Ubiquitous Computing

UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING Edited by Eduard Babkin Ubiquitous Computing Edited by Eduard Babkin Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Katarina Lovrecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright stocker1970, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published February, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Ubiquitous Computing, Edited by Eduard Babkin p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-409-2 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Part 2 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Preface IX Foundations 1 Machine Biological Clock: Exploring the Time Dimension in an Organic-Based Operating System 3 Mauro Marcelo Mattos Anywhere/Anytime Software and Information Access via Collaborative Assistance 31 Ren-Song Ko Uncertainty and Error Handling in Pervasive Computing: A User’s Perspective 49 Marie-Luce Bourguet Content Adaptation in Ubiquitous Computing 67 Wanderley Lopes de Souza, Antonio Francisco do Prado, Marcos Forte and Carlos Eduardo Cirilo Caching in Ubiquitous Computing Environments: Light and Shadow 95 Mianxiong Dong, Long Zheng, Kaoru Ota, Jun Ma, Song Guo, and Minyi Guo Privacy and Security 111 Security Analysis of the RFID Authentication Protocol using Model Checking 113 Hyun-Seok Kim, Jin-Young Choi, and Sin-Jae Lee On Modeling of Ubiquitous Computing Environments featuring Privacy 127 Vivian C. Kalempa, Rodrigo Campiolo, Lucas Guardalben, Urian K. Bardemaker, João Bosco M. Sobral Contents Contents VI Integration Middleware 149 WComp, a Middleware for Ubiquitous Computing 151 Nicolas Ferry, Vincent Hourdin, Stéphane Lavirotte, Gaëtan Rey, Michel Riveill and Jean-Yves Tigli Semantically Enriched Integration Framework for Ubiquitous Computing Environment 177 Habib Abdulrab, Eduard Babkin and Oleg Kozyrev Practical Applications 197 Current Challenges for Mobile Location-Based Pervasive Content Sharing Applications 199 R. Francese, I. Passero and Genoveffa Tortora Case Study: The Condition of Ubiquitous Computing Application in Indonesia 215 Dewi Agushinta R., Tb. Maulana Kusuma, Bismar Junatas and Deni Trihasta Using the iDTV as the Center of an Ubiquitous Environment 225 Orlewilson B. Maia, Nairon S. Viana and Vicente F. de Lucena Jr Part 3 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Part 4 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Pref ac e The aim of this book is to give a treatment of the actively developed domain of Ubiq- uitous computing (also known as ubicomp). In that domain, due to miniaturization, reduced costs of electronic components and advanced information technologies, de- velopers are now off ered a wide range of practical opportunities to design, develop and deploy thousands of the coin-sized sensors and mechanical devices at multiple locations. Originally proposed by Mark D. Weiser in 1988, the concept of Ubiquitous computing may be considered as an evolutionary development of traditional computational meth- ods and platforms. However, ubicomp enables real-time global sensing, context-aware informational retrieval, multi-modal interaction with the user and enhanced visual- ization capabilities. In eff ect, ubiquitous computing environments give extremely new and futuristic abilities to look at and interact with in our habitat at any time and from anywhere. Unforeseen ability to fuse rich diversity of information retrieval, processing and ac- cess methods available in ubiquitous computing environments, practically invisible devices and tight connectivity of distributed components raise many foundational, technological and engineering issues which were not even known prior to the third, ubicomp, wave of computing. Detailed cross-disciplinary coverage of those issues is really needed today for further progress and widening of application domains. This book collects twelve original works of researchers from eleven countries, which represent diff erent aspects of cu ing-edge research and application of Ubiquitous computing. The submissions are clustered into four sections: • Foundations • Security and Privacy • Integration and Middleware • Practical Applications Section Foundations is opened by the work of Mauro Marcelo Ma os where the con- cept of Knowledge-based Operating System (KBOS) is discussed. KBOS has ability of knowing how to perform tasks and how to self-adapt to the fl uctuations of resource X Preface availability when interacting with the surrounding environment. Studies of ubicomp foundations are continued by Ren-Song Ko who presents an original concept of mu- tual assistant networks (MANs) which combines social networks with wireless sensor networks, and provides an infrastructure for new location-aware social network ap- plications, in which people may share the local and timely information that cannot be obtained on time from the Internet. Uncertainty and error handling in the case of the invisibility of the devices and lacking of user’s awareness is studied by Marie-Luce Bourguet. For resolving that problem the author off ers exploiting users’ correct men- tal models of the devices and data properties. Foundational technologies for content adaptation in Ubiquitous computing are considered by Wanderley Lopes de Souza1, Antonio Francisco do Prado, Marcos Forte and Carlos Eduardo Cirilo. In their work the authors describe the Internet Content Adaptation Framework (ICAF), and suggest to apply ontologies for content adaptation. Mianxiong Dong, Long Zheng, Kaoru Ota, Song Guo, and Minyi Guo shed light on and study shadows of caching mechanisms for improving communication in Ubiquitous computing environment. They discuss the concept of Ubiquitous Multi-Processor (UMP) and off er an optimized algorithm for resource allocation to a processing node, which can improve the overall performance of the UMP system. Extremely important and challenging issues of security and privacy in Ubiquitous computing environments are considered in three consecutive works of the second Sec- tion. Hyun-Seok Kim, Jin-Young Choi, and Sin-Jae Lee propose comprehensive Secu- rity Analysis of the RFID Authentication Protocol using model checking formalism of Failure Divergence Refi nement (FDR). Based on the results of model checking authors reconfi rm the existence of known security fl aws and propose new schemes for secure RFID communication. Vivian C. Kalempa, Rodrigo Campiolo, Lucas Guardalben, Uri- an K. Bardemaker, and João Bosco M. Sobral explore the challenges to ensuring privacy in ubiquitous computing environments and propose to extend a metamodel of such environments to the aspects provacy. Section Integration and Middleware is focused on the problems of interoperability in the joint context of ubiquitous computing environment, existing IT-infrastructure and people society. In their work, Nicolas Ferry, Vincent Hourdin, St´ephane Laviro e, Ga¨etan Rey, Michel Riveill and Jean-Yves Tigli propose WComp, which is a middle- ware for ubiquitous computing capable of managing the dynamicity and heteroge- neity of entities in the so ware infrastructure. The proposed middleware solution is built in accordance with the principles of Web Service Oriented Architecture for De- vice (WSOAD). Habib Abdulrab, Eduard Babkin and Oleg Kozyrev describe semanti- cally enriched integration framework for ubiquitous computing environment, which is called Ontology Mediator. The last section of the application of ubicomp in practical se ings starts with the work of R. Francese, I. Passero & Genoveff a Tortora. The authors discuss current challenges for mobile location-based pervasive content sharing applications. Interesting factual information and observations are presented by Dewi Agushinta R. , Tb. Maulana [...]... Operating System Mauro Marcelo Mattos FURB – University of Blumenau Brazil 1 Introduction Ubiquitous Computing (UbiCom), Autonomic Computing (AC) and Organic Computing (OC) research has produced a substantial body of work dealing with smart devices, smart environments and smart interaction technologies Ubiquitous computing was introduced by (Weiser, 1991) and is related to a vision of people and environments...Preface Kusuma, Bismar Junatas and Deni Trihasta in the case study research which is about ubiquitous computing applications in Indonesia Orlewilson B Maia, Nairon S Viana and Vicente F de Lucena Jr observe benefits and opportunities of using the interactive Digital Television (iDTV) systems as the Center of and Ubiquitous Environment in particular circumstances of Brasilia Upon acquaintance with the... with traditional computing applications domains According to (Brachman, 2002) in such scenario there exists the need for a software infrastructure that supports all sorts of heterogeneities (hardware, operating systems, networks, protocols and applications) Autonomic Computing is related to someone or something acting or occurring involuntarily It is related to the ability to manage the computing enterprise... functional perspective, there is no difference between pressing a button or calling a function 8 Ubiquitous Computing 2.3 Program One last aspect to be discussed refers to the concept of program (Haigh, 2002): basically a program is a binary expression of some algorithm written in a programming language The classical computing model is based on detailed algorithmic control, rests entirely on the insight of... making it possible to adapt and change on multiple time scales as they evolve, develop, and grow, and they should do so without external direction or control (Bellman, Landauer, & Nelson, 2008) 4 Ubiquitous Computing The pervasiveness characteristic of these demands also implies the growing dependency on the expectance to obtaining the proper services when the system is fault-free and especially when... We should to consider that each user’s machine probably will have different hardware and software configurations that in some moment could be running a particular buggy combination of factors 6 Ubiquitous Computing Fig 1 Current paradigm: software from an inside-out perspective (a), and from an outsidein perspective (b) because the structure of an OS requires a series of fine-grained event-handler... of and Ubiquitous Environment in particular circumstances of Brasilia Upon acquaintance with the presented scientific works, the readers will obtain consistent comprehension of major foundations of Ubiquitous computing environments, their exciting opportunities and challenges, relevant scientific methods and practiceoriented technologies The editor of the book strongly believes that as a result, the research... and cognition “…I'm trying to understand how time works And that's a huge question that has lots of different aspects to it A lot of them go back to Einstein and space-time and how we measure 10 Ubiquitous Computing time using clocks But the particular aspect of time that I'm interested in is the arrow of time: the fact that the past is different from the future We remember the past, but we don't remember... be able to improvise, to interrupt, resume and sequence activities, to actively forage for information and to use the current situations to disambiguate references in its plans” (Schaad, 1998) 12 Ubiquitous Computing We find that statement important to resume the actual paradigm In our point of view, the actual paradigm can be introduced as follows: “unfortunately, programming is quite difficult Interacting... hardware Therefore, the membrane acts as an interface between the external environment and internal environment Using the analogy of the cell, we cannot break through the membrane to access the inner 14 Ubiquitous Computing parts of it So any form of influence in the cell must occur in a process similar to osmosis, i.e provide stimulus to the interface which will translate the stimulus to the internal representation . UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING Edited by Eduard Babkin Ubiquitous Computing Edited by Eduard Babkin Published by InTech Janeza Trdine. for Ubiquitous Computing 151 Nicolas Ferry, Vincent Hourdin, Stéphane Lavirotte, Gaëtan Rey, Michel Riveill and Jean-Yves Tigli Semantically Enriched Integration Framework for Ubiquitous Computing. Mattos FURB – University of Blumenau Brazil 1. Introduction Ubiquitous Computing (UbiCom), Autonomic Computing (AC) and Organic Computing (OC) research has produced a substantial body of work