Tài liệu Langenscheidt Basic German Vocabulary

Tài liệu Langenscheidt Basic German Vocabulary tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về t...

-l L L I I. Abbreviations AE Akk. Adj. Ad v. BE dem. f Gen. indekl. Komp . Konj. Mod .v. m n (german column) n (engl. column) p. PI. Pron. Präp. 8g. v V/i. V/refl. V/ t. rzp. amerikan. Englisch Akkusativ Adjektiv Adverb brit. Englisch demonstrativ feminin Genitiv indeklinabel Komparation Konjunktion Modalverb maskulin neutrum Nomen Person PlUral Pronomen Präpos ition Singular Verb intransitives Verb reflexives Verb trans itives Verb reziprok American English accusative adjective adverb British English demonstrative feminin genit ive indeclinable comparition conjunction modal verb masculine neuter noun person plural pronoun preposition sin gul ar verb intransitive verb reflexive Verb transitive verb reciprocal Pronunciation see p. 419 LANGENSCHEIDT Basic German Vocabulary A Learn er's Dictionary divided into subject categories with example sentences Edited by the German as a Foreign Language Department [TI LA N GE NSCHE IDT B ERLI N . MUN ICH . VI ENN A . ZU RICH . NEW YORK Translation: Carol L. & Charles J. James The spelling in Basic German Vocabulary corresponds to the Orthography Reform of 1998. © 1991 Langenscheidt KG, Berlin and Munich All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced in any form without the perm ission of the publ ishers. Printed in Germany . ISBN 3-468-49 400-9 Contents Who needs a "Basic Vocabulary"? , VII Whya "Basic Vocabulary"? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII Whya bilingual "Basic Vocabulary"? VII Why these Words? VIII How is the "Basic Vocabulary" arranged? , VIII "Langenscheidt' s Basic German Vocabulary" and "Workbook" , IX How to work with the "Basic Vocabulary"? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X Notes . XI Topical Concepts 1 The Human Being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 The Body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3 Mind and Reason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1,4 Character , 12 1.5 Pleasant and Neutral Emotions 15 1.6 Negative Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.7 Health and IIlness (See also: Doctor and Hospital 5.9) . . . , 23 1.8 Life and Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2 Actions and Activities 30 2.1 The Senses and Body Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.2 Hygiene and Cleanliness , 34 2.3 Doing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2,4 Movement and Rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.5 Moving of Objects and Beings , 49 2.6 Giving and Taking , 51 2.7 Handling Objects and Beings , 55 2.8 Learning and Knowledge (See also: School and Education 8,4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3 Language and Speec h Intentions , 85 3.1 Genera l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.2 Speech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.3 Writing and Reading , 91 3,4 Information , 93 3.5 Expressing Opinions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 3.6 Acceptance and Rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.7 Certainity and Doubt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.8 Positive Evaluation and Neutrality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 3.9 Negative Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 3.10 Wish,Request,Order 120 3.11 Courtesy Formulas, Exclamations,Conversational Fillers . . . 124 IV 4 Man and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.1 Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.2 Family and Relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 4.3 Social Ties 134 4.4 Professions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 4.5 Social Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 4.6 Positive and Neutral Social Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 4.7 Negative Social Behavior 145 4.8 Contacts and Events 147 4.9 Fate and Coincidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 5 Every Day Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.1 House and Apartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.2 Furnishings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 5.3 Basic Commodities 163 5.4 Clothin g and Jewelry 168 5.5 Meals, Restaurant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 5.6 Groceries, Food 176 5.7 Fruits and Vegetables 181 5.8 Drinking and Smoking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 5.9 Do ctor and Hospital 186 6 Business and Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 6.2 Stores and Shopping 191 6.3 Money and Property 201 6.4 Work 207 6.5 Postoffice,Telephone 215 6.6 Authorities, Police 219 6.7 Law 222 7 The Arts and Fields of Interest 229 7.1 Theater, Film, Fine Arts 229 7.2 Music 234 7.3 Media 236 7.4 Leisur eA ctivities 239 7.5 Sports 241 8 Public Life 245 8.1 Government and Politics 245 8.2 War and Peace 255 8.3 Church and Religion 260 8.4 School and Education 264 9 Environment 269 9.1 City,Town,Village 269 9.2 Landseape 271 9.3 Nature: General. 274 9.4 Animals 279 9.5 Plants 283 9.6 Weather and Climate 284 10 Teehnology and Materials 288 10.1 Teehnology 288 10.2 Materials 292 11 Travel and Traffie 296 11.1 Travel 296 11.2 Street Traffie 301 11.3 Vehieles 304 11.4 RaH, Plane,Ship 308 12 Countries and People 311 12.1 Geographieal Names 312 12.2 Nationalities, Inhabitants,Languages 313 General Concepts 13 Time 316 13.1 Division of the Year 316 13.2 Th eN ames of the Months 318 13.3 Weekdays 318 13.4 Time so fDay 319 13.5 Cloek Time 320 13.6 Other Coneepts ofT ime 321 13.6.1 Nouns 321 13.6.2 Verbs 323 13.6.3 Adjeetives 326 13.6.4 Adverbs 328 13.6.5 Prepositions 333 13.5.6 Conjunetions 334 14 Spatial Coneepts 335 14.1 Nouns 335 14.2 Adjeetives 338 14.3 Adverbs 340 14.4 Prepositions 346 v VI 15 Quantity and Measure 348 15.1 Concepts of Ouantity 348 15.2 Cardinal Numbers 354 15.3 Measurements and Weights 355 16 Order and Reference 358 16.1 Order, Division 358 16.2 Ordinal Numbers 366 17 Ways and Methods, Comparison 368 17.1 Ways and Methods 368 17.2 Degree,Comparison 369 18 Colors 374 19 Forms 375 20 Cause and Effect 377 21 Condition and Change 381 Structure Words 22 Pronouns 383 22.1 Personal Pronouns 383 22.2 Reflexive Pronouns 382 22.3 Possessiv eAd jectives 387 22.4 DemonstrativeAdjectives 387 22.5 Ouestion Pronouns,Relative Pronouns 388 22.6 Indefinite Pronouns 389 23 Conjunctions 391 24 Adverbs 394 Index 396 Pronunciation 419 Who needs a "Basic Vocabulary"? Any student learning a foreign language must master a certain vocab ulary base before he or she can communicate or read in that language. Acquisition of that base voca bulary requires study, ofte n outside of the c1 assroo m setting. Langenscheidt's Basic German Vocabulary is designed to facilit ate the acquisition of that core vocabulary in the easiest and most effic ient manner possible. It is meant for use by beginning learners with no previous knowledge of the German language,by more advanced students as a review and for test preparation, and by anyone as preparatio n for pleasure or business travel into a German-speaking country. Those who have successfully worked through Langenscheidt's Basic German Vocabulary will have the necessary knowledge to function and communicate in all everyday situations in German. Whya "Basic Vocabulary"? The German Language, like any other language, is co mprised of millions of words, yet 50% of normal spoke n and written texts are comprised of only 66 words. Students rightfully ask, which words do I have to learn in order to carry on an everyday conversation or read a text written for the average German speaker? The magic answer is usually 2,000 words, i.e., a student who has master- ed the basic 2,000 core vocab ulary words has learned the most important words used in 80 % of all written and oral communication. Langenscheidt' s "Basic German Vocabulary" contains two tim es 2,000 words.The core 2,000 words are followed bya second group of the 2,000 next most frequently used words which comp rise a furth er 5 %- 10 % of all writte n and oral communication. The division of the thematically-organized entries into two groups, "1- 2,000" and "2,001- 4,000", identifies for the learner those words which should be learned immediately and those which can be reserved for seco nd level learning. Once they have mastered the first 2,000 words, students have the option of increasing their vocabulary over a wide subject range, or concentrating on specific areas of interest, such as law, economics, etc. Why a bilingual"Basic Vocabulary"? The use of the target language to teach the language is the norm in most programs today. Usually a new word is explained in simple German and illustrated with practica l examples. The practical teac hing situation, however, requires flexibility in using the native language, especially when difficult concepts need to be clarified. VII VIII Therefore, many monolingual textbooks have bilingual vocabulary lists or glossaries. Because it is meant to be used independently by the learner to study and review outside class, a text like the Basic Vocabulary must be 100% bilingual. It is not meant to, and should not, replace a regular German- English/ English-German dictionary where a Iearner can find many more words and definitions, nor a comprehensive grammar text. The Basic Vocabulary is only meant to serveas a supplement for study and learning. Why these words? Langenscheidt 's Basic Vocabulary selects the most important words for a student to learn and use.The Basic Vocabulary is based on evaluation of numerous lists of basic German vocabulary published in Germany,Aus- tria,Switzerland and other countries .All the important sources of informa- tion on word frequency in written and spoken German were considered. An exact source list would go beyond the purpose of this introduction . For those interested, we mention here the vocabulary statistics of Kaeding, Meier, Ortmann, the Mannheimer Korpus 1 and 2, the Bonner Zeitungs- korpus and the minimum vocabulary lists prepared by the Council of Europe, vocabulary for the "Zertifikat Deutsch als Fremdsprache" (Certifi- cate of German as a Foreign Language),the "Deutscher Volkshochschul- verband" (German Adult Education Association) and the Goethe Institute. The choice of words was not based only on frequency. Factors such as how familiar and useful a word is in everyday conversation were also considered. Langenscheidt's experience in producing dictionaries and teaching materials also helped. The critical choice of example sentences was made by native speakers on an outside of our regular staff. How is the "Basic Voca6ulary" arranged? Words and expressions in Langenscheidt' s Basic Vocabulary German are arranged by topic, not simply in alphabetical order. Educational research indicates that trying to learn words alphabetically is not effective.Similari- ties in orthography lead to confusion and spelling errors. Most impor- tantly, words are very difficult to learn without context and top ic. Alphabe- tical arrangement can become an obstacle to correct use in a specific thematic situation. Learning basic words in subject areas is easier and more effective.The contextual relationships among word s and the physi- cal proximity of words on the page encourage the development of associations in memory. For all these reasons, we emphasize learning in subject areas. [...]... express ions In the Workb ook t o th e Basic Vocabul ary th ere are furth er exa mples ot usage In eac h of the sampie sentences, care has been taken so that th e voca bulary used , as far as possibl e, does not include any wo rds beyon d those found in th e basic voca bulary "Langenscheidt' s Basic German Vocabulary" and "Workbook" The Workbook acc ompa nies th e Basic Vocabul ary It is left up to the... necessary for acquiring a basic knowledge of th e language There are also very few techni cal words included ; only th e co mmo n meaning s of words are given x Frequ ency of use and usefulness ot the wo rd determined inclusion into the Basic Vocabulary Likewise, the Basic Vocabulary includ es only a handful of the many compound wo rds so common in German But a solid knowledg e of basic vocab ulary should... taking breaks in betwee n each session In a few weeks you w ill have systemat ically learned a core vocab ulary; the actual amo unt of vocabulary items depend s on you Don't forget to repeat and test yourself at regular intervals XI 8 Langenscheidt' s Basic Vocabulary German is indepe ndent of specific textbooks It is suitab le, however, for reviewing the vocab ulary leamed in a course, in order to:... text whose various parts include this word field : c) develop and expand from a single word to a co mplete vocabulary category You can also arrange the topics and word families accord ing to the material you have just leamed in the chapters of the textbook 9 Langenscheidt' s Basic Vocabulary German and its Workbook have a very practical format You can leam anywhere, whenever you have time For exarnple,... the many compound wo rds so common in German But a solid knowledg e of basic vocab ulary should enable a learner to understand and bu ild a wider voca bulary of compound words How to Work wit h the "Basic Vocabulary" ? Here are nine suggestio ns for wo rking with the material: 1 Learn the wo rds in the "1-2,000" group first 0 0 those in the "2 ,001-4,000" group later 2 Take advanta ge of the arrangement... Vocabul ary It is left up to the learner w hether to study only with the Basic Vocabul ary or to do furth er exercices tor vocabul ary building For a qui ck and certain expansion of th e voca bulary, we recommend th e use of th e wo rkbook as weil as th e text Systematic wo rk with th e tw o volumes creates a certain co nfidence in vocabulary building whic h help s th e acquisition of new wo rds Alth...IX In add ition to th e thematic present ation , all entries are present ed co ntextually, i.e., samp ie sentence s accompany each basic word and its p ronunciation The presentation of the basic wo rd in sente nces is important because the learner sees the word used co rrectly.The danger of using th e word later in the wra ng contex t will disapp ear Exampl e... with th e tw o volumes creates a certain co nfidence in vocabulary building whic h help s th e acquisition of new wo rds Alth ough gend er inform ation and irregul ar verb form s are give n next to the basic wo rd , th e text and Workbook are not meant to repl ace, but rath er supplement , th e use of a dicti onary and grammar book In so me cases a wo rd has various meanings whic h are c larified in... chapter "Traffic" in the bus going to or fro m work ? Good luck and have fun! Notes: For regu lar nouns, the pronunciatio n, the gender, the genitive and nomi nat ive plural forms are provided after the basic word Only irregular form s of the plural are spelled out For example: Ball [bai] m, - S , Bälle For verbs , three forms: present infinitive, first person singular of the imperfeet , and third person... Kannst du mir von den Broten eines abgebe n? turn in, hand in v Please hand in the letter at the reception desk give v Can you give me one of the sandwiches/ loaves of bread? Since most adject ives in German can be used as adverbs, no distinct ion is made in English between adjectives and adverbs , even for those words that are "pure" adverbs wir klich [virklic] Adj., keine Kamp Ein wirklicher Freund . VII Whya bilingual " ;Basic Vocabulary& quot;? VII Why these Words? VIII How is the " ;Basic Vocabulary& quot; arranged? , VIII " ;Langenscheidt& apos; s Basic German Vocabulary& quot; and "Workbook". through Langenscheidt& apos;s Basic German Vocabulary will have the necessary knowledge to function and communicate in all everyday situations in German. Whya " ;Basic Vocabulary& quot;? The German. words? Langenscheidt 's Basic Vocabulary selects the most important words for a student to learn and use.The Basic Vocabulary is based on evaluation of numerous lists of basic German vocabulary