Modern lighting technology contributes to sustainability One of the biggest resources, however, is energy efficiency – because the best alternative source of energy is unused energy. The figures speak for themselves: according to the German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers’ Association (ZVEI), electricity consumption in Germany could be reduced by 80 billion kilowatthours a year by improving the efficiency of electrical equipment and automated processes alone. The technology needed to do so is already available. The government has recognised this opportunity and supports switchover projects, e.g. by offering grants for LED based municipal lighting installations.
licht.wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting Free Download at www.licht.de/en 2 01 licht.wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting “Will you please stop building the way you build!” Frei Otto, 1977 The earliest reference to “sustained use” in print appears in a book by Carl von Carlowitz published in 1713. The author’s thoughts were on the need to make economical use of forestry resources – to cut down only as much timber as could be grown to replace it. Around 300 years later, the Google search engine lists more than 40 million hits for the word “sustainability”. The issue has become a priority for our society in recent decades. How do we secure the future for future generations? How do we manage our environment so that natural resources are conserved, economically acceptable solutions found and sustainable social development ensured? For the German Sustainable Building Council – DGNB – the word sustainability sums up our core objectives, which include committing the whole of society to taking responsibility for present problems such as climate change and resource depletion and not leaving them for future generations to deal with. Our concept of sustainability goes beyond the traditional three-pillar model that considers ecology, economy and user comfort. The design and realisation of sustainable buildings and urban districts also takes account of functional and technological aspects, processes and even location. We want to sensitise and win over the public to the idea that sustainable building will be taken for granted in the future and we want to show how the design and construction pro- cess can be managed to achieve that. Every resident and every building can help promote sustainability. Light – both natural and artificial – plays an important role in defining the quality of architecture and the way it is perceived. Controlling the “intangible” qualities of light in indoor and outdoor spaces presents a special challenge for designers. Spatial impact aside, high-quality lighting with efficient light sources and intelligent technology is an important criterion for successful certification. This is clearly shown by the many buildings and urban developments that have been awarded the DGNB seal of approval in recent years. The DGNB acknowledges the importance of light and its relevance for sustainable building, amongst other things by introducing the criteria profile “Visual Comfort”. At universities, the basics of light and the integration of lighting concepts into architectural designs are important subject areas of bachelor’s and master’s degree courses. Students are keenly interested in the phenomenon of light, so where lighting is harnessed to enhance quality of space, sustainability naturally becomes an architectural issue. I therefore welcome this new licht.wissen 20, which provides important information and practical examples of sustainable lighting for the design and construction process. Prof. Anett-Maud Joppien, Dipl Ing. M. Arch. Vice Chairwoman of the DGNB, Professor at Technische Hochschule Darmstadt 3 Editorial 4 licht.wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting Green light for the future Page 6 Light for greater sustainability Page 10 Light for liveable cities Page 12 Light – building block of sustainable architecture Page 14 Sustainable value creation Page 16 From raw material to disposal Page 18 5 licht.wissen 04 Licht im Büro, motivierend und effizient Die Schriftenreihe von licht.de € 9,– Jedes Heft! licht.wissen 10 Notbeleuchtung, Sicherheitsbeleuchtung 52 Seiten über Not- und Sicherheitsbeleuchtung: Heft 10 informiert über relevante Normen und Vorschriften, erklärt licht- und elektrotechnische Anforderungen und belegt mit zahlreichen Anwen- dungsbeispielen die Bedeutung der Sicherheits- beleuchtung. Lighting comfort and efficiency Page 22 New lighting for old premises Page 30 Green light for technology Page 32 Glossary Page 36 licht.de publications, Imprint Page 38 6 licht.wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting 02 Aspects of sustainable lighting Sustainability Sustainable lighting Environmental energy efficiency avoidance of light pollution emission control recycling Economic low power costs long life low maintenance improved productivity through better light Social high quality of light high user comfort greater sense of wellbeing lighting tailored to requirements capital return on investment conservation of value health safety quality of life © licht.de 03 nature conservation climate protection resource conservation 7 [02] Modern lighting technology helps meet human needs and can contribute a great deal to sustainable development. [03] Sustainable lighting is environmentally benign, makes economic sense and pro- motes a sense of wellbeing by delivering light tailored to needs. Sustainable action is as old as mankind. In the daily fight for survival, stone-age man in Africa filled ostrich eggs with water and buried them for when times were hard. In antiquity, highly skilled architects and mas- ter-builders sought to create structures that would last forever. Even today, pyramids and Roman aqueducts withstand natural disasters and erosive forces and are good examples of sustainable architecture. But the human race has not always man- aged its affairs in a sustainable manner. Wood was one of the first natural resources to fall victim to the advance of civilisation, as swathes of barren terrain around the Mediterranean still testify today. Despite that fact – or perhaps because of it – it is to forestry that we owe our modern concept of sustainability. A Saxon mining adminis- trator called Hans Carl von Carlowitz coined the phrase “sustained use” (“nachhaltende Nutzung”) in his book “Sylvicultura oeco- nomica” published in 1713. He proposed a simple rule: cut down only as much timber as can be grown to replace it – the blue- print for a self-sustaining economic system. Environmental issues are still central to the sustainability debate today. Economic growth after the Second World War was achieved at the cost of massive environ- mental damage. Problems such as water pollution and forest dieback became in- creasingly urgent, until finally they were ad- dressed by politicians at international level. The UN Conference on the Human Environ- ment held in Stockholm in 1972 marked the birth of international environment policy. Three pillars: environment, economy, social It quickly became clear that sustainability is not confined to environmental issues alone. Today, the three-pillar model of sustainabil- ity, focusing on environment, economy and the social dimension, is widely accepted (Source: Brundtland Report – Report of the UN World Commission on Environment and Development). In 1992, at the first major sustainability conference in Rio, an interna- tional partnership for sustainable develop- ment was created defining global sustain- ability goals and measures – from poverty reduction to species conservation. Since then, sustainability has been suc- cessfully conveyed from the abstract politi- cal level to the heart of society. Initiatives such as the UN Carbon Discloser Project (www.cdproject.net) drive sustainable action forward. In Germany, guidance for national sustainability strategy has been provided since 2001 by the German Coun- cil for Sustainable Development (www.nachhaltigkeitsrat.de). Apart from politicians and non-governmen- tal organisations, many companies are also committed to the sustainability cause: eco- nomical use of resources, personnel pro- tection and development, transparency and integrity are now inherent components of corporate social responsibility. Products need to meet stringent criteria in terms of environmental friendliness and cost-benefit efficiency. The impact of climate change on the debate The greenhouse effect and climate change have injected a new dynamism into the international debate on sustainability. At the Kyoto Conference in 1997, many industrial countries committed for the first time to take action specifically designed to mitigate climate change. Even though individual actors such as Canada subsequently with- drew from the Kyoto Protocol, its provisions are binding for most parties to the conven- tion through to 2020. The EU has become a pioneer in climate protection. By 2020, it intends to reduce energy consumption by 20 percent com- pared to 1990 levels, which will cut carbon emissions by 780 million metric tons. Helping it work towards that target are Green light for the future In the past, sustainability mainly meant protecting the environment. But action that is really sustainable also takes account of economic and social issues. Modern lighting technology makes a valuable contribution here. 8 licht.wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting 04 resolutions such as Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC, which sets out requirements for energy related products. It provides a basis, for example, for eliminating inefficient light sources from the European market. With this heightened commitment to cli- mate protection, energy management has become a core issue of sustainability. In Germany, new impetus has been given to this development by the phasing-out of nuclear power and the ambition to trans- form the country’s energy sector by cutting fossil fuel consumption and developing regenerative energy sources. Modern lighting technology contributes to sustainability One of the biggest resources, however, is energy efficiency – because the best alter- native source of energy is unused energy. The figures speak for themselves: accord- ing to the German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers’ Association (ZVEI), electric- ity consumption in Germany could be re- duced by 80 billion kilowatt/hours a year by improving the efficiency of electrical equip- ment and automated processes alone. The technology needed to do so is already available. The government has recognised this opportunity and supports switchover projects, e.g. by offering grants for LED based municipal lighting installations. The investment is worthwhile because modern lighting technology can make an important contribution to sustainable devel- opment. Efficient light sources, optimised luminaires and electronic control systems conserve natural resources, are largely recyclable and reduce costs. They also provide better light for the performance of visual tasks and promote wellbeing. With lighting technology, the entire lighting industry has joined the vanguard of the sus- tainability movement. Self-imposed sustain- ability targets are regularly documented and monitored in reports. ½ Environment: The lighting sector plays an important role in the drive to meet the climate targets of the Kyoto Protocol. The development of resource-saving lighting 9 [04 + 05] The development of resource- saving lighting technology is an integral part of the lighting industry’s sustainability strategy. [06] According to the International Energy Agency/ United Nations Environment Pro- gramme (IEA/UNEP, spring 2014), lighting accounts for 15 percent of global electricity consumption. ½ Research and development: In labora - tories and development departments, lighting manufacturers work on even more efficient, even better-performing techno- logies, thus translating the idea of sustain- ability into long-lasting user-friendly prod- ucts that make sparing use of resources. Many manufacturers in the lighting industry comply with international corporate stan- dards in their daily operations. Those standards include ISO 9001 for quality management as well as ISO 14001 and 50001 for environmental and energy man- agement. The manufacturers’ commitment benefits everyone involved: for the con- sumer, for instance, ISO 9001 certification provides a guarantee of high-quality prod- ucts; companies profit from guidelines that lower error rates and costs – and compli- ance with ISO 50001 and ISO 14001 re- duces the pressure on the environment and climate. 05 technology is an integral part of its sus- tainability strategy. LEDs, ballasts and other “green” products that are sustain- ably manufactured and save energy figure prominently in the portfolio of many mem- bers of the ZVEI Lighting Division. As for production operations, many companies comply with the environmental require- ments contained in international stan- dards such as ISO 14001. ½ Corporate Governance: Written guide- lines ensure that companies act ethically and behave responsibly towards em- ployees and customers. This includes ensuring and monitoring compliance with health and safety rules. ½ Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The lighting sector seeks social dialogue – with customers at trade fairs or local ser- vice points, with scientists at conferences and research projects. It furnishes exper- tise in standards committees and associ- ations. Companies take responsibility for their employees by investing in health and safety management and further training. Percentage of global electricity consumption attributable to lighting Lighting 15 % Other 85 % 06 © licht.de Source: International Energy Agency 10 licht.wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting According to figures published by the Inter- national Energy Agency (IEA), lighting is responsible for around 15 percent of global electricity consumption and nearly five per- cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, energy consumption is significantly higher than it needs to be. According to the European Commission Green Paper “Lighting the Future” (2011), around 75 percent of all lighting installa- tions in Europe are more than 25 years old. So the saving potentials are high. In 2009, the ZVEI calculated that around 1.4 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions could be avoided and costs of around 400 million euros saved on street lighting alone. The figures show that efficient light- ing technology can make a real difference in mitigating climate change. But sustain- able lighting can do even more: ½ LEDs not only save energy; they combine high lighting quality with longevity. In out- door lighting, they avoid light pollution and do not interfere with nocturnal insects. LED technology also has an impressive eco-balance. More than 90 percent of an LED light source’s total carbon footprint is generated in operation; only two percent is required for its manufacture. LEDs offer many advantages, which is why the McKinsey study “Lighting the way” (2011) forecasts that LEDs will account for 70 percent of light source sales by 2020. ½ Luminaires with a high light output ratio and a long life save electricity and mainte- nance costs. Reduced luminaire dimen- sions and recyclable materials such as aluminium and glass conserve valuable resources. The recyclability of luminaires is taken into account right at the product development stage. ½ Lighting management, combined with electronic operating devices, permits vari- able lighting scenes, perfect coordination with daylight, presence control and thus greater lighting comfort. Electronic control offers the greatest savings potential. With it, energy consumption can be reduced by as much as 70 percent. ½ Raw materials need to be used carefully so that they can later be reclaimed for re use. In the case of LEDs, this applies to the electronics; with fluorescent lamps, it applies to rare earths and mercury and with luminaires, aluminium, iron, plastics and glass. The lighting industry favours the use of recyclable or reclaimable mate- rials and takes maximum care to ensure that harmful substances are avoided in strict accordance with the regulations in place. ½ Recycling systems ensure that compo- nents such as glass or metal can be reused at the end of a product’s life cycle. ½ Professional lighting design guarantees that lighting is tailored to needs. In offices and manufacturing premises, standard- compliant lighting makes for optimal working conditions and thus helps create added value. Technical stipulations are taken into account; so are users’ needs and requirements. ½ Sustainably designed light meets human needs. It ensures safety on roads and in public places, it safeguards our health when we are at work and play, it impacts positively on our sense of well- being and it thus makes for a better quality of life. Light for greater sustainability Modern light sources such as LEDs require little energy and thus ease the pressure on the climate system. But green lighting technology can do even more. It achieves impressive eco-balances, cuts costs and makes for a better quality of life. [07] Efficient lighting makes an important contribution to protecting the environment. Literature on the subject Hans Carl von Carlowitz: “Sylvicultura oecono- mica”, 1713. Brundlandt Report of the UN World Commission on Environment and Development: “Our common future”, 1987. McKinsey Report: “Lighting the way”, 2011. [...]... the cost of lighting for that day is recouped 21 licht. wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting Lighting comfort and efficiency Whether the focus is on office or street lighting, sustainable lighting design takes account of the full life cycle of a lighting installation The aim is to maximise lighting comfort and minimise use of energy Sustainable lighting design looks at the entire life cycle of a lighting installation... © licht. de [21] Sustainable lighting combines high visual comfort with energy efficiency 23 licht. wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting ½ ½ Lighting management adjusts the lighting automatically to meet actual needs and enhances user comfort Design software helps gear the lighting to actual requirements Only if the full potential of modern lighting technology is harnessed and usefully integrated can a lighting. .. conventional incandescent lamps 2,304 kWh 659 kWh 10 659 kWh LED, 8 W 1 í Production 17 í Operation © licht. de 19 licht. wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting 18 Practical example: LEDs for sustainable lighting Energy consumption and maintenance account for around 85 percent of the cost of a lighting installation Sustainable lighting keeps electricity and maintenance bills low while at the same time delivering more... reflectors, daylight management/presence detectors *Only the main lighting criteria are shown Full criteria catalogues, including standard requirements and limiting values for lighting, are available from the certifying organisations 13 15 licht. wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting Sustainable value creation Life cycle of lighting: processes, Innovative lighting technology enhances the quality of a building To harness... holistic lighting installation rating model Economic lighting criteria (60 %) Quality criteria (40 %)* 10 % 20 % 35 % 20 % 20 % Product quality Price Energy Maintenance + Biological effect 20 % 20 % 20 22 Aesthetics = User comfort Other 35 % Quality of light 10 % 10 % Environment + resources * Düsseldorf Higher Regional Court ruling: Quality may account for 50 % of a rating 21 Overall rating 40 % [20] ... with lighting management 19 20 23 % Potential savings with efficient LED lighting © licht. de Investment recouped through savings When the entire life cycle of a lighting installation is considered, it quickly becomes clear that investment in sustainable lighting pays dividends Lower electricity and maintenance costs make up for the outlay on modern lighting technology However, while the price of a new lighting. .. the mounting height and angle of the luminaire head 29 licht. wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting New lighting for old premises Existing buildings can also be rendered sustainable – by refurbishment New lighting saves energy, improves quality of light and helps premises meet legal requirements Flickering lamps, soiled luminaires, uniform monotonous room lighting – many offices, schools and administrative buildings... Efficient installations with a lighting management system offer savings up to 80 percent Yes? Eight questions about the condition of your lighting installation 80% 50% * Fluorescent lamp operated by EB with very low power loss, energy-efficient direct or direct/indirect luminaires with modern optical control technology ȤȦȦȦȦ 0% ©© licht. de licht. de 31 licht. wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting Green light for technology... with a long life, easily controllable and available in many colours, they are the light source of choice for sustainable lighting [37] Lighting can be easily controlled via modern user interfaces, enabling programmed lighting atmospheres to be conveniently activated 35 licht. wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting Glossary AVV/EnEff – The general administrative regulation for procurement of energy efficient products... touch with project development professionals www.kompetenzzentrum-contracting.de 26 27 27 licht. wissen 20 Sustainable Lighting Best Practice: House of Knowledge Work The “House of Knowledge Work” that opened in 201 2 at the Fraunhofer Institute of Industrial Engineering (IAO) is a shining example of sustainable lighting design At night, long rows of windows glow with light from indoors to give the building . informiert über relevante Normen und Vorschriften, erklärt licht- und elektrotechnische Anforderungen und belegt mit zahlreichen Anwen- dungsbeispielen die Bedeutung der Sicherheits- beleuchtung. Lighting. de- tectors LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental De- sign BREEAM Building Research Establishment`s Environmental Assessment Method DGNB Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nach- haltiges Bauen e. V. Minergie Verein. contribute a great deal to sustainable development. [03] Sustainable lighting is environmentally benign, makes economic sense and pro- motes a sense of wellbeing by delivering light tailored to needs.