UNIT 15: CITIES GRAMMAR: A. DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. 1. Restrictive clauses/ Defining relative clauses. (Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn): _ Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn dùng để bổ nghóa cho danh từ hoặc đại từ đứng trước nó, nên không thể bỏ được 2. Non-restrictive clauses / Non-defining clauses. (Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn) _ Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn dùng để cung cấp thêm thông tin phụ, không cần thiết cho ngữ nghóa của câu, nên có thể bỏ đi được. _ Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn luôn được tách bởi mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy. _ Danh từ trong mệnh đề không giới hạn được xác đònh bởi: + Danh từ riêng (Mr. John, HCM city…) + Đại từ chỉ đònh (This/that/these/those +N…) + Tính từ sở hữu (My/his/her…+N) + Danh từ có cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn (The girl in the class room …) Ex: That man, who is standing over there, is my teacher. 3. Relative Pronouns: Defining relative clauses Non-defining clauses 1. Who: dùng để thay thế cho chủ từ là người. @ N + who + V Eg: The man is my teacher. He is standing over there. The man who is standing over there is my teacher. N S V 1. Who: dùng để thay thế cho chủ từ là người. @ N ,+ who + V Eg: My father is a teacher. He is standing over there. My father, who is standing over there, is a teacher N S V 2. Whom: dùng để thay thế cho tân ngữ là người. @ N + whom + S + V Ex: The man is my teacher. You met him yesterday. The man whom you met yesterday is my teacher. N O S V 2. Whom: dùng để thay thế cho tân ngữ là người. @ N, + whom + S + V Ex: Mr. John is my teacher. You met him yesterday. Mr. John, whom you met yesterday, is my teacher. N O S V 3. Whose: - dùng để thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu chỉ người. - Sau “Whose” phải có danh từ. @ N + whose + N + & V ( S + V Ex1: The man is my teacher. His son is very intelligent. The man whose son is very intelligent is my teacher. N V Ex2: The man is my teacher. I borrowed his books yesterday. The man whose books I borrowed yesterday is my teacher. N S V 3. Whose: - dùng để thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu chỉ người. - Sau “Whose” phải có danh từ. @ N ,+ whose + N + & V ( S + V Ex1: Mr. John is my teacher. His son is very intelligent. Mr. John, whose son is very intelligent, is my teacher. N V Ex2: Mr. Hung is my teacher. I borrowed his books yesterday. Mr. Hung, whose books I borrowed yesterday is my teacher. N S V 4. Which: dùng để thay thế cho chủ từ, tân ngữ là vật, sự việc. @ N + which + & V ( S + V Ex1: This is the book. It is very interesting. " This is the book which is very interesting. S V Ex2: This is the book. I like it best. " This is the book which I like best. O S V 4. Which: dùng để thay thế cho chủ từ, tân ngữ là vật, sự việc. @ N + which + & V ( S + V Ex1: This is my book. It is very interesting. " This is my book which is very interesting. S V Ex 2: This book is very interesting. I read it yesterday. This book, which I read yesterday, is very interesting. O S V 5. That: That được dùng để thay thế cho who, whom, which Ex: This is the book which I like best. " This is the book that I like best. - After the superlative form (sau phép so sánh nhất) Note: “That” is not used in non-restrictive clauses. (“That” không được dùng trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn.) Ex: This is the most beautiful girl that I’ve ever seen. - After some words such as “first, second, last, only, very, any, ” (sau những từ như : first, second, last only, very, any …) Ex: I read every book that I can borrow. - The antecedent is both persons and things (Khi tiền ngữ chỉ cả người lẫn vật) Ex: I saw men, women, cats and dogs that moved around and around. B. ALTHOUGH to connect contrasting ideas. (Mặc dù) là liên từ nhượng bộ diễn tả sự tương phản. Form: Eg: This city is small. It is very clean and beautiful. Although/ Even though/ Though this city is small, it is very clean and beautiful - Có thể dùng liên từ “but”, và từ nối “however” để thay thế cho although. Eg: This city is small, but it is very clean and beautiful This city is small; however, it is very clean and beautiful Notes: - “but” thường theo sau dấu phẩy. - “However” thường theo sau dấu chấm phẩy. EXERCISES. Exercise 1. Join each pair of sentence, using a relative pronoun. Use commas if necessary. 1. He gave me the information. I wrote it down at once. 2. Andrea went to see the dentist. He took out two of her teeth. 3. Fritz lives in the house round the corner. It has a red front door. 4. Show me the shoes. You bought them yesterday. 5. Have you seen the film? It’s on at the Odeon. 6. My boyfriend refused to go to the concert with me. He hates country music. 7. Edward has just moved to France. His mother died last year. 8. We didn’t want to swim in the sea. It looked very dirty. 9. Lydia is reading that fascinating book on Spanish history. You lent it to her last week. Exercise 2. Combine the following sentences, using ALTHOUGH 1. She smiled. She was angry. 2. He has a very important job. He isn’t particularly well-paid. 3. She wasn’t wearing a raincoat. It was raining heavily. 4. I didn’t recognize her. I’d met her twice before. 5. We’re close friends. We’ve known each other for a short time. 6. The heating was on. The room wasn’t warm. Exercise 3. Choose the best answer. 1. In a desert, there are places _________________ some water is available and a few plants grow. a. that b. which c. where d. when 2. We decided to keep walking _________________ the rain. a. in case b. in spite of c. because of d. due to 3. _________________ I heard my mobile phone ringing, I didn’t answer it. a. Even though b. Despite c. In spite of d. Only if 4. Tokyo, _________________ was badly damaged in World War II, has recovered quickly. a. that b. who c. what d. which 5. I appreciate these engineers _________________ is very important. a. whose contribution b. that contributes c. who contribute d. whom contribution 6. They don’t want to live in a big city, _________________ they know its advantages. a. but b. and c. although d. as if 7. Even though it is noisy, we enjoy living in the city. a. Despite it is noisy b. As it is noisy c. In spite of noise d. As noisy 8. _________________ declared the martial law. a. Abraham Lincoln, who was President at the time, b. Abraham Lincoln, that was President at the time, c. Abraham Lincoln, whom was President at the time, d. Abraham Lincoln whom was President at the time, 9. England is one of the few countries _________________ people drive on the left. a. which b. where c. that d. whom Although/ Even though/ Though + S + V + (O) …, S + V + (O) … Or: S + V + (O)… although/ even though/ though + S + V + (O) … 10. The little boy _________________ parents were killed in the accident was sent to an orphanage. a. who b. whom c. that d. whose 11. _________________ cutting my finger very deeply, I didn’t need any stitches. a. Although b. In spite of the fact that c. Despite d. Even though 12. It’s the best book _________________ I’ve ever read. a. which b. who c. that d. what 13. I told the policeman _________________ had happened. a. which b. who c. what d. that 14. That’s the businessman _________________ company is so successful. a. whose b. of which c. who’s d. of whom 15. Is that the town _________________ you were born? a. which b. that c. whose d. where Exercise 4. Rewrite the following sentences beginning as shown. (Xem lại ngữ pháp bài 7). 1. In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday. Although 2. Although he smokes a lot, he’s quite fit. Despite 3. I didn’t get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications. In spite 4. Although the traffic was bad, we got home on time. Despite 5. Despite the fact that he was lazy, he passed al the exams. Although 6. Though he has a responsible job, he isn’t particularly well-paid. In spite 7. In spite of her injured foot, she managed to walk to the village. Although 8. Although he’s got an English name, he’s in fact French. Despite 9. I decided to accept the job although the salary was low. In 10. In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I am not hungry. Although GENERAL EXERCISES OF UNIT 15 A. TỰ LUẬN. I. Give the correct form of the verbs. 1. It (rain) _________________ yesterday after it (be) _________________ dry for many months. 2. I (try) _________________ to learn English for years, but I (not succeed) _________________ yet. 3. While I (go) _________________ to school yesterday, I (meet) _________________ him. 4. The boys (break) _________________ a window when they (play) _________________ football. II. Rewrite the following sentences so that their meaning stays the same. Use the words given in brackets. 5. The weather was good but we stayed indoors. (although) 6. Cars cause pollution but people still want them. (although) 7. Dan never talks to Mary but she still loves him. (although) III. Combine the following sentences by changing the second sentence into a relative clause. Use commas for non- defining relative clauses. 8. The secretary can give you the information. She sits at the first desk on the right. 9. The Southam Chess Club meets weekly on Friday evenings. It has more than 50 members. 10. A doctor has had to retire through ill health. We know him. B. TRẮC NGHIỆM I. PHONETIC Choose the word in each group that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the rest. 1. a. thought b. than c. theatre d. third 2. a. although b. southern c. northwest d. clothes Choose a word in each line that has different stress pattern. 3. a. character b. metropolitan c. population d. popularity 4. a. historic b. neighborhood c. cathedral d. material II. VOCABULARY- GRAMMAR 5. My village is located _________________ the western part of the city a. at b. in c. of d. on 6. Although your ideas are different _________________ mine, I appreciate them. a. with b. from c. on d. among 7. It is one of _________________ largest harbors in the world. a. a b. an c. the d. no article 8. New York City was founded by the Dutch in 1624. a. demolished b. destroyed c. established d. pointed 9. Power plants are increasingly located outside metropolitan areas. a. belonging to a big or capital city b. in an industrial city c. of a busy suburb d. relating to a remote suburb 10. San Francisco is a _________________ and communications center and a center for trade in Asia. a. finance b. finances c. financial d. financer 11. I cannot see the _________________ of visiting the museums in the city all day. a. attract b. attractive c. attractively d. attraction 12. A: _________________ B: It is situated in Ba Dinh District in Hanoi. a. Where is President Ho Chi Minh’s Mausoleum situated? b. When is President Ho Chi Minh’s Mausoleum situated? c. Where President Ho Chi Minh’s Mausoleum is situated? d. Where does President Ho Chi Minh’s Mausoleum situate? 13. My brother Nam is a doctor. He lives in Hai Phong. a. My brother Nam is a doctor, who lives in Hai Phong. b. My brother Nam who is a doctor lives in Hai Phong. c. My brother Nam, who lives in Hai Phong, is a doctor. d. My brother Nam lives in Hai Phong, who is a doctor. III. ERROR IDENTIFICATION 14. Ho Chi Minh City, that used to be called Sai Gon, is the biggest city in southern Vietnam a b c d 15. Although the fact that the story was silly, they all enjoyed it a b c d IV. READING: Read the passage below and choose the best answer for each question. Hanoi, estimated population 3,083,800 (2004), is the capital of Vietnam. The city is located on the right bank of the Red River, 1,760 km north of Ho Chi Minh City. Through history, Hanoi was known by many names, such as Thang Long, Dong Do, Dong Quan, Bac Ha. In 1831 the Nguyen Dynasty renamed it Hanoi. Hanoi experiences the typical climate of northern Vietnam, where summers are hot and humid, and winters are cold and dry. The summer months from May to September receive the majority of rainfall in the year. The winter months from November to March are relatively dry, although spring then often brings light rains. The minimum winter temperature in Hanoi rarely goes lower than 6-7 0 C and summer can get as hot as 38-40 0 C. Hanoi experiences four full seasons in a year. Hanoi is often said to be the cultural center of Vietnam, where every dynasty has left behind their imprint. Even though some relics have not survived through wars and time, the city still has many interesting cultural and historic monuments for visitors and residents alike. Some of the prominent places are Ho Chi Minh mausoleum; Van Mieu, site of the oldest university in Vietnam; One Pillar Pagoda, and Flag Tower of Hanoi. Hanoi is also the home of a number of museums, including Vietnamese National History Museum, the Revolution Museum and National Museum of Fine Arts. West Lake (Ho Tay) is a popular place for recreation, with small boats for hire. Hanoi has many universities, colleges and institutes. Because many of the national universities are located in Hanoi, students from other provinces wishing to enter university often travel to Hanoi for the annual entrant examination. Such events often take place in June and July, when a large number of students and their families converge on the city a few weeks before and after the exam dates. Trade is another strong sector of the city. The economic structure also undergoes important shifts, with tourism, finance and banking now playing an increasingly important role. 16. Hanoi _________________. a. had ever many different names b. is now called Thang Long c. is next to Ho Chi Minh City d. has only two seasons a year 17. Which sentence is TRUE? a. There is no river in Hanoi. b. The Red River flows through Hanoi. c. Hanoi is only a small city. d. It is not hot in summer in Hanoi. 18. Visitors _________________ a. cannot visit any museums in Hanoi. b. can visit many interesting historic monuments in Hanoi. c. cannot enjoy any relics in Hanoi. d. are not allowed to visit the monuments in Hanoi. 19. Visitors can hire small boats at _________________. a. One Pillar Pagoda b. Flag Tower of Hanoi c. National Museum of Fine Arts d. West Lake 20. Hanoi _________________. a. does not develop banking b. does not allow students from other provinces to study at its universities c. develops tourism d. has not got any colleges . UNIT 15: CITIES GRAMMAR: A. DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. 1. Restrictive clauses/. 10. In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I am not hungry. Although GENERAL EXERCISES OF UNIT 15 A. TỰ LUẬN. I. Give the correct form of the verbs. 1. It (rain) _________________ yesterday