokoon group, Lasker-Schă ler, Else, u Laube, Heinrich, law, , , ‘Leben’ (life), , , –, –, legitimacy, – Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, , , ; influence on Herder, ; influence on Wieland, ; Monadology, –, , ; Theodicy, Leipzig, , Lenz, Johann Michael Reinhold, , Lenz, Siegfried, Deutschstunde, lesbianism, , Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, , ; aesthetic experience, ; Briefe, die neueste Litteratur betreffend, ; Eine Duplik, ; Die Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts, , ; Emilia Galotti, ; and Haller, ; ideology of compassion, –; Der junge Gelehrte, , ; Laokoon, , ; Miss Sara Sampson, ; Nathan der Weise, , , , ; on Shakespeare, ; theory of tragedy, Leverkă hn, u libido, life see ‘Leben’ life-world, –, Lillo, George, Linkskurve journal, , Linn, Carl von (Linnaeus), literature: anamnestic, ; autonomy of, , ; and collapse of Wilhelmine Empire, , ; derivation of term, –; differences from philosophy, –; ‘engaged’/interventionist, ; as entertainment, ; expressionist, –; feminist, –; of First World War, –, see also war and expressionism; and French Revolution, ; Freud’s proximity to, –; German literary realism, –, –; Index literature (cont.) literary form and philosophy of history, ; literary theory and Thomasian–Wolffian axis, –; Marxist view of, –; and music, –; in Nazi Germany, –; nineteenth-century German, –, ; and politics, , and the self, –; politicisation of, ; post-modern (s), –; post-Second World War, –, , amoral strand, –, coming to terms with past, –, –, generational conflict, , –, Holocaust, –, immediate experience, –, politicising the past, –, post-Berlin Wall perspectives, –, the turn in the s, –; preaching rights of corporeality and person, ; reaction to modern fragmentation, ; relationship to philosophy, –, –, –; as school for readers, ; and social change, , ; theory to practice, –; as tool of truth and virtue, ; transitions, ; as vehicle for enlightenment, ; vălkisch, o ; see also drama; individual authors; novel; poetry Locke, John, , , ; Essay on human understanding, , logarithmicisation of the ideal, logic, , , , ; Dadaist rejection of, ; and judgement, logocentrism, , Lotze, Rudolph Hermann, – love: awareness of social dependency, ; as basis for Gelassenheit, ; in bucolic poetry, ; in comedy, –; cornerstone of ontology, –; as Eros , ; in Goethe’s Faust, ; and the golden mean, ; moderated by reason, ; mysticism, ; of one’s fellow man, , , ; as trap for the genius, ; uniting ideal and real, ; and virtue, , ; see also benevolence; self-love Ludwig, Otto, – Luhmann, Niklas, , Luk´ cs, Georg, , –, , , ; a Theorie des Romans, ; Zerstărung der Vernunft, o Luther, Martin, McCarthy, John A., – MacDonald, Dwight, Mach, Ernst, , – magnetism (animal), , , –, Mallarm´ , St´ phane, e e manic depression, Mann, Klaus, , Mann, Thomas, , , , , –; ‘Beim Propheten’, ; Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen, ; Buddenbrooks, , , , , –, ; conflicting positions, –; Doktor Faustus, , , –, ; and First World War, –; on imperial system, ; Der Tod in Venedig, , , , ; Von deutscher Republik, ; Der Zauberberg, , , , , , –, Marcuse, Herbert, marriage and the self, – Martin, Alfred, Marx, Karl, –, , ; Deutsche Ideologie, ; Manifest der kommunistischen Partei, Marxism, , , –, , , – Marxism-Leninism, , masculinity: embattled, –; femininity as subdivision of, ; and idea of republic, material causation, materialism: historical, ; scientific, , –, , ; and spiritual decay, mathematics, Mauthner, Fritz, – meaning: assault on, , ; danger of premature conclusions, –; search for, , , ; undermined by Dadaism, , mechanical arts, mechanism, blind, mediation, , , medicine, meditation, Meier, Georg Friedrich, Anfangsgră nde aller u schănen Wissenschaften, o Meinecke, Friedrich, memory, , , , , , Mendelssohn, Moses, ; Betrachtungen uber die ă Quellen und die Verbindungen der Schănen Kă nste o u und Wissenschaften, Mendelssohn-Schlegel, Dorothea, Mengele, Josef, , mesmerism, messianism, – metamorphosis, – metaphor, , , , , ; and truth, , ; war and revolution, metaphysics, , , –, , , – Meyer, Conrad Ferdinand, Michler, Werner, middle class, , , , mimesis, –, mind, , , ; divine, ; see also intellect; soul Mitleid see compassion Mitscherlich, Alexander and Margarethe, Index moderation, modernism; aesthetic, , , ; conservative writers, ; the divided person, ; and the self, –, modernity, , , , , , , ; artist in, , , ; behaviourism and, ; defence of (s), –; and domination of citizens, ; experience of reality, ; fragmentation and limitation, , ; German literature and , –, ; post-traditional, ; problematic of, ; revolt against, ; and urbanisation problems, , – modesty in dress, Mohammed, Prophet, molecule, theory of sentient, Moln´ r, G´ za von, a e monad, characteristics, –, , monadology, modern ontology, – monarchy, enlightened, money see economics monism, , monologues, revelatory, monstrous, the, , montage, , Montesquieu, Charles de, , moral action, , , moral consensus in s, –, morality and public debate, Morgner, Irmtraud, Mă rike, Eduard, o Moritz, Karl Philipp, , , , ; Anton Reiser, Mă ser, Justus, o movement and aesthetic experience, Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, , Mă ller, Adam, u multi-perspectivism in literature, multiplicity, , Munich, , music, , –, , ; and literary expression, , –, –; post-Second World War, Musil, Robert, , , ; Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften, mysteries, ancient, mysticism, –; and insanity, ; political, –; and political ideology, ; sense of unity, mythology, , , , Nă chstendienst, a Nă chstenliebe, a naming of things, Napoleon Bonaparte, , narrative technique, , , –; filtered perspective, –; of immediate postwar experience, ; polyphony, , –; subjective composition, nation, ; postwar nation-building, ; see also state National Socialism, , , , , ; and Heidegger, ; in postwar society, , , –; in postwar writing, , –, ; and unification, –; see also Nazi regime nationalism, , , , ; in s, natural science see science, natural naturalism, –, –; in fiction, –, ; rejection of, ; scientific, – nature: achieving insight into, ; control leading to suppression, ; creative possibilities, , –; dynamic concept of, ; and ethical freedom, ; and history, –, , ; and human interaction, ; human vs material, ; idea of untainted, –, ; and imagination, ; inner life of art and, ; inner workings, ; language of, ; Naturgeist, ; pantheistic quality, ; rejuvenation, ; as revelation of the Divine, ; Romantic thinking, , ; ‘second nature’, , ; theocentricity in poetry, , ; as touchstone of truth, ; understanding, –; valuable knowledge, –; see also Haller; harmony; Herder; science, natural Naturphilosophie, , , , , Nazi regime, , , , –; and Auschwitz trial, –; denazification, ; post-Second World War, , necessity, , , negation, , , , ; in Goethe’s Faust, ; in Nietzsche’s thought, ; in relationship of subjectivity to society, – Nemesis, , neo-Kantianism, , Nestroy, Johann, New Science, Newton, Isaac, Nicolai, Friedrich, Nietzsche, Friedrich, –, –, –, , ; Also sprach Zarathustra, , –, , , ; on dreams, ; Die Geburt der Tragădie, , , , ; post-Second o World War era, ; on reality and the self, , ; Umwertung aller Werte, ; Unzeitgemă òe Betrachtungen, ; on the will to a power, ; Zur Genealogie der Moral, , nihilism, , , , nominalism, Index Nordau, Max, ‘Not-I’, , , , , Novalis see Hardenberg, Friedrich von novel: Austrian, ; dialogic relationships, ; feminist, ; historical, –, –, ; as literary form, ; Nietzsche on the, ; ‘of arrival’ (s), ; realist, –, , , , ; rise of the, , ; Romantic, ; social, ; of the Third Reich, ; of trade, Novelle, , –, , novelty, Nuremberg Trials, Oberlin College (Ohio), object and subject, , objectivity, observation, , ocean as symbol of religion, ‘Oedipus complex’, – oneness, , ontology, Leibniz and, – opera, , – oppositional states, optimism (‘best of all possible worlds’), , , , oratorio technique in drama, – order, degree of, organic growth, , Ossian, otherness and ownness, , Otto, Rudolf, Ottwalt, Ernst, painting, expressionist, panenhenism, paranoia, ‘parole’, Pascal, Blaise, passion: and knowledge, –; and language, ; and virtue, past, loyalty to the, Pater, Walter, perception, , perfectibility, , , , , , ; associated philosophy of history, ; and dynamic principle, ; and Enlightenment, ; in Goethe’s, Faust, ; Spinoza on, –; unending, ; Wolff on, , – performance art, , perspective in literature, pessimism, , , , , , phallus image, – phenomenology, , , –, – philanthropy, philosophy: after collapse of Wilhelmine Empire, ; ‘charming’, ; conservative modernist writers, –; defining moment of Western, ; derivation and meaning of term, –, ; differences from literature, –; in the Enlightenment, –; entertaining approach, , ; fascist aesthetics, ; and French Revolution, –; German idealist, ; Gottsched’s definition, ; Hamann’s new kind of, ; of history, –; instrument of efficacy, –, ; and literary discourse, ; and modernity, , ; moral, –, ; natural, , ; in Nazi era, –; and poetry, , –, , , , ; post-Second World War, –, amoral strand, –, coming to terms with past, ; problem of meta-critique of Kant, ; of reality ; relationship to literature, –, , –, –; and Romantic novel, ; scientific, ; separated from theology, ; Thomasius’s system, ; transcendental, , , , , –, , influence of Romantic aestheticism, –; and Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, ; see also individual philosophers; literature, post-Second World War; nature; poetry Pietism, , Pinthus, Kurt, –, pity see compassion Pius XII, Pope, – plants, –, Plato, –, , , play and aesthetic experience, pleasure, , – poetry, , –, , ; bucolic, ; and cognition, , ; Dadaist sound-poem, –; and the divine, ; dreams and trance, ; enchanting power, ; expressionist, –, ; interpretation, ; language of, , –; as meta-philosophy, , , , , ; myth of, –; philosophical reflection on, –, ; post-Second World War, ; and reason, ; scientific, –; as source of Orphic knowledge, –; ‘Sympoesie’, ; see also poetic realism polarity, politics: and German thought, ; problems of choice, ; and public debate, –; unique power of, polyperspectivity see diversity Popper, Karl, popularisation of ideas, –, , , –, positivism, scientific see scientific positivism Index possibility, –, possible worlds, , – postmodernism, , –, – poststructuralism, – potential, human, potentialisation of everyday experience, power, , power-hunger, –, practicality, , pragmatism, twentieth-century, Prague, primal division, Prince, Morton, productive reception see aesthetics, productive reception productivity: infinite, ; unconscious/conscious, progressivism, proof, philosophical, prophets, ‘new’, , propositions, , , Proust, Marcel, psychoanalysis, , , –, , –, psychology/psychotherapy, , publications see weeklies, moral puppet-play, –, purposiveness, , quietism, Raabe, Wilhelm, –, –, ; Die Akten des Vogelsangs, ; Der Hungerpastor, , – racism, , , –, ; see also anti-Semitism radicalisation of Enlightenment, – Raimund, Ranke, Leopold von, Ransmayr, Christoph, , Rathenau, Walter, rationalism, , , –; anti-rationalism, ; irrationalism, –, ; rejection of, rationality, , , , ; see also reason reader and author relationship, reading act, , reading clubs, Reagan, Ronald, realism, , –; documentary, –; dramatic, –; German literary, –, , , , , –, alternative view: two realisms, , key modes, , preferable to modernism, ; ironic, ; literary texts, –, –, –; in the Novelle, –; philosophic relevance, ; poetic, –, , –, ; of representation, ( –), –; social realism in drama, , –, ; socialist, –, ; symbolic or poetic, , , ; of transfiguration, (–), –; and truth, ; see also idealism; novel, realist reality, , , , , ; alternative outside society, ; art revealing the divine, ; definition and meaning, –, ; distorted in ideology, ; philosophy of, , ; questioned in drama, , ; reflected by art, ; social construction of, ; and symbolic representation, ; truth of, ; see also naturalism; realism reason, , , –, ; absolute authority of, ; and the categorical imperative, , ; and criticism, ; Enlightenment attitude to, , , ; and experience, , ; in French Revolution, ; functions, ; Herder on, ; and imagination, ; and intuition, , ; and love, ; in natural science, ; and poetry, ; sound reason (gesunde Vernunft), –, ; see also rationality; Vernunft received notions, reflection, , , , , reflectivity in German thought, reflexive acts see self-reflexivity Reformation, Rehmann, Ruth, Reil, Johann Christian, Reimarus, H S., Reitz, Edgar, Heimat, – relationships with others, relativism, cultural, religion: and Benjamin’s philosophy, –; linked with sex and/or sadism, , ; Max Weber, ; monistic, ; Oriental, ; parallel with art, , ; persistence of belief, ; and public debate, –; replaced by art, , , ; and Romanticism, ; scepticism, ; and self-knowledge, , ; see also Christianity; Hinduism; mysticism; soul; spirit Renaissance, renunciation, – representation, , , , , ; drama and linguistic, ; of modern society, ; problem of narrative, ; problems of artistic, ; problems of literary and historical, –, –; realism of ( –), – repression in society, – respect for others, responsibility, Index Restoration (German), , , result, Reuter, Gabriele, revelation, , , rhythm, , , Richter, Johann Paul Friedrich ( Jean Paul), , ; Titan, ; Das Kampaner Thal, –, Riedel, Wolfgang, right, Rilke, Rainer Maria, , , , , , ; Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge, ; Duineser Elegien, , ; poetic language, , ; and the senses, , , – Rimbaud, ( Jean Nicolas) Arthur, Rinser, Luise, Ritschl, Albrecht, Robertson, Ritchie, – Rodin, Auguste, Rolland, Romain, Roma people, Romantic Fragment, , Romanticism, , , , , –; art and self-knowledge, ; end in modernity, , ; and Hegel, , –, , –; and Heine, –; hermeneutic approach to texts, ; manipulation of everyday experience, ; the novel, , ; post-Romantic era, , , ; psychology, , ; and transcendental philosophy, – Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, , , , , ; influence on Herder, Ră diger, Andreas, ; Philosophia pragmatica, u Ruge, Arnold, Russian Revolution, Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, Sachs, Nelly, , sado-masochism and the self, Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, Salomon, Ernst von, salvation, , satire, Saul, Nicholas, – scepticism, , , , Schaukal, Richard von, Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, , , –, ; Die Philosophie der Offenbarung, ; System des transcendentalen Idealismus, , ; Vom Ich als Princip der Philosophie, – schematism, Schikaneder, Emanuel, Schiller, Friedrich, , –, , , ; and Fichte, ; and Haller, ; influence of Kant, ; Die Jungfrau von Orleans, ; Die Kă nstler, ; meta-Kantianism, , , ; u ă Die Ră uber, , ; Der Tanz, ; Uber a ă Anmut und Wă rde, , , ; Uber die a asthetische Erziehung des Menschen, , , ă ă , ; Uber naive und sentimentalische Dichtung, , ; ‘Das verschleierte Bild zu Sais, ; Wallenstein, Schlaf, Johannes, , ; Fră hling, u Schlegel, Friedrich, , , , , , ; An ă Dorothea Uber die Philosophie, ; Athenaeums-Fragment No., ; Athenaeums-Fragment No., ; on authorship, ; Lucinde, , ; Philosophie der Geschichte, ; Philosophie des Lebens, ; on ‘Poesie’ and Romantic Fragment, ; on truth, ; ă Uber Goethes Meister, Schlegel, Johann Elias, , ; Der geschă ftigte a Mă ssiggă nger, u a Schleiermacher, Friedrich, , , ; ă Hermeneutik und Kritik, ; Uber die Religion, Schlink, Bernhard, , – Schmidt, Arno, Schmitt, Carl, Schnabel, , Schneider, Peter, – Schneiders, Werner, Schnitzler, Arthur, , , , , – scholarship and science, – Scholem, Gershom, Schopenhauer, Arthur, , , , , ; on dreams, –; influence on Freud, –; and Mann’s Buddenbrooks, ; Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, , , – Schreber, Daniel, Schubert, Gotthilf Heinrich, , –, Schwaiger, Brigitte, science: aesthetic natural, –; epistemological basis for human, ; natural, , –, , , , challenged (–), ; origins of, ; philosophical, –; and poetry, ; and religion, –; Weber on commitment to, –; see also technology and culture scientific materialism, – scientific naturalism, – scientific positivism, , Second World War, , –, –; see also literature, post-Second World War; philosophy, post-Second World War seeing and reflecting, Seghers, Anna, ‘Sekundenstil’ dialogue technique, , self, ; allomatic process, ; awareness/exploration of, , , , , ; capable of change, ; discontinuity of, ; Index dissolution/dispersal of, –; embattled, , , , –, –; embodied, , , ; Freud on, ; and German literature, –; intuition of, –; and marriage, –; minimal, –, –, ; as prison, ; psychic fragmentation, –; Romantic pursuit of, ; sovereignty, ; transcendental, , ; unconscious, –, –; and upbringing, self-consciousness, , , , ; art and reflective, ; of emerging bourgeois class, self-cultivation, –, , self-deception, self-denial, , self-enlightenment, self-knowledge, , , , self-love, , self-realisation/fulfilment, , , , , ; Kant’s human autonomy, , self-reflexivity, , , –, , – self-understanding, – Seligmann, Rafael, semantics, semiology, sensation (Empfindung), , senses: and the body, –; language of, –; role in interpretation, ; sensations and the self, sensualism, , sensuality, , , , , sentiment, , –, service of one’s fellows, , , , sexuality: bisexuality, –; elements in the novel, ; experience and the senses, –; male and female, ; in Romantic novel, –; sexual urge and will to live, –, ; see also homosexuality Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, rd Earl of, , , ; Characteristics of men, manners and times, ; influence on Herder, Shakespeare, William, –, , –, Shoah see Holocaust sight (sense), signature, Simmel, Georg, ; Die Philosophie des Geldes, Sinti people, smell, sense of, – sociability, Social Darwinism see Darwinism Social Democratic Party, , , society, , ; based on exploitation, ; contingency of social life, ; Durkheim on, ; and history, –; and perfectibility, –; social dependency, , ; social essence, ; social reform, –; and subjectivity, –; ‘tyrannical social something’, –; see also Darwinism; economics sociology: German, ; Max Weber, ; post-Second World War, ; systems theory, Socrates, , solitariness of the self, songs, folk, soul, , , , , ; beautiful, –, , ; inner life of, , ; mysticism, –; and self, , ; and structure of universe, ; see also mind; spirit sound-poem, Dadaist, – Sozialroman see novel, social space, Spalding, Johann Joachim, Betrachtung uber die ă Bestimmung des Menschen, specialisation, professional, speculator, speech act, Spencer, Herbert, Spengler, Oswald, – Spielberg, Stephen, Schindler’s list, Spinoza, Benedictus de, , , ; Goethe’s reading of, , ; on summum bonum, –; Tractatus de intellectus emendatione, spirit, , , –, , ; and atheism, ; history as objective reality of, ; objective, ; spiritual decay, ; see also soul; truth Stadler, Ernst, , Stalin ( Josef Dzugashvili), Stasi, state, ; see also nation Staudte, Wolfgang, Die Mărder sind unter uns, o Stefan, Verena, Steinbach, Erwin, Stendhal (Henri Marie Beyle), Stern, J P., , , , Sternheim, Carl, Stifter, Adalbert, , , –; Bunte Steine, Stirner, Max, Strauss, Botho, Strauss, David Friedrich, , ; Der alte und der neue Glaube, –, ; Das Leben Jesu, stream-of-consciousness writing, Strittmatter, Erwin, , Sturm und Drang movement, , , –, style and content of philosophy, subject and object, , , subjective Spinozism, subjectivism, absolute, , subjectivity, , –, , ; aesthetic vs philosophical, , ; empirical subject, ; Index subjectivity (cont.) excessive ; fragmentation of modern subject, , ; and modern tragedy ; in modernity, , , –; perspectivism, ; rejection by Dadaists, ; and religion, ; in Romantic novel, ; and society, –, ; subject within the group, , ; and substance, sublime, nature of the, substance, , –, , suffering, , , , –, ; see also compassion Sulzer, Johann Georg, ; Allgemeine Theorie der schănen Kă nste, o u summum bonum, –; in Haller’s nature poetry, ; Hoffmann on, ; ideal in the Aufklă rung, ; Spinoza on, ; Thomasius a on, , super-ego, supersensuality, Supreme Being, , ; see also reason supreme good, ; see also summum bonum Switzerland, symbolism: aesthetic, , , –, ; in Novelle, ; see also George, Stefan Symbolists, sympathy, , – ‘Symphilosophie’, , ‘Sympoesie’, , synaesthesia, synthesis, ; of apperception, ; of genres in Romantic novel, systems theory, , – Taine, Hippolyte, taste, taste, sense of, Taylor, Charles, , technology and culture, – teleology, –, –, , , ; towards destruction, temporality, –, , , temptation, textual reception, , – Thales, theatre see drama theodicy, theology, , , , ; Dietrich Bonhoeffer, ; of divine creation ; and Kritik, ; need for new Christian, , ; in the novel, ; see also Christianity; God theory, categorical imperative of, – thing in itself see ‘Not–I’ Third Reich, , , , , , ; women’s role in, – Thomasius, Christian, , , ; Einleitung zur Sittenlehre, ; Lustige und ernsthaffte Monats-Gespră che, ; Sittenlehre, ; a and summum bonum, –; Vernunftlehre, , thought: cognitive power of, , , , ; critical, , ; dependence on language, ; in Faust, ; German idealist, ; monologous/dialogic, ; postmodern, ; in pursuit of truth, ; reflectivity, , ; in semiological tradition, Tian see Gă nderrode, Karoline von u Tieck, Ludwig, – Tille, Alexander, time, , ; illusory nature of historical, ; past and present, –; Platonic moment, – tolerance, , Toller, Ernst, Tolstoy, Leo, tone, totalitarianism, totality, , –, , , ; and anti-Semitism, ; and individuality, , ; in Marxist thinking, ; vs specialisation in culture, , trade see economics tragedy, , , ; agonistic contests in life, ; in modernity, , ; Nietzsche on, , ; representing political means and ends, ; and social class, ; tragic hero, ; see also drama Trakl, Georg, , , trance state, , tranquillity as goal, , , transcendence see philosophy, transcendental transfiguration, realism of (–), – transitions in literature and fine arts, Treitschke, Heinrich, , Troeltsch, Ernst, truth, , , , ; aesthetic androgyny, ; and aesthetic representation, , ; and appearances, ; discursive cognition, ; and fiction, ; historical, ; of ‘Leben’, ; literary and humane, ; Nietzsche on, , ; poetic realism, ; questioning of shared ideals, –; in realism, ; related to experience, , , ; and religious representation, , ; revealed by art, , , , , –; revealed by order, ; Spirit as ultimate truth, ; and systems theory, –; truth-seeking experiments, , Tucholsky, Kurt, Tugendlehre, Index ă Ubermensch (Nietzsche), , Uexkă ll, Jakob von, u unconscious, Freudian, , , –, –, understanding, , , , ; cognition functioning through concepts, ; as fusion of horizons, ; interpretation of text, ; main function, ; and poetics, , ; see also Verstand unification of Germany, , , – unity, , , ; by means of beauty, ; Dionysiac, ; and diversity, , ; of humanity and nature, ; in multiplicity, , ; and mysticism, –; of self-consciousness, ; see also oneness universe: conceptions of the, –; and embattled male self, university, nature of modern, – urbanisation, , –, , Urphă nomene, a utilitarianism, utopianism, Uz, Johann Peter, Vaihinger, Hans, validity, general, Vatican, , Vernunft, , Versailles Treaty, Verstand, Vesper, Bernward, vice: and fable, ; and idleness, , ; pilloried in comedy, , Vico, Giovanni Battista, Vienna Group, Vienna Impressionists, , villany and virtue, virtue, , , , ; and fable, ; praised in comedy, –; and villany, Vischer, Theodor, , vision, inward and outward, vocation of man, , , , , , Voltaire, Jean Marie Arouet, Vormă rz period, , a Voss, Johann Heinrich, Vossler, Karl, Wagner, Richard, –, Walker, John, – Walser, Martin, Wander, Maxie, war and expressionism, , – Weber, Max, , –, , ; Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus, ; ‘Wissenschaft als Beruf ’, – webs of interlocution, Wedekind, Frank, –, , weeklies, moral, – Weimar era, , , , , , , Weininger, Otto, ă Weiss, Peter, , , ; Asthetik des Widerstands, ; Die Ermittlung, , –; Marat/Sade, Weizsă cker, Richard von, a West Germany see Federal Republic of Germany Wezel, Johann Karl, Whitman, Walt, , whole, importance of the, , Wieland, Christoph Martin, , ; Agathon, , ; Don Sylvio von Rosalva, , , ; Die ă Geschichte des Agathon, ; Horaz Uber die Dichtkunst, ; Komische Erză hlungen, ; a Musarion oder die Philosophie der Grazien, Wiener, Oswald, Wilhelm, Kaiser, Wilhelmine Empire, , , , Wilkomirski, Binjamin, will, , , , ; divine, –; moral principle, ; as primary reality of experience, ; as purposeless blind force, ; and the self, , ; to power, –, , ; see also Schopenhauer ‘Willenslehre’, Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, , , ; Gedanken uber de Nachahmung grieschischer Werke ă in der Malerei und Bildhauerei, Wirkungsă sthetik, a wisdom: regaining Atlantean, ; rules for achieving, ; of Socrates, ; Thomasius’s concept of, , , ; unconscious as reservoir of, Wittgenstein, Ludwig von, ; Wolf, Christa, –; Der geteilte Himmel, ; Kindheitsmuster, , –; Moskauer Novelle, ; Nachdenken ber Christa T., ; Was bleibt, Wolf, F A., Wolf, Friedrich, Wolff, Christian, , , , –, ; Deutsche Logik, ; Deutsche Metaphysik, women: admission to university, , ; in Das Fră ulein von Sternheim, ; feminist novel, ; a in Goethe’s Faust, –; intellectual life, –; in Romantic novel, , –; Schopenhauer on, ; in Wilhelm Meister, ; writers in GDR, –; see also femininity; gender; individual writers; sexuality wondrous, concept of the, –, work ethic, , working class, world see universe World War I see First World War World War II see Second World War Das Wort journal, , writing (literature), Index xenophobia, – Young, Edward, Zaehner, R C., Zelle, Carsten, Zelter, Carl Friedrich von, Zola, Emile, Ză rich, u