De cuong Tieng Anh 11HK2

GRAMMAR 1. RELATIVE CLAUSE A. RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE & NON- RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE I. Relative pronoun: 1. Who: Dùng để thay thế cho DT chỉ người và làm chủ từ hoặc tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. EX: I visited the man .He helped me.→ I visited the man who hepled me. 2. Whom: Dùng để thay thế cho DT chỉ người và làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. EX: He is the man. I met him at the party. →He is the man whom I met at the party. 3. Which: Dùng để thay thế ch DT từ chỉ vật và làm chủ từ hoặc tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. EX: The movie was interesting. We want to see it. →The movie which I wanted to see was interesting. 4. That: Có thể thay thế cho who,whom và which trong mệnh đề hạn định. EX:The girl that you like very much has just left. 5. Whose: Dùng để thay thế cho TTSH hoặc DTSH. EX: He is the young boy. His father is a famous writer. → He is the young boy whose father is a famous writer. II. Defining relative clauses: Mệnh đề hạn định Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho DT đứng trước nó nhằm giải thích và làm rõ nghĩa cho DT đó. Nếu ta bỏ đi MĐ này thì câu sẽ không rõ nghĩa. EX: The book which I borrowed from you is very interesting. III.Non-defining clauses: Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho DT đứng trước nó nhằm bổ sung hoặc cung cấp thêm thông tin về DT đó. Nếu ta lượt bỏ đi mệnh đề này thì câu vẫn rõ nghĩa. EX: Dalat, which is a famous tourist city in Vietnam, attracts lots of travellers every year. *Để phân biệt Non-defining clauses ta cần chú ý những điểm sau: - Khi DT mà nó bổ nghĩa là một DT riêng: EX: Marie Curie, whose father was a Polish, was a French physicist. - Khi DT mà nó bổ nghĩa là một TTSH: EX: His lovely son, who has just won a marathon race, was a good student. -Khi DT mà nó bổ nghĩa đi với this,that, these, those… EX: That young man, who has sent you a nice present, lives next door to me. B. RELATIVE PRONOUN WITH PREPOSITIONS C. Đại từ quan hệ có thể là bổ ngữ của giới từ: EX: The restaurant which we normally go to is closed for decoration. I found the letter that I was looking for. 2. Chúng ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ khi chúng làm bổ ngữ cho giới từ. EX: I found the letter I was looking for. These are the people we went on holiday with last year. 3.Giới từ thường đứng trước ĐTQH whom và which. Giới từ không đặt trước ĐTQH that và who EX: I found the letter for which I was looking. D. RELATIVE CLAUSE REPLACED BY PARTICIPLE AND INFINITIVE 1. REPLACED BY PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Ving) khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ được dung ở dạng chủ động. Ex, This is the man who helped me last night  This is the man helping me last night 2. REPLACED BY PAST PARTICIPLE (V3/Ved) khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ được dung ở dạng bị động. Ex, This is the house which was built 20 years ago.  This is the house built 20 years ago. 3. REPLACED BY TO INFINITIVE (to V) khi trong mệnh đề chính có các trường hợp như sau: (…The first, the second, the third, the only, the last…, the + so sánh nhất của tính từ + N) Ex, This is the only man who entered this room.  This is the only man to enter this room. Page: 1 E. THE OMMISION OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS Đại từ quan hệ có thể lượt bỏ đi nếu nó có vài trò làm tân ngữ trong mđ quan hệ mà trước nó khơng có giới từ 2. CLEFT SENTENCES IN ACTIVE A. FOCUS ON SUBJECT It + be + SUBJECT + that/who +V… C. FOCUS ON OBJECT It + be + OBJECT + that/who + S + V… E. FOCUS ON ADVERB It + be + ADVERB + that/who + S +V… 3. CLEFT SENTENCES IN PASSIVE It + be + OBJECT + that/who + Be + V3/Ved… It + be + Adverb + that/who + Subject + Be + V3/Ved… Lưu ý: Subject sau That được chuyển từ Object trong câu chủ động 4. BOTH … AND… Both and (vừa vừa ) Both chỉ được dùng với and, không được dùng với as well as. Ex :Robert is both talented and handsome. 5. EITHER … OR… Either or (hoặc hoặc ) I think she’s either Russian or Polish. * Lưu ý: both and , either or Hai vế dùng từ loại giống nhau: noun - noun, verb - verb, adj - adj, adverbial phrase - adverbial phrase, Example: Either you or he is right Either he or you are wrong Either they or I am right 6. NEITHER … NOR… Neither nor (không mà cũng không) Ex: Neither my mother nor my father went to university. I neither know nor care what's happened to him. * Lưu ý: Đối với neither nor và either or thì động từ phải chia theo chủ ngữ phía sau Example: Neither he nor I am sad Neither she nor you are happy 7. NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO… 2/ Not only but also (không những mà còn ) Ex : Robert is not only talented but also handsome. (adjective-adjective) He writes not only correctly but also neatly. (adverb-adverb) She can play not only the guitar but also the violin. (noun-noun) She not only plays the piano but also composes music. (verb-verb) Thành phần sau but also thường quyết đònh thành phần sau not only. Incorrect: He is not only famous in Italy but also in Switzerland. Correct: He is famous not only in Italy but also in Switzerland. 8. TAG QUESTIONS TAG QUESTIONS: The basic structure is: Affirmative statement , negative tag? Negative statement, affirmative tag? *Look at these examples with positive statements: EX : - You have a brother, don’t you? - Mr Minh has been to Hue, hasn’t he? - We have finished ,haven't we? - Lan will come next week, won't she? *Look at these examples with negative statements: Page: 2 EX: - We don't eat dinner at home, do we? - It isn't raining, is it? - You don't like coffee, do you? - They will not help, will they? * Some special cases : a) If the main clause is " I am" , tag question must be "aren't I?" EX: I am coming here ,aren't I? b) If the main clause have " let's" ,tag question must be " shall we?" EX: - Let's go to the movies, shall we? c) If the main clause is request ,tag question must be " will you?" EX: - Open the window, will you? d) If the main clause is invation, tag question must be "won't you?" EX: - Take your seat, won't you? e) If the main clause have: " seldom, rarely, hardly, no, without, never, " ,tag question must be affirmation. EX: -He never goes to school late, does he? Active  Passive Khi câu chủ động dùng các động từ: acknowledge; assume; believe; claim; consider; estimate; feel; find; know; presume; report; say; think; understand… với cấu trúc Ex; People think (that) she is a good student. Thì ta có 2 dạng bị động tương ứng như sau: 9. IT IS SAID THAT… Ex; It is thought that she is a good student 10. PEOPLE SAY THAT… Ex; She is thought that to be a good student. MORE EXAMPLES Ex1; People believe (that) she was a good student.  It is thought that she was a good student.  She is thought that to have been a good student. Ex2; People believed (that) computer was invented in the 18 th century.  It was believed that computer was invented in the 18 th century.  Computer was believed that to have been invented in the 18 th century. Ex3; Lots of people believe the crimial is living abroad.  It is believed that the crimial is living abroad.  The crimial is believed that to be living abroad. Ex4; Everyone expects that AC Milan will win the cup.  It is expected that AC Milan will win the cup.  AC Milan is expected that to win the cup Page: 3 People / they + (that)+ S + V… It + be + (that) + S + V… (dùng để nhấn mạnh ý cả câu) S + be + (that) + To Infinitive… (dùng để nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ) I/ Relatives: defining, non-defining and connective.Combine the following pairs or groups of sentences by means of relative pronouns, making any changes necessary. 1. You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it. Thank you very much for the present which you sent me. 2. A man brought in a small girl. Her hand had been cut by flying glass. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. The car crashed into a queue of people. Four of them were killed. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. The roads were crowded with refugees. Many of them were wounded. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Tom had been driving all day. He was tired and wanted to stop. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Ann had been sleeping in the back of the car. She felt quite fresh and wanted to go on. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. Paul wanted to take the mountain road. His tyres were nearly new. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. Jack’s tyres were very old. He wanted to stick the starred road. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. Mary didn’t know anything about mountains. She thought it would be quite safe to climb alone. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. He gave orders to the manager. The manager passed them on to the foreman. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12. She said that the men were thieves. This turned out to be true. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13. The matter was reported to the Chief of Police. He ordered us all to be arrested. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14. In prison they fed us on dry bread. Most of it was mouldy. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15. We slept in the same room as a handcuffed prisoner. His handcuffs rattled every time he moved. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16. We lit the fir. It soon dried out our clothes. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17. They rowed across the Atlantic. This had never been done before. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18. The lorry crashed into a bus-load of schoolchildren. Six of them were slightly injured. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19. She refused to use machines. This makes her work more arduous. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20. I met Mary. She asked me to give you this. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… II/ Use a relative pronoun preceded by a preposition to combine each pair of the sentences below. 1. The teacher is Mr Pike. We studied with him last year. The teacher with whom we studied last year is Mr Pike. 2. The problem has been discussed in class. We are very interested in it. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Many diseases are no longer dangerous. People died of them years ago. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Do you see my pen? I have just written the lesson with it. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. I like standing at the window. I can see the park from this window. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. We are crossing the meadow. We flew kites over it in our childhood. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. They are preparing the tubes. Water is brought into our house through the tubes. Page: 4 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. In the middle of the village, there is a well. The villagers take water from this well to drink. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. The middle – aged man is the director. My father is talking to him. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. This is a race opportunity. You should take advantage of it to get a better job. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. The boy is my cousin. You made fun of him. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 12. This matter is of great importance. You should pay attention to it. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 13. The woman lives next door to me. you gave place to her on the bus. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 14. This snake is venom less. You are afraid of it. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 15. The examination lasted two days. I was successful in this examination. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 16. The children are orphans. She is taking care of these children. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 17. The two young men are not good persons. You are acquainted with them. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 18. This is the result of our work. I’m pleased with it. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 19. There is no parking sign. I do not take notice of it. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 20. Mr Brown is the man. I’m responsible to him for my work. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… III/ Reduce the following relative clauses to phrases, using to infinitive phrases. 1. He was the last person that would be considered for that position. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Thomas was the first man that reached the top of the mountain. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. The first student that hands in the paper will get a small gift. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. She was the fourth woman who finished the race. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. I really don’t know the first man that traveled around the world. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… IV/ Exercise 2: Reduce the following relative clauses to phrases, using participle phrases. 1. The man who is living next door invites us to his wedding anniversary. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. The book which is written by Robert gets lots of attention. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Can Tho, which is known as a province with fertile soil conditions, is located in the middle of the Mekong River delta. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. The victims who were injured in the accident were taken to the hospital. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. The message which is sent today may reach them tomorrow. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… V/ Combine the following pairs of sentences, using a relative clause. Write all the possible alternatives. The first one has been done as an example: 1. The computer isn’t powerful enough. I bought it last week. The computer which I bought last week isn’t powerful enough. The computer that I bought last week isn’t powerful enough The computer I bought last week isn’t powerful enough. Page: 5 2. This is the man. I sold my bike to him.     3. This is Paul. I went on holiday with him.     4. This is the school. I used to go to this school.     VI/ Rewrite the following sentences after the model, paying attention to the Subject, Object or Adverb of the sentence: 1. The woman gave me the nice present. →It was 2. His uncle bought him a nice present on his birthday. → It was 3. The boy broke the vase yesterday. → It 4. The man hit the dog in the garden. → It 5. Peter left the window unlocked. → It 6. People are destroying the environment. → It 7. I was born in that house. → It 8. John read that novel last night. →. It 9. The fireman warmed him not to re-enter the house. →. It 10. Jane advised me to see a doctor. → It 11. Mary invited Helen to lunch on Sunday. → It 12. The man gave her the book. → It 13. The neighbour told them about it. → It 14. My friend came to see me last night. → It 15. That boy scored the goal for his team → It 16. The dog grabbed at the piece of meat and ran away. →. It 17. The strong wind blew the roof roof. → It 18. The woman answered the man rudely. Page: 6 → It 19. The boy played ping pong the whole afternoon. → It 20. The girl gave the boy a special gift on his birthday. → It 21. The police arrested the man at the railway station. → It was 22. He borrowed the money from Loan. → It 23. He bought the book from that corner shop. → It 24. He got married when he was 26. → It 25. They were having a barbecue in the park. → It 26. I met him on the way to school. → It 27. They often had parties on weekends. → It 28. Our neighbour often complains about the noise at night. → It is 29. My brother liked climbing up trees and hills. → It was 30. I hate rainy weather. → It VIII/ Change the sentences into cleft sentences in the passive : 1. My father gave me a lot of toys. → It 2. My husband waters the flowers every day. → It 3. They celebrated their wedding last week. → It 4. They gave Lindsay a lot of presents. → It 5. He described his home town in his novel. → It 6. My friends sent me ten flowers on my birthday. → It 7. She bought her son a present at the Baby’s. → It 8. Mike invited me to attend his sister’s birthday party. → It 9. They gave us many good lessons about friendship. → It 10. They are going to build a park near the river. → It 11. A hurricane destroyed the small fishing village. → It 12. They televised the World Cup soccer all over the world. → It 13. Hundreds of people visit The Washington Monument every year. Page: 7 → It 14. The government built 100 houses for poor people. → It 15. They offered James a good job with some benefits. → It 16. The company sent Juie a questionnaire last month. → It 17. They are going to build an amusement park near the river. → It 18. People celebrated the ceremony on November 15 th , 2006. → It 19. People invented paper, the main writing material today, in China. → It 20. Professor Rivers is teaching chemistry this semester. → It 21. The boy visited his uncle last month. → It was 22. My mother bought me a present on my birthday. → It was 23. The girl received a letter from her friend yesterday. → It was 24. The woman gave him the book. → It was 25. She sent her friend the postcard. → It was 26. Hoa borrowed the book from Long. → It was 27. The little boy greeted his grandfather in a strnge language. → It was 28. The pedestrian asked the policeman a lot of questions. → It was 29. The dog barked at the stranger. → It was 30. She presented him a book on his birthday. → It was 31. He met his wife in Britain. → It was 32. She bought that the present from the shop. → It was 33. Fans gave Christina lots of flowers. → 34. The pedestrian asked the policeman for direction to the post office. → 35. People talked a lot about his house. → 36. His father bought him a bicycle for his birthday. → 37. He described his hometown in his novel. → 38. She frightened the children. → 39. Her younger sister broke her glasses. → 40. The prince kissed my younger sister at the party. Page: 8 → 41. My father gave me this story book as a birthday present. → 42. Vietnamese people celebrate Tet as the greatest occasion in a year. → VIII/ Combine the sentences, using both…and, either…or, neither…nor: 1. He likes tennis. His brother likes tennis, too. (both… and…) → 2. You can choose the red shirt or the blue one. (either … or…) → 3. Mary will go to the party. Susan will go to the party too. (both… and…) → 4. The winter is long. It is depressing, too. (not only … but also…) → 5. You can have dinner indoors or outdoors. (either … or…) → 6. They don’t like Paris. They don’t like London, either. (neither … nor…) → 7. If you don’t go, your brother has to go. (either … or…) → 8. My sister can’t help you. I can’t help you, either. (neither … nor…) → 9. I can take roses or daisies. (either … or…) → 10. My father doesn’t drink coca-cola. He doesn’t drink beer, either. (neither … nor…) → 11. Jane can’t swim. Her brother can’t swim. (neither … nor…) → 12. John and his uncle don’t like to travel . (neither … nor…) → 13. If he doesn’t go to the cinema with us, his sister will go. (either … or…) → 14. Robert is talented as well as handsome. (not only … but also…) → 15. Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin. (not only … but also…) → 16. He writes correctly as well as neatly. (not only … but also…) → 17. Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music. (not only … but also…) → 18. He is famous in Italy as well as in Switzerland. (not only … but also…) → 19. I like tennis. My husband likes tennis, too. (both … and…) → 20. You can choose the red shirt or the blue one. (either … or…) → 21. My sister can’t help you. I can’t help you either. (neither … nor…) → 22. Mary will go to the party. Sam will go to the party, too. → 23. The winter is long. It is depressing, too. (both … and …) Page: 9 → 24. You can have dinner indoors or outdoors. (either … or…) → 25. They don’t like Paris. They don’t like London either. (neither … nor…) → 26. If you don’t go, your brother has to go. (either … or…) → 27. I can take roses or daisies. (either … or…) → 28. My father doesn’t drink coca-cola. He doesn’t drink beer either. (neither… nor…) → IX/ Add question tags to the following statements. 1. He hardly ever makes a mistake, ? 2. Nobody liked the play, ? 3. She'd save money if she bought fresh food, ? 4. She's very' funny. She's got a great sense of humour, ? 5. The area was evacuated at once, ? 6. Mr Smith usually remembered his wife's birthdays, ? 7. It never works very well, ? 8. He ought to have made a note of it, ? 9. Neither of them offered to help you, ? 10. There'll be plenty for everyone, ? 11. Let's go out for dinner tonight, ? 12. That isn't Bill driving, ? 13. Nothing went wrong, ? 14. There used to be trees here, ? 15. This won't take long, ? 16. Don't touch that button, ? 17. I'm too late, ? 18. Not a very good film, ? 19. Somebody wanted a drink, ? 20. They think he's funny, ? X/ Rewrite each sentence so that it has the similar as its original meaning 1. It is said that many people are homeless after the floods.  Many people are said 2. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall. The prisoner 3. It is believed that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.  He 4. It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident.  Two people 5. It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.  Three men 6. It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow.  The strike 7. It is said that he speaks English very well. Page: 10 [...]... and increase the dangers of global warming A cut off B cut in C cut out D cut down 4 It is forbidden to hunt for that kind of bird It has been listed as one of the _ species A dangers B danger C dangerous D endangered 5 The war brought death and to the city A destruction B destruct C destroyed D destroy 6 The mystery of her _ was never solved A disappearance B appearance C appearing D appearances... pollute our environment A medicines B elements C fertilizers D proportion 4 Farmers use ……………….to kill insects that devastate their crops A pesticides B toothpaste C cheese D plums 5 Don’t you know that the fire causes …… damage to the church? A consider B considerable C considerate D considered 6 ……… my father and my brother are football fans A So B Either C Both D Neither 7 Either I or my mother ………... guitar regularly A unusually B commonly C freely D completely I have a modest little glass fish tank where I keep a variety of small fish A limited B excessive C conceited D moderate I always remove the stamps before discarding the envelopes A dispending B disposing C dumping D keeping V/ Choose the synonym (từ đồng nghĩa) of the underlined word: 1 However, form of popular entertainment are different... was reported that the President had suffered a heart attack The President 5 It is alleged that the man was driving at 110 miles an hour The man 6 People know that the expedition reached the South Pole in May The expedition 7 It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them There 8 People consider that she was the best... recently B now C that D in fact 2 However, such reserves are strictly limited A slightly B slowly C severely D easily 3 Because power demand is increasing very rapidly, fossil fuels will be exhausted within a short time A enabled B tired C bushed D emptied 4 Therefore, people must develop and use alternative sources of energy A hold up B build up C grow up D stand up 5 However, it is only possible in few places... onto the moon A to step B stepping C stepped D steps 12 The car ………… toward us looks modern A comes B coming C came D to come 13 The bank manager was the second person ………… by the robbers A to be killed B who killed C killing D kills 14 The trees ………… our village are bamboo ones A to surround B surrounding C surrounded D surround 15 I’m the last one ……… of the news A Informing B to inform C to be informed... sentences 1 They presented Maria Svensson with the award last night  2 People were watching the game outside the stadium on a huge screen  3 The south coast continues to attract holidaymakers  4 Somebody has described Keith Jones as the world's greatest guitarist  5 Robert always hated other children teasing him... Minister and his wife 11 It is reported that the building has been badly damaged by the fire The building …………………………………………………………… 12 People have acknowledged that underfunding, contributed to the problem Underfunding 13 People believe that he has special knowledge which may be useful to the police He 14 Journalists suppose that the footballer is... the classroom yesterday A to leave B leaving C left D leaves 17 The man ………… the bank is a millionaire A.is entering B entering C to be entered D enters IV/ Choose the antonym (từ phản nghĩa) of the underlined word: 1 2 3 4 5 6 There are number of things I like to do in my free time A pleasure B precious C busy D idle My uncle, who is an accomplished guitarist, taught me how to play A unimpaired B unskilled... receives something is called A receive B receipt C recipe 3 The post office offers the _ Mail Service which is particularly fast A Secure B Efficient C Express 4 There was no mention of the incident in the national press A television B newspapers C Internet 5 You can choose to send your letters by air or surface mail A have B.like C select 6 Prices are going to in a worry way A up B over . that devastate their crops. A. pesticides B. toothpaste C. cheese D. plums 5. Don’t you know that the fire causes …… damage to the church? A. consider B. considerable C. considerate D. considered 6 good student 10. PEOPLE SAY THAT… Ex; She is thought that to be a good student. MORE EXAMPLES Ex1; People believe (that) she was a good student.  It is thought that she was a good student. . forbidden to hunt for that kind of bird. It has been listed as one of the _____ species. A. dangers B. danger C. dangerous D. endangered 5. The war brought death and ______ to the city. A. destruction