Báo cáo của NH thế giới GCR08

The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009 Michael E. Porter, Harvard University Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum World Economic Forum Geneva, Switzerland 2008 KLAUS SCHWAB World Economic Forum MICHAEL E. PORTER Harvard University Co-Directors, The Global Competitiveness Report The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009 The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009 © 2008 World Economic Forum World Economic Forum Geneva Copyright © 2008 by the World Economic Forum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum. ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-11-1 ISBN-10: 92-95044-11-8 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Printed and bound in Switzerland by SRO-Kundig. The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009 is published by the World Economic Forum within the framework of the Global Competitiveness Network. AT THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM Professor Klaus Schwab Executive Chairman Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin Chief Adviser of the Global Competitiveness Network Fiona Paua Senior Director, Head of Strategic Insight Teams GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS NETWORK Jennifer Blanke, Director, Senior Economist, Head of Global Competitiveness Network Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Director, Senior Economist Irene Mia, Director, Senior Economist Thierry Geiger, Economist, Global Leadership Fellow Ciara Browne, Senior Community Manager Agustina Ciocia, Community Manager Eva Trujillo Herrera, Research Assistant Patrick McGee, Research Assistant Pearl Samandari, Coordinator AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY Michael Porter Bishop William Lawrence University Professor INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGY AND COMPETITIVENESS Christian Ketels, Principal Associate Richard Bryden, Director of Information Products Mercedes Delgado, Institute Fellow and Assistant Professor at Temple University We thank Hope Steele for her superb editing work and Ha Nguyen for her excellent graph- ic design and layout. The terms country and nation as used in this report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by inter- national law and practice. The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis. The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009 © 2008 World Economic Forum Contents Partner Institutes v Preface xi by Klaus Schwab Part 1: The Competitiveness Indexes 1 1.1 The Global Competitiveness Index: 3 Prioritizing the Economic Policy Agenda by Xavier Sala-i-Martin, Jennifer Blanke, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Thierry Geiger, Irene Mia, and Fiona Paua 1.2 Moving to a New Global Competitiveness Index 43 by Michael E. Porter, Mercedes Delgado, Christian Ketels, and Scott Stern Part 2: Country/Economy Profiles and 65 Data Presentation 2.1 The Executive Opinion Survey: 67 The Voice of the Business Community by Ciara Browne, Richard Bryden, Mercedes Delgado, and Thierry Geiger 2.2 Country/Economy Profiles 79 How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles 81 List of Countries/Economies 83 Country/Economy Profiles 84 2.3 Data Tables 353 How to Read the Data Tables 355 Index of Data Tables 357 Data Tables 359 Technical Notes and Sources 493 About the Authors 497 Acknowledgments 500 The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009 © 2008 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009 © 2008 World Economic Forum The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Network is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following organizations as our valued Partner Institutes, without whom the realization of The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009 would not have been feasible: Albania Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB) Artan Hoxha, President Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert and Project Manager Denalada Kuzumi, Researcher Algeria Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Développement (CREAD) Youcef Benabdallah, Assistant Professor Yassine Ferfera, Director Argentina IAE—Universidad Austral María Elina Gigaglia, Project Manager Eduardo Luis Fracchia, Professor Armenia Economy and Values Research Center Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate Gohar Malumyan, Research Associate Australia Australian Industry Group Nicholas James, Economist Tony Pensabene, Associate Director, Economics & Research Heather Ridout, Chief Executive Austria Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) Karl Aiginger, Director Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Marketing Society Fuad Aliyev, Executive Director Ashraf Hajiyev, Project Coordinator Saida Talibova, Consultant Bahrain Bahrain Competitiveness Council, Bahrain Economic Development Board Nada Azmi, Business Intelligence Specialist, Research Services Unit Jawad Habib, Senior Partner, BDO Jawad Habib Rima Al Kilani, Director, International Marketing Bangladesh Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Senior Research Fellow Kazi Mahmudur Rahman, Senior Research Associate Mustafizur Rahman, Executive Director Barbados Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic Studies, University of West Indies (UWI) Andrew Downes, Director Belgium Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School Lutgart Van den Berghe, Professor, Executive Director and Chairman, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Bieke Dewulf, Associate, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Wim Moesen, Professor Benin Micro Impacts of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies (MIMAP) Benin Epiphane Adjovi, Business Coordinator Maria-Odile Attanasso, Deputy Coordinator Fructueux Deguenonvo, Researcher Bosnia and Herzegovina MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo Zlatko LagumdÏija, Professor ˘ Zeljko ˘ Sain, Executive Director Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director Botswana Botswana National Productivity Centre Dabilani Buthali, Manager, Information and Research Services Department Thembo Lebang, Executive Director Omphemetse David Matlhape, Research Consultant Brazil Fundação Dom Cabral Marina Araújo, Researcher Carlos Arruda, Professor and Coordinator of Competitiveness and Innovation Center Juan Rios, Research Assistant Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC) Cláudio Leite Gastal, Director President Lucas Tadeu Melo Câmara, Director Brunei Darussalam Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources Pehin Dato Dr. Hj Ahmad Hj Jumat, Minister Dato Paduka Hj Hamdillah Hj Abd Wahab, Deputy Minister Dato Paduka Hamid Hj Mohd Jaafar, Permanent Secretary Bulgaria Center for Economic Development Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert Burkina Faso Société d’Etudes et de Recherche Formation pour le Développement (SERF) Abdoulaye Tarnagda, Director General Burundi University Research Centre for Economic and Social Development (CURDES), National University of Burundi Richard Ndereyahaga, Head of CURDES Gilbert Niyongabo, Dean, Faculty of Economics & Management v Partner Institutes Partner Institutes The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009 © 2008 World Economic Forum Cambodia Economic Institute of Cambodia Sok Hach, Director Tuy Chak Riya, Research Associate Hang Sambopisith, Researcher Cameroon Comité de Compétitivité (Competitiveness Committee) Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary Canada Institute for Competitiveness and Prosperity Lance Bialas, Researcher Roger Martin, Chairman and Dean of the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto James Milway, Executive Director Chad Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC) Antoine Doudjidingao, Researcher Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director Celine Nénodji Mbaipeur, Program Officer Chile Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Ignacio Briones, Associate Professor of Economics, School of Government Leonidas Montes, Dean, School of Government China Institute of Economic System and Management National Development and Reform Commission Zhou Haichun, Deputy Director and Professor Chen Wei, Research Fellow Dong Ying, Professor China Center for Economic Statistics Research, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics Lu Dong, Professor Jian Wang, Associate Professor Huazhang Zheng, Associate Professor Colombia National Planning Department Orlando Gracia Fajardo, Entrepreneurial Development Director Carolina Rentería Rodríguez, General Director Mauricio Torres Velásquez, Advisor Côte d’Ivoire Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Côte d’Ivoire Mamadou Sarr, General Director Croatia National Competitiveness Council Martina Hatlak, Research Assistant Mira Lenardic, General Secretary Cyprus Cyprus College Research Center Bambos Papageorgiou, Head of Socioeconomic and Academic Research The Cyprus Development Bank Maria Markidou-Georgiadou, Manager, International Banking Services Unit and Business Development Czech Republic CMC Graduate School of Business Dagmar Glückaufová, Academic Dean Filip Hrnãífi, President Denmark Copenhagen Business School, Department of International Economics and Management Lise Peitersen, Administrative Director Ole Risager, Professor Ecuador Escuela de Postgrado en Administración de Empresas (ESPAE) Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) Elizabeth Arteaga, Project Assistant Virginia Lasio, Acting Director Sara Wong, Professor Egypt The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies Hanaa Kheir-El-Din, Executive Director and Director of Research Estonia Estonian Institute of Economic Research Evelin Ahermaa, Head of Economic Research Sector Marje Josing, Director Estonian Development Fund Kitty Kubo, Head of Foresight Ott Pärna, Chief Executive Officer Ethiopia African Institute of Management, Development and Governance Tegegne Teka, General Manager Finland ETLA—The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy Petri Rouvinen, Research Director Pasi Sorjonen, Head of the Forecasting Group Pekka Ylä-Anttila, Managing Director France HEC School of Management, Paris Bertrand Moingeon, Professor, Deputy Dean Bernard Ramanantsoa, Professor, Dean of HEC School of Management Gambia, The Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute (GESDRI) Makaireh A. Njie, Director Georgia Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Tamar Tchintcharauli, Executive Director Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Germany WHU—Otto Beisheim School of Management, Vallendar Ralf Fendel, Professor of Monetary Economics Michael Frenkel, Professor, Chair of Macroeconomics and International Economics Ghana Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) Carlo Hey, Project Manager Cletus Kosiba, Executive Director Tony Oteng-Gyasi, President Greece SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises Michael Mitsopoulos, Coordinator, Research and Analysis Thanasis Printsipas, Economist, Research and Analysis Guatemala FUNDESA Edgar A. Heinemann, President of the Board of Directors Pablo Schneider, Economic Director Juan Carlos Zapata, General Manager Guyana Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana Karen Pratt, Research Associate Clive Thomas, Director vi Partner Institutes The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009 © 2008 World Economic Forum Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce David O’Rear, Chief Economist Federation of Hong Kong Industries Alexandra Poon, Director Hungary KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd. Ágnes Nagy, Project Manager Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer Iceland Innovation Center Iceland Karl Fridriksson, Managing Director of Human Resources and Services Rosa Signy Gisladottir, Manager, Marketing and Media Relations Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson, Director India Confederation of Indian Industry Chandrajit Banerjee, Director-General Tarun Das, Chief Mentor T S Vishwanath, Senior Director and Head, International Trade Policy Indonesia Kadin Indonesia M.S. Hidayat, Chairman Tulus Tambunan, Director Ireland Competitiveness Survey Group, Department of Economics, University College Cork Eleanor Doyle, Professor, Department of Economics Niall O’Sullivan Bernadette Power National Competitiveness Council Adrian Devitt, Manager Caoimhe Gavin, Policy Advisor Gráinne Greehy, Graduate Trainee Israel Manufacturers’ Association of Israel (MAI) Shraga Brosh, President Dan Catarivas, Director Yehuda Segev, Managing Director Italy SDA Bocconi School of Management Secchi Carlo, Full Professor of Economic Policy, Bocconi University Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University Francesco A. Saviozzi, SDA Assistant Professor, Strategic and Entrepreneurial Management Department Jamaica Mona School of Business (MSB), University of the West Indies Patricia Douce, Survey Coordinator Michelle Tomlinson, Survey Coordinator Neville Ying, Executive Director and Professor Japan Hitotsubashi University, Graduate School of International Corporate Strategy (ICS) in cooperation with Keizai Doyukai (Japan Association of Corporate Executives) Yoko Ishikura, Professor Kiyohiko Ito, Vice-President and General Manager for Policy Studies, Keizai Doyukai Jordan Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation Jordan National Competitiveness Team Rafat Al-Rawabdeh, Senior Researcher Kazakhstan Corporation for Export Development and Promotion Vakhit Mamatayev, Consultant Gaziz Myltykbayev, Deputy Chairman of the Board Kassen Pernebayev, Director, Analytical Department Kenya Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi Mohamud Jama, Director and Associate Professor Paul Kamau, Research Fellow Dorothy McCormick, Associate Professor Korea, Republic of Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology—KAIST Myungchul Shin, Head, School Administration Bae Soonhoon, Vice President and Professor, Graduate School of Management Youjin Sung, Manager, Exchange Program Kuwait Economics Department, Kuwait University Abdullah Alsalman, Assistant Professor Mohammed El-Sakka, Professor Reyadh Faras, Assistant Professor Kyrgyz Republic Economic Policy Institute “Bishkek Consensus” Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator Marat Tazabekov, Chairman Latvia Institute of Economics, Latvian Academy of Sciences, Riga Raita Karnite, Director Lesotho Mohloli Chamber of Business Refiloe Kepa, General Manager Libya National Economic Development Board Entisar Elbahi, Executive Office Manager Lithuania Statistics Lithuania Ona Grigiene, Head, Economical Survey Division Algirdas ˇ Semeta, Director General Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg François-Xavier Borsi, Attaché, Economic Department Philippe Courtin, Attaché, Economic Department Carlo Thelen, Chief Economist, Member of the Managing Board Macedonia, FYR National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council (NECC) Dejan Janevski, Project Coordinator Zoran Stavreski, President of the Managing Board Saso Trajkoski, Executive Director Madagascar Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo Pépé Andrianomanana, Director Razato Raharijaona Simo, Executive Secretary Malawi Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry Chancellor L. Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Officer Malaysia Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Tan Sri Mohamed Jawhar Hassan, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Mahani Zainal Abidin, Director-General Steven C.M. Wong, Assistant Director-General Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC) Dato’ Nik Zainiah Nik Abdul Rahman, Director General Chan Kum Siew, Director, International Competitiveness Division vii Partner Institutes The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009 © 2008 World Economic Forum Mali Groupe de Recherche en Economie Appliquée et Théorique (GREAT) Massa Coulibaly, Coordinator Malta Competitive Malta—Foundation for National Competitiveness Margrith Lutschg-Emmenegger, Vice President Adrian Said, Chief Coordinator Caroline Sciortino, Research Coordinator Mauritania Centre d’Information Mauritanien pour le Développement Economique et Technique (CIMDET/CCIAM) Lô Abdoul, Consultant and Analyst Khira Mint Cheikhnani, Director Habib Sy, Analyst Mauritius Joint Economic Council of Mauritius Raj Makoond, Director Board of Investment, Investmauritius Dev Chamroo, Director, Planning & Policy Manisha Dookhony, Manager, Planning & Policy Raju Jaddoo, Managing Director Mexico Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness Erika Ruiz Manzur, Executive Director René Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief Executive Officer Jesús Zurita González, General Director Instituto Mexicano Para la Competitividad (IMCO) Gabriela Alarcon Esteva, Economist Manuel J. Molano Ruiz, Deputy General Director Roberto Newell Garcia, General Director PROMEXICO Trade & Investment Jose Gustavo Hernandez Rodriguez, Business Intelligence Unit Lisette Jimenez del Rio, Business Intelligence Unit Bernardo von Raesfeld Porras, Business Intelligence Unit Moldova Center for Strategic Territorial Development Ruslan Codreanu, Executive Director Roman Smolnitchi, Program Coordinator Mongolia Open Society Forum (OSF) Munkhsoyol Baatarjav, Manager of Economic Policy Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director Montenegro Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP) Maja Drakic, Project Manager Petar Ivanovic, Chief Executive Officer Veselin Vukotic, President Morocco Université Hassan II Fouzi Mourji, Professor of Economics Mozambique EconPolicy Research Group, Lda. Peter Coughlin, Director Donaldo Miguel Soares, Researcher Ema Marta Soares, Assistant Namibia Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU) Joel Hinaunye Eita, Senior Researcher Lameck Odada, Research Assistant Klaus Schade, Acting Director Nepal Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA) Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Executive Director Menaka Rajbhandari Shrestha, Researcher Santosh Kumar Upadhyaya, Researcher Netherlands Erasmus Strategic Renewal Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam Frans A. J. Van den Bosch, Professor Henk W. Volberda, Professor New Zealand Business New Zealand Marcia Dunnett, Manager, Sector Groups Phil O’Reilly, Chief Executive The New Zealand Institute David Skilling, Chief Executive Officer Nigeria Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) Felix Ogbera, Associate Director, Research Chris Okpoko, Senior Consultant, Research Norway BI Norwegian School of Management Eskil Goldeng, Researcher Torger Reve, Professor HSH, The Federation of Norwegian Commercial and Service Enterprises Vibeke H. Madsen, Chief Executive Officer Oman The International Research Foundation Azzan Al Busaidi, Chief Executive Officer Salem Ben Nasser Al-Ismaily, Chairman Pakistan Competitiveness Support Fund Arthur Bayhan, Chief Executive Officer Amir Jahangir, Manager, Communications Paraguay Centro de Análisis y Difusión de Economia Paraguaya (CADEP) Dionisio Borda, Director Jaime Escobar, Research Member Fernando Masi, Research Member Peru Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional de Industrias Néstor Asto, Project Director Luis Tenorio, Executive Director Philippines Makati Business Club Alberto A. Lim, Executive Director Michael B. Mundo, Chief Economist Mark P. Opulencia, Deputy Director Poland Warsaw School of Economics Bogdan Radomski, Associate Professor Portugal PROFORUM, Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Engenharia Ilídio António de Ayala Serôdio, Vice President of the Board of Directors Forum de Administradores de Empresas FAE Pedro do Carmo Costa, Member of the Board of Directors Adilia Lisboa, General Director Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 2000, Inc. Suzette M. Jimenez, President Francisco Montalvo Fiol, Project Coordinator Qatar Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA) Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General Bassam Ramzi Massouh, General Manager Ahmed El-Shaffee, Economist viii Partner Institutes The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009 © 2008 World Economic Forum Romania Group of Applied Economics (GEA) Anca Rusu, Program Coordinator Liviu Voinea, Executive Director Russian Federation Bauman Innovation, Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation Alexei Prazdnitchnykh, Principal, Associate Professor Stockholm School of Economics, Russia Igor Dukeov, Research Fellow Carl F. Fey, Associate Dean of Research Saudi Arabia National Competitiveness Center (NCC) Awwad Al-Awwad, Deputy Governor for Investment Khaldon Mahasen, Manager, Investment Performance Assessment Senegal Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA), University of Dakar Aly Mbaye, Director Serbia Center for Advanced Economic Studies, CEVES Vuk Dokovi´c, Director Du˘sko Vasiljevi´c, Researcher Singapore Economic Development Board Lim Hong Khiang, Director Planning 2 Chua Kia Chee, Head, Research and Statistics Unit Slovak Republic Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS) Robert Kicina, Executive Director Slovenia Institute for Economic Research Art Kovacic, Researcher Peter Stanovnik, Senior Researcher University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Mateja Drnov˘sek, Assistant Professor Ale˘s Vahcic, Professor South Africa Business Leadership South Africa Connie Motshumi, Director Michael Spicer, Chief Executive Officer Business Unity South Africa Jerry Vilakazi, Chief Executive Officer Vic Van Vuuren, Chief Operating Officer Spain IESE Business School, International Center for Competitiveness, Anselmo Rubiralta Center for Globalization and Strategy Eduardo Ballarín, Professor María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate Almudena Clemente Tiemblo, Research Associate Sri Lanka Institute of Policy Studies Indika Siriwardena, Database Manager The Ceylon Chamber of Commerce Prema Cooray, Secretary General Suriname Institute for Development Oriented Studies (IDOS) Ashok Hirschfeld, Qualitative Research John R. P. Krishnadath, President Sweden Center for Strategy and Competitiveness, Stockholm School of Economics Christian Ketels, Senior Research Fellow Örjan Sölvell, Professor Switzerland University of St. Gallen, Executive School of Management, Technology and Law (ES-HSG) Franz Jaeger, Professor Beat Bechtold, Project Manager Syria Ministry of Economy and Trade Amer Housni Louitfi, Minister of Economy and Trade State Planning Commission Tayseer Al-Ridawi, Head of State Planning Commission UNDP Damascus, “Towards Changing the Mindset for Competitiveness” Nuhad Dimashkiyyah, National Project Director Taiwan, China Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Yuan Tain-Jy Chen, Chairman J. B. Hung, Director, Economic Research Department Chung Chung Shieh, Researcher, Economic Research Department Tajikistan The Center for Sociological Research “Zerkalo” Qahramon Baqoev, Director Ol’ga Es’kina, Researcher Alikul Isoev, Sociologist and Economist Tanzania Economic and Social Research Foundation Irene Alenga, Commissioned Studies Department Haidari Amani, Executive Director and Professor Dennis Rweyemamu, Commissioned Studies Department Thailand Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration, Chulalongkorn University Pongsak Hoontrakul, Senior Research Fellow Toemsakdi Krishnamra, Director of Sasin Piyachart Phiromswad, Faculty of Economics Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) Somchai Jitsuchon, Research Director Chalongphob Sussangkarn, Distinguished Fellow Yos Vajragupta, Senior Researcher Timor-Leste Timor-Leste Development Agency (ETDA) Harun Y. Boavida, Survey Field Officer Januario Mok, Survey Supervisor Palmira Pires, Director Trinidad and Tobago Arthur Lok Jack Graduate School of Business Leslie-Ann Hackett, Engagement Manager, Research Narisha Khan, Research Associate Mark Oakley, Acting Executive Director Tunisia Institut Arabe des Chefs d’Entreprises Majdi Hassen, Executive Counsellor Chekib Nouira, President Turkey TUSIAD Sabanci University Competitiveness Forum A. Gunduz Ulusoy, Director and Professor Hande Yegenoglu, Project Specialist Uganda Makerere Institute of Social Research, Makerere University Robert Apunyo, Research Associate Delius Asiimwe, Senior Research Fellow Catherine Ssekimpi, Research Associate Ukraine CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Senior Economist ix Partner Institutes The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009 © 2008 World Economic Forum [...]... Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM) Dinh Van An, President Phan Thanh Ha, Deputy Director, Department of Macroeconomic Management Pham Hoang Ha, Senior Researcher, Department of Macroeconomic Management x Institute for Economic Research of HCMC Nguyen Van Quang, Vice Director Du Phuoc Tan, Head, Department of Urban Development Studies Trieu Thanh Son, Research Fellow Zambia Institute of Economic... Competitiveness Index Table 6: The Global Competitiveness Index: Basic requirements (cont’d.) 15 1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 16 Table 7: The Global Competitiveness Index: Efficiency enhancers PILLARS EFFICIENCY ENHANCERS Country/Economy Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam... Prioritizing the Economic Policy Agenda XAVIER SALA-I-MARTIN JENNIFER BLANKE MARGARETA DRZENIEK HANOUZ THIERRY GEIGER IRENE MIA FIONA PAUA World Economic Forum After several years of rapid and almost unhampered growth, the global economic landscape is changing Rising food and energy prices, a major international financial crisis, and the related slowdown in the world’s leading economies are confronting... those functions, the banking sector needs to be trustworthy and transparent.12 Ninth pillar: Technological readiness This pillar measures the agility with which an economy adopts existing technologies to enhance the productivity of its industries.13 In today’s globalized world, technology has increasingly become an important element for firms to compete and prosper In particular, information and communication... market Eleventh pillar: Business sophistication Business sophistication is conducive to higher efficiency in the production of goods and services.This leads, in turn, to increased productivity, thus enhancing a nation’s competitiveness Business sophistication concerns the quality of a country’s overall business networks as well as the quality of individual firms’ operations and strategies It is particularly... efficiency Financial market sophistication Technological readiness Market size Key for factor-driven economies 1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index Figure 1: The 12 pillars of competitiveness Efficiency enhancers Innovation and sophistication factors • Business sophistication • Innovation Key for efficiency-driven economies Key for innovation-driven economies 7 Stages of development and the weighted Index... organized into three subindexes, each critical to a particular stage of development.The basic requirements subindex groups those pillars most critical for countries in the factor-driven stage.The efficiency enhancers subindex includes those pillars critical for countries in the efficiency-driven stage And the innovation and sophistication factors subindex includes the pillars critical to countries in the innovation-driven... data.This has led to a net increase in country coverage, for a total of 134 economies this year Appendix A describes the exact composition of the GCI and technical details of its construction 20 Efficiency enhancers those countries that are not preparing for the next stage The classification of countries into stages of development is shown in Table 3 Implementation of stages of development: Smooth transitions... which Switzerland ranks 6th worldwide on a per capita basis Switzerland’s public institutions are rated among the most effective and transparent in the world (4th), ensuring a level playing field and enhancing business confidence, including an independent judiciary, a strong rule of law, and strong accountability of the public sector Competitiveness is also buttressed by excellent infrastructure and... Jordan Italy India Russian Federation Malta Poland Latvia Indonesia Botswana Mauritius Panama Costa Rica Mexico Croatia Hungary Turkey Brazil Montenegro Kazakhstan Greece Basic requirements Efficiency enhancers Innovation factors Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 . Economic Affairs Manager Vietnam Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM) Dinh Van An, President Phan Thanh Ha, Deputy Director, Department of Macroeconomic Management Pham Hoang Ha, Senior. Advanced Institute of Science and Technology—KAIST Myungchul Shin, Head, School Administration Bae Soonhoon, Vice President and Professor, Graduate School of Management Youjin Sung, Manager, Exchange. Economics Bogdan Radomski, Associate Professor Portugal PROFORUM, Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Engenharia Ilídio António de Ayala Serôdio, Vice President of the Board of Directors Forum de Administradores