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Appendix A Fundamental Atomic Data Fundamental Physical Constants Although there are many physical constants, which determine the nature of our universe, the following values are of particular importance when dealing with atomic and nuclear phenomena. Table A.I. Some important physical constants as internationally recommended in 1998. These and other constants can be obtained through the web from http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html Constant Speed of light (in vacuum) Electron charge Atomic mass unit Electron rest mass Proton rest mass Neutron rest mass Planck's constant Avogadro's constant Boltzmann constant Ideal gas constant (STP) Electric constant Symbol c e u m e m p m n h N a k R to Value 2.99792458 x 10 8 m s" 1 1.60217646 x 10~ 19 C 1.6605387 x 10~ 27 kg (931.494013 MeV/c 2 ) 9.1093819 x 10~ 31 kg (0.51099890 MeV/c 2 ) (5.48579911 x 10~ 4 u) 1.6726216 x 10~ 27 kg (938.27200 MeV/c 2 ) (1.0072764669 u) 1.6749272 x 10~ 27 kg (939.56533 MeV/c 2 ) (1.0086649158 u) 6.6260688 x 10~ 34 J s 4.1356673 x 10~ 15 eV s 6.0221420 x 10 23 mor 1 1.3806503 x 10~ 23 J K^ 1 (8.617342 x 10- 5 eV K" 1 ) 8.314472 J mor 1 K" 1 8.854187817 x 10~ 12 F m^ 1 Source: P.J. Mohy and B.N. Taylor, "CODATA Fundamental Physical Constants," Rev. Modern Recommended Values of the Physics, 72, No. 2, 2000. Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Periodic Table The periodic table presented in Table A.2 shows the new IUPAC group format numbers from 1 to 18, while the numbering system used by the Chemical Abstract Service is given in parentheses at the top of each column. In the left of each elemental square, the number of electrons in each of the various electron shells are given. In the upper right of each square, the melting point (MP). boiling point (BP). and critical point (CP) temperatures are given in degrees Celsius. Sublimation and critical temperatures are indicated by s and t. In the center of each elemental square the oxidation states, atomic weight, and natural abundance is given for each element. For elements that do not exist naturally, (e.g the transuranics), the mass number of the longest-lived isotope is given in square brackets. The abundances are based on meteorite and solar wind data. The table is from Firestone et al. [1999], and may be found on the web at http://isotopes.lbl.gov/isotopes/toi.html. Data for the table are from Lide [1997]. Leigh [1990]. Anders and Grevesse [1989], and CE News [1985]. Physical Properties and Abundances of Elements Some of the important physical properties of the naturally occurring elements are given in Table A.3. In this table the atomic weights, densities, melting and boiling points, and abundances of the elements are given. The atomic weights are for the elements as they exist naturally on earth, or. in the cases of thorium and protactinium, to the isotopes which have the longest half-lives. For elements whose isotopes are all radioactive, the mass number of the longest lived isotope is given in square brackets. Mass densities for solids and liquids are given at 25 °C, unless otherwise indi- cated by a superscript temperature (in °C). Densities for normally gaseous elements are for the liquids at their boiling points. The melting and boiling points at nor- mal pressures arc in degrees Celsius. Superscripts "t" and "s" are the critical and sublimation temperature (in degrees Celsius). The solar system elemental abundances (atomic %) are based on meteorite arid solar wind data. The elemental abundances in the earth's crust and in the oceans represent the median values of reported measurements. The concentrations of the less abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude. Data are from the 78th edition of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics [Lide 1997], and have been extracted from tables on the web at http://isotopes.lbl. gov/isotopes/toi.html. Properties of Stable and Long-Lived Nuclides In Table A.4. the percent abundance of each naturally occurring isotope of each element is given. Also tabulated are the half-life and decay modes of all the ra- dionuclides with half-lives greater than one hour. In this table, percent abundances of stable nuclides and naturally occurring radionuclides are displayed in bold face. For a half-life of a radionuclide expressed in years (or multiples of years), the year is the tropical year (1900) equal to 365.242 19878 d or 31 556925.9747 s. The percent frequencies of the principle decay modes for radioactive nuclides are given in parentheses. Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The data in Table A.4 are taken from the NuBase data evaluation first published by G. Audi, O. Bersillon, J. Blachot, and A.H. Wapstra, "The NuBase Evaluation of Nuclear Decay Properties," Nuclear Physics A, 624, 1-124, (1997). The data for this table (and for short-lived radionuclides) are available from the Atomic Mass Data Center on the web at http://www-csnsm.in2p3.fr/amdc/nubase-en.html. Internet Data Sources The data presented in this appendix are sufficient to allow you to do most assigned problems. All of these data have been taken from the web, and you are encouraged to become familiar with these important resources. Some sites, which have many links to various sets of nuclear and atomic data are http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/ http://isotopes.Ibl.gov/isotopes/toi.html http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/usndp/usndp-subj ect.html http://www nds.iaea.or.at/indg_intro.html http://neutrino.nuc.berkeley.edu/NEadm.html http://www.fysik.lu.se/nucleardata/toi_.html BIBLIOGRAPHY ANDERS, E. AND N. GREVESSE, "Abundances of the Elements: Meteoritic and Solar," Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 197 (1989). Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27 (1985). DEBlEVRE, P. AND P.D.P. TAYLOR, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 123, 149, 1993. FIRESTONE, R.B., C.M. BAGLIN, and S.Y.F. CHU, Table of Isotopes (1999), Wiley, New York, 1999. LEIGH, G.J., Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwells Scientific PubL, Oxford (1990). LlDE, D.R., ed., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press (1997). Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Group 3(IIIB) 4(IVB) 5(VB) 6 (VIB) 7 (VIIB) 8 (VIII) 9 (VIII) s K. ( , "'Vs. 1 ) sCa,, i4xl sSc,. -'"',• sTi,, 'S- * V,, .u'" sCr,, ™i" *Mn,,Si" «Fe,. :«M : nCo,, ^ S '" x -'' i) -1 10 -* i I ~- n 24 | ; 25 i^ Zr> j^ 27 xRb, 7 * sSr,, i.is: s Y, g .w' sZr, n um' sNb, S - ' I > ••" 1 x -* y IS "*" i S "* ,, Msr; « W,. " ; v sRe,. 55%: J<Os, t 5»i: ! sir 442* 7.1 . ix 7-1 , s 7s • |s 76 , s 77 sRa '""' sAc.,,. 3 ''m ' s 1 ,^ HS ,08 ,^09 ,i I269| ^ [268] Lanthanides Pr i 61 ."!»o sSm 62 I'm ijEu 63 I?*, «Gd M ':' 3 Actinides : J U 92 !!.M" JNp, 3 " 44 jPu w g .'('n jCm,,, 1243j -j [247] Table A.2. The periodic table of the elements. The new IUPAC group format numbers are from 1 to 18, while the numbering system used by the Chemical Abstract. Service is given in parentheses. For elements that are not naturally abundant (e.g the transuranics). the mass number of the longest-lived isotope is given in square brackets. The abundances are based on meteorite and solar wind data. The melting point (MP), boiling point (BP). arid critical point (CP) temperatures are given in degrees cclsius. Source: Firestone, Baglin. and Chu [1999], Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18 (VIIIA) 13 (IIIA) 15 (VA) 16 (VIA) 17 (VIIA) 113.7 184.4 M 546° I 18 +1+5+7-1 1° 0 126.90447 j 8 131.29 2.9x10"'% i 1.5x10 8 % HiBk 97 " )5 "° i 18 »' .12 +3+4 " 1247] 2 p.,. 900° 2 w-, 860° 32 +3 32 +3 2 » (251] | 2 j 2 1 1252, 2 8Md, n , 827 ° 18 lul 8NO. ft , 18 102 32 +1 32 + 2+^ 32 +2+^ 3 » [257] 3 i |258| 3 8 (259] 2 2 2 2 T 1627° sLr.,,, 18 "" 32 +.1 3 5 [262] 2 Table A.2. (cont.) The periodic table of the elements. The new IUPAC group format numbers are from 1 to 18, while the numbering system used by the Chemical Abstract Service is given in parentheses. For elements that are not naturally abundant (e.g., the transuranics), the mass number of the longest-lived isotope is given in square brackets. The abundances are based on meteorite and solar wind data. The melting point (MP), boiling point (BP), and critical point (CP) temperatures are given in degrees Celsius. Source: Firestone, Baglin, and Chu [1999]. Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table A.3. Some physical properties and abundances of the elements. Elemental Abundances Z I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 El H He Li Be B C a N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Atomic Weight 1.00794 4.002602 6.941 9.012182 10.811 12.0107 14.00674 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797 22.989770 24.3050 26.981538 28.0855 30.973761 32.066 35.4527 39.948 39.0983 40.078 44.955910 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938049 55.845 58.933200 58.6934 63.546 65,39 69.723 72.61 74.92160 78.96 79.904 83.80 85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.94 [98] 101.07 102.90550 106.42 Mass density (g/cm 3 ) 0.0708 0.124901 0.534 1.85 2,37 2.2670 15 ° 0.807 1.141 1.50 1.204 0.97 0.74 2.70 2.3296 1.82 2.067 1.56 1.396 0.89 1.54 2.99 4.5 6.0 7.15 7.3 7.875 8.86 8.912 8.933 7.134 5.91 5.323 5.776 2<) 4.809 26 ° 3.11 2.418 1.53 2.64 4.47 6.52 8.57 10.2 11 12.1 12.4 12.0 Melting Point -259 -272. 180. 1287 2075 4492' -210. -218. -219. -248. 97. 650 660. 1414 44. 115. -101. -189. 34 2 5 00 79 62 59 80 32 15 21 5 35 63.38 842 1541 1668 1910 1907 1246 1538 1495 1455 1084.62 419. 29. 938. 817' 221 -7. -157. 53 76 25 2 36 39.31 777 1522 1855 2477 2623 2157 2334 1964 1554.9 Boiling Point -252.87 -268.93 1342 2471 4000 3842s 6 ' -195.79 -182.95 -188.12 -246.08 883 1090 2519 3265 280.5 444.60 -34.04 -185.85 759 1484 2836 3287 3407 2671 2061 2861 2927 2913 2562 907 2204 2833 614 s 685 58.8 -153.22 688 1382 3345 4409 4744 4639 4265 4150 3695 2963 Solar System 91.0 8.9 1.86xlO" 7 2.38xlO" 9 6.9xlO" 8 0.033 0.0102 0.078 2.7xlO" 6 0.0112 0.000187 0.00350 0.000277 0.00326 3.4xlO~ 5 0.00168 1.7xlO" 5 0.000329 1.23xlO~ 5 0.000199 1.12xlO" 7 7.8xlO~ 6 9.6xlO" 7 4.4xlO~ 5 S.lxlO" 5 0.00294 7.3xlO" 6 0.000161 1.70x10"° 4.11xlO" 6 1.23xlO~ 7 3.9xlO" 7 2.1xlO" 8 2.03xlO~ 7 3.8xlO" 8 1.5xlO" 7 2.31xlO" 8 7.7xlO" 8 l.SlxlO" 8 3.72xlO~ 8 2.28xlO~ 9 8.3xlO~ 9 6.1xlO" 9 1.12xlO" 9 4.5xlO~ 9 Crustal Average (mg/kg) 1400 0.008 20 2.8 10 200 19 4.61xl0 5 585 0.005 2.36xl0 4 2.33xl0 4 8.23xl0 4 2.82xl0 5 1050 350 145 3.5 2.09xl0 4 4.15xl0 4 22 5650 120 102 950 5.63xl0 4 25 84 60 70 19 1.5 1.8 0.05 2.4 IxlO" 4 90 370 33 165 20 1.2 0.001 0.001 0.015 Earth's Oceans (mg/L) 1.08x10 7x10"° 0.18 5.6x10" 4.44 28 0.5 8.57x10 1.3 1.2x10" 1.08x10 1290 0.002 2.2 0.06 905 1.94x10 0.45 399 412 6xlO~ 7 0.001 0.0025 3xlO" 4 2x10 " 4 0.002 2xlO" 5 5.6x10" 2.5x10" 0.0049 3xlO" 5 5xlO" 5 0.0037 2xlO~ 4 67,3 2.1x10" 0.12 7.9 1.3x10" 3xlO" 5 IxlO" 5 0.01 7xlO~ 7 5 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 "graphite 'critical temperature '"sublimation temperature Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table A.3. (cont.) Some physical properties and abundances of the elements. Elemental Abundances Z 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 El Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Atomic Weight 107.8682 . 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.90447 131.29 132.90545 137.327 138.9055 140.116 140.90765 144.24 [145] 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92534 162.50 164.93032 167.26 168.93421 173.04 174.967 178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.078 196.96655 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.98038 [209] [210] [222] [223] [226] [227] 232.0381 231.03588 238.0289 Mass density (g/cm 3 ) 10.501 8.69 7.31 7.287 2€p 6.685 2ef 6.232 4.93 2CP 2.953 1.93 3.62 6.15 8.16 6.77 7.01 7.26 7.52 5.24 7.90 8.23 8.55 8.80 9.07 9.32 6.90 9.84 13.3 16.4 19.3 20.8 22.5 22.5 21.46 19.282 13.5336 11.8 11.342 9.807 9.32 4.4 5 10.07 11.72 15.37 18.95 Melting Point 961 321 156 231 630 449 113 -111 28 727 918 798 931 1021 1042 1074 822 1313 1356 1412 1474 1529 1545 819 1663 2233 3017 3422 3186 3033 2446 1768 1064 78 07 60 93 63 51 7 75 44 4 18 -38.83 304 327.46 271 254 302 -71 27 700 1051 1750 1572 1135 40 Boiling Point 2162 767 2072 2602 1587 988 184.4 -108.04 671 1897 3464 3443 3520 3074 3000 1794 1596 3273 3230 2567 2700 2868 1950 1196 3402 4603 5458 5555 5596 5012 4428 3825 2856 356.73 1473 1749 1564 962 -61.7 3198 4788 4131 Solar System 1 5 58x10 3x10" 6.0x10" 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 5 2 8 3 1 1 1 2 8 1 25x10 01x10 57x10 9x10" 5x10" 21x10 46x10 45x10 70x10 44x10 70x10 42x10 17x10 -9 9 10 -8 -9 -8 9 8 -9 -8 -9 -9 -10 -9 -10 -10 076xlO" 9 97x10 -10 286xlO" 9 90x10 18x10 23x10 8.08x10 1 5 6 4 1 2 2 4 6 1 6 1 4 1 2 -10 -10 -10 -10 197xlO" 10 02x10 75x10 34x10 69x10 20x10 16x10 -10 -11 -10 -10 -9 -9 4xlO" 9 1x10" 11x10 0x10" 03x10 7x10" 09x10 94x10 10 -9 10 -8 10 -10 -11 Crustal Average (mg/kg) 0.075 0.15 0.25 2.3 0.2 0.001 0.45 3xlO" 5 3 425 39 66.5 9.2 41.5 7.05 2.0 6.2 1.2 5.2 1.3 3.5 0.52 3.2 0.8 3.0 2.0 1.25 7xlO" 4 0.0015 0.001 0.005 0.004 0.085 0.85 14 0.0085 2xlO" 10 4xlO~ 13 9xlO" 7 5.5xlO" 10 69.6 1.4xlO" 6 2.7 Earth's Oceans (mg/L) 4xlO" 5 l.lxlO" 4 0.02 4xlO" 6 2.4xlO" 4 0.06 5xlO" 5 3xlO" 4 0.013 3.4xlO" 6 1.2xlO" 6 6.4xlO~ 7 2.8xlO" 6 4.5xlO" 7 1.3xlO" 7 7xlO" 7 1.4xlO" 7 9. IxlO" 7 2.2xlO~ 7 8.7xlO" 7 1.7xlO" 7 8.2xlO" 7 1.5xlO" 7 7xlO" 6 2xlO" 6 IxlO" 4 4xlO~ 6 4xlO" 6 3xlO" 5 1.9xlO~ 5 3xlO~ 5 2xlO" 5 1.5xlO" 14 6xlO" 16 8.9xlO~ n IxlO" 6 5xlO~ n 0.0032 Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table A.4. Percent isotopic abundances (bold) of naturally occurring nuclides and decay char- acteristics of radionuclides with 7\/2 > 1 h. Branching ratios are in percent. Nucl. ] H 2 H 3 H 3 He 4 He 6 Li 7 Li 7 Be 9 Be 10 Be IO B n B 12 C 13 C 14 C 14 N 15 N 16Q 17Q 18 Q 19 F 20 Ne 21 Ne 22 Ne 22 Na 23 Na 24 Na 24 Mg 25 Mg 26 Mg 20 Al 27 A1 28 Mg 28 Si 29 Si 30 Si 3 lp 32 Si 32p 32 g 33p 33 g 34 S 35 g 35 Cl 36 g 36 Cl 30 Ar 3T C1 37 Ar 38 Ar 39 Ar 39 K 40 Ar 40 K 40 Ca 41 K 41 Ca Half-life stable stable 12.33 y stable stable stable stable 53.29 d stable 1.51 My stable stable stable stable 5.73 ky stable stable stable stable stable stable stable stable stable 2.6019 y stable 14.9590 h stable stable stable 740 ky stable 20.91 h stable stable stable stable 132 y 14.262 d stable 25.34 d stable stable 87.51 d stable stable 301 ky stable stable 35.04 d stable 269 y stable stable 1.277 Gy stable stable 103 ky Abund. / Decay Mode 99.985 0.015 #-(100) 0.000137 99.999863 7.5 92.5 EC(IOO) 100. #-(100) 19.9 80.1 98.89 1.11 ,3" (100) 99.634 0.366 99.762 0.038 0.200 100. 90.48 0.27 9.25 8+ (100) 100. #-(ioo) 78.99 10.00 11.01 #+(100) 100. 8- (100) 92.23 4.67 3.10 100. #-(ioo) fl-(ioo) 95.02 #-(100) 0.75 4.21 #-(100) 75.77 0.02 #-(98.1) #+(1.9) 0.3365 24.23 EC(IOO) 0.0632 #-(100) 93.2581 99.6003 0.0117 #-(89. 28) #+(10.72) 96.941 6.7302 EC (100) Nucl. 42 Ar 42 R 42 Ca 43 K 43 Ca 43 Sc 44 Ca 44 Sc 44m g c 44 Ti 45 Ca 45 Sc 46 Ca 46 Sc 4G Ti 47 Ca 47 Sc 47 Ti 48 Ca 48 Sc 48 Ti 48 y 48 Cr 49 T j 49y 50 Ti 50 y 50 Cr 51y 51 Cr 52 Cr 52 Mn 52 Fe 53 Cr •™ Mn 54 Cr 54 Mn 54 Fe 55 Mn 55 Fe 55 Co 50 Mn 56 Fe 56 Co 50 Ni 57 Fe 57 Co 57 Ni 58 Fe 58 Co 58m CQ 58 Ni 59 Fe 59 Co 59 Ni 60 Fe 60 Co 60 Ni Half-life 32.9 y 12.360 h stable 22.3 h stable 3.891 h stable 3.927 h 58.6 h 64.8 y 162.67 d stable stable 83.79 d stable 4.536 d 3.3492 d stable 51 Ey 43.67 h stable 15.9735 d 21.56 h stable 330 d stable 150 Py stable stable 27.702 d stable 5.591 d 8.275 h stable 3.74 My stable 312.3 d stable stable 2.73 y 17.53 h 2.5785 h stable 77.27 d 5.9 d stable 271.79 d 35.60 h stable 70.82 d 9.15 h stable 44.503 d stable 80 kv 1.5 My 5.2714 y stable Abund. / Decay Mode #-(100) #-(ioo) 0.647 #"(100) 0.135 #+(100) 2.086 #+(100) IT(98.80) #+(1.20) EC(IOO) #"(100) 100. 0.004 #-(100) 8.25 #-(100) #-(100) 7.44 0.187 #-(100) 73.72 #+(100) #+(100) 5.41 EC (100) 5.18 0.250 #+(83) #-(17) 4.345 99.750 EC(IOO) 83.789 #+(100) #+(100) 9.501 EC (100) 2.365 EC(IOO) 5.845 100. EC(IOO) #+(100) #-(100) 91.754 8+ (100) #+(100) 2.119 EC(IOO) #+(100) 0.282 /3+(100) IT(IOO) 68.077 #-(100) 100. /T 1 (100) #-(100) #-(100) 26.223 Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table A.4. (cont.) Percent isotopic abundances (bold) of naturally occurring nuclides and decay characteristics of radionuclides with T^/2 > 1 h. Branching ratios are in percent. Nucl. 61 Co 61 Ni 61 Cu 62 Ni 62 Zn 63 Ni 63 Cu 64 Ni 64 Cu 64 Zn 65 Ni 65 Cu 65 Zn G6 Ni 6G Zn 66 Ga 66 Ge G7 Cu 67 Zn 67 Ga G8 Zn 68 Ge 69m. 2ji 69 Ga 69 Ge 70 Zn 70 Ge 71m Zn 71 Ga 71 Ge 71 As 72 Zn 72 Ga 72 Ge 72 As 72 Se 73 Ga 73 Ge 73 As 73 Se 74 Ge 74 As 74 Se 75 As 75 Se 76 Ge 70 As 76 Se 76 Br 76 Kr 77 Ge 77 As 77 Se 77 Br 78 Se 78 Kr 79 Se 79 Br Half-life 1.650 h stable 3.333 h stable 9.186 h 100.1 y stable stable 12.700 h stable 2.5172 h stable 244.26 d 54.6 h stable 9.49 h 2.26 h 61.83 h stable 3.2612 d stable 270.8 d 13.76 h stable 39.05 h stable stable 3.96 h stable 11.43 d 65.28 h 46.5 h 14.10 h stable 26.0 h 8.40 d 4.86 h stable 80.30 d 7.15 h stable 17.77 d stable stable 119.79 d 1.09 Zy 1.0778 d stable 16.2 h 14.8 h 11.30 h 38.83 h stable 57.036 h stable stable <650 ky stable Abund. / Decay Mode ft- (100) 1.140 ft+(100) 3.634 ft+(100) ft- (100) 69.17 0.926 ft+(61.0) ft' (39.0) 48.6 ft- (100) 30.83 ft+(100) ft- (100) 27.9 ft+(100) ft+(100) ft- (100) 4.1 EC(IOO) 18.8 EC(IOO) IT(~100) ft- (0.033) 60.108 ft+(100) 0.6 21.23 ft- (-100) 39.892 EC(IOO) ft+(100) ft- (100) ft- (100) 27.66 ft+(100) EC (100) ft- (100) 7.73 EC(IOO) ft+(100) 35.94 ft+(66) ft- (34) 0.89 100. EC(IOO) 7.44 ft- (-100) EC(<0.02) 9.36 ft+(100) ft+(100) ft- (100) ft- (100) 7.63 ft+(100) 23.78 0.35 ft- (100) 50.69 Nucl. 79 Kr 80 Se 80m g r 80 Kr 81 Br 81 Kr 81 Rb 82 Se 82 Br 82 Kr 82m Rb 82g r 83 Br 83 Kr 83m j^ r 83 Rb 83 Sr 84 Kr 84 Rb 84 Sr 85 Kr 85m Kr 85 Rb 85 Sr 85 Y 85m Yx SG Kr 86 Rb 86 Sr 86y 86 Zr 87 Rb 87 Sr 87m g r 87 Y 87m Y X 87 Zr 88 Kr 88 Sr 88y 88 Zr 89 Sr 89 Y 89 Zr 89 Nb 89m, Nb 90 Sr 90 Y 90m Y X 90 Zr 90 Nb 90 Mo 91 Sr 91 Y 91 Zr 91 Nb 91m Nb 92 Sr Half-life 35.04 h stable 4.4205 h stable stable 229 ky 4.576 h 121 Ey 35.30 h stable 6.472 h 25.55 d 2.40 h stable 1.83 h 86.2 d 32.41 h stable 32.77 d stable 10.756 y 4.480 h stable 64.84 d 2.68 h 4.86 h stable 18.631 d stable 14.74 h 16.5 h 47.5 Gy stable 2.803 h 79.8 h 13.37 h 1.68 h 2.84 h stable 106.65 d 83.4 d 50.53 d stable 78.41 h 1.9 h 1.18 h 28.84 y 64.10 h 3.19 h stable 14.60 h 5.56 h 9.63 h 58.51 d stable 680 y 60.86 d 2.71 h Abund. / ft+(100) 49.61 IT(IOO) 2.25 49.31 EC(IOO) ft+(100) 8.73 ft" (100) 11.6 ft + (-100 EC(IOO) ft- (100) 11.5 IT (100) EC(IOO) ft+(100) 57.0 /3 + (96.2) 0.56 ft- (100) ft- (78.6) 72.165 EC(IOO) ft + (100) ft+(-100 17.3 ft- (-100 9.86 ft + (100) ft+(100) 27.835 ft 7.00 IT(~100) ft + (100) IT (98 A3) ft+(100) ft- (100) 82.58 ft + (100) EC(IOO) ft- (100) 100. ft+(100) ft+(100) ft+(100) ft- (100) ft- (100) IT(~100) 51.45 ft + (100) ft+(100) ft- (ioo) ft- (100) 11.22 Decay Mode IT(<0.33) ft- (3.8) IT(21.4) IT(<0.002) EC(0.0052) ^(100) EC(0.30) ft+(1.57) ft- (0.0018) EC(~100) e+(0.0138) IT(93) EC(7) e+ (0.0028) ft" (100) Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table A.4. (cont.) Percent isotopic abundances (bold) of naturally occurring nuclides and decay characteristics of radionuclides with T\/2 > 1 h- Branching ratios are in percent. Nucl. 92y 92 Zr 92 Nb 92,n Nb 92 Mo 93 y 93 Zr 93 Nb 93m Nb 93 Mo 93771 Mo 93 Tc 94 Zr 94 Nb 94 Mo 95 Zr 95 Nb 95m Nb 95 Mo 95 Tc 95m rp c 95 Ru 96 Zr 96 Nb 96 Mo 96 Tc 96 Ru 97 Zr 97 Mo 9r Tc 97m Tc 97 Ru 98 Mo 98 Tc 98 Ru "Mo 99 Tc 99m Tc 99 Ru 99 Rh ™ 99 Rh 100 Mo 100 Ru 100 Rh 100 pd 101 Ru 101 Rh 101m Rh 101 Pd 102 Ru 102 Rh 102m f^ 102 pd 103 Ru 103 Rh 103 p d 104 Ru 104 p d Half-life 3.54 h stable 34.7 My 10.15 d stable 10.18 h 1.53 My stable 16.13 v 4.0 ky 6.85 h 2.75 h stable 20.3 ky stable 64.02 d 34.975 d 86.6 h stable 20.0 h 61 d 1.643 h 39 Ey 23.35 h stable 4.28 d stable 16.90 h stable 2.6 My 90.1 d 2.9 d stable 4.2 My stable 65.94 h 211.1 ky 6.01 h stable 16.1 d 4.7 h 10.2 Ey stable 20.8 h 3.63 d stable 3.3 y 4.34 d 8.47 h stable 206.0 d 3.76 y stable 39.26 d stable 16.991 d stable stable Abund. / Decay Mode £~(100) 17.15 £+(~100) £~(<0.05) £+(100) 14.84 £-(100) £"(100) 100. IT(IOO) EC(IOO) IT(~100) £+(0.12) (3+ (100) 17.38 0-(lOO) 9.25 #-(100) ,5" (100) IT(94.4) (3- (5.6) 15.92 £+(100) 0+ (96.12) IT(3.88) £+(ioo) 2.80 2 £-(100) 16.68 £+(100) 5.52 £~(100) 9.55 EC(IOO) IT(~100) EC(<0.34) £+(100) 24.13 £-(100) 1.88 fl-(lOO) 0~(100) IT(~100) 0- (0.0037) 12.7 £+(100) £+(-100) IT(<0.16) 9.63 12.6 £+(100) EC(IOO) 17.0 EC (100) EC(93.6) IT(6.4) 0+(lOO) 31.6 0+(80) £-(20) £+(-100) IT(0.23) 1.02 0-(100) 100. EC (100) 18.7 11.14 Nucl. 105 Ru 105 Rh 105 p d 105 Ag 10G Ru 10Gp d 106m A 106 Cd 107p d 107 A 107 Cd 108p d 108m A 108 Cd 109 Pd 109 Ag 109 Cd 109 In 110 pd 110m A 110 Cd iio ln 110 Sn lllmp d ni Ag in Cd in ln 112p d 112 Ag 112 Cd 112 Sn 113 A 113 Cd 113m Cd 113 In l]3m ln 113 Sn 114 Cd 114171 In 114 Sn 115 Cd 115m Cd 115 In 11 s™ In 115 Sn 116 Cd 116 Sn ii6 Te 117 Cd 117r,,. Cd 117 Sn I17mg n 117 Sb 118 Sn 118m Sb 118 Te 119 Sn 119m Sn Half-life 4.44 h 35.36 h stable 41.29 d 373.59 d stable 8.28 d stable 6.5 My stable 6.50 h stable 418 y stable 13.7012 h stable 462.6 d 4.2 h stable 249.76 d stable 4.9 h 4.11 h 5.5 h 7.45 d stable 2.8047 d 21.03 h 3.130 h stable stable 5.37 h 7.7 Py 14.1 y stable 1.6582 h 115.09 d stable 49.51 d stable 53.46 h 44.6 d 441 Ty 4.486 h stable 34 Ey stable 2.49 h 2.49 h 3.36 h stable 13.60 d 2.80 h stable 5.00 h 6.00 d stable 293.1 d Abund. / £-(100) £~(100) 22.33 £+(100) £-(ioo) 27.33 0+(lOO) 1.25 0-(lOO) 51.839 (3+ (100) 26.46 £+(91.3) 0.89 £-(100) 48.161 EC (100) £+(100) 11.72 £-(98.64) 12.49 £+(100) EC(IOO) IT(73) £- £-(100) 12.80 EC(IOO) £-(100) £-(100) 24.13 0.97 £-(100) 12.22 £- £~(~100) 4.29 IT(IOO) £+(100) 28.73 IT(96.754 0.65 £-(100) £-(100) 95.71 0- IT(95.0) f. 0.34 7.49 14.54 £+(100) £-(100) £~(100) 7.68 IT(IOO) £+(100) 24.22 £+(100) EC(IOO) 8.58 IT(IOO) Decay Mode [T(8.7) IT(1.36) (27) (100) IT(0.14) £+(3.25) (100) ?-(5.0) Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. [...]... EC(84.8) a(15.2) 51.50 d a(~100) Appendix B Atomic Mass Table Atomic Mass Tables In this appendix a series of tables of atomic masses is given These data are from the "The 1995 update to the atomic mass evaluation" by G Audi and A.H Wapstra Nuclear Physics, A595, Vol 4 p 409 480, December 25, 1995 Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved Table B.I Atomic mass tables N Z A El 1 0 0 1 1 1... 994510 45 014560 46 023830 45 999570 45 984120 45 968090 45 961976 45 953692.8 45 955170.3 45 952629.5 45 960199.5 45 968362 45 986720 46 000810 47 007620 46 987950 Table B.I Atomic mass tables (cont.) N Z A El Atomic Mass Z A El N Atomic Mass 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26... 976056 974412 974467 977375 981170 986040 991670 998660 006190 977499 976095 974449 978483 980465 986600 990160 998490 003780 982580 977408 975881 978455 981578 985776 Table B.I Atomic mass tables (cont.) N Z A El Atomic Mass N Z A El Atomic Mass (MU) (MU) 121 120 119 118 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 129 128 127 126 125... 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 n H 2 H 3 H He 4 H He Li 5 H He Li Be 6 H He Li Be 7 He Li Be B 8 He Li Be B C 9 He Li Be B C 10 He Li Be B C N 11 Li Be B C N 12 Li Be B C N O 13 Be B C N 0 14 Be B C N 0 F Atomic Mass (/xu) N Z A El Atomic Mass 1 008664.9233 1 007825.0321 2 014101.7780 3 016049.2675 3 016029.3097 4 027830 4 002603.2497 4 027180 5 039540 5 012220 5 012540 5 040790 6 044940 6 018888.1 6 015122.3 6 019726... 63 64 65 66 67 Ga Ge As V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Mn Fe Atomic Mass (/zu) N Z A El Atomic Mass 60 949170 60 963790 60 980620 61 973140 61 955800 61 947970 61 936770 61 934054 61 928348.8 61 932587 61 934334 61 944180 61 954650 61 973200 62 976750 62 961860 62 949810 62... 921402.7 75 922393.9 75 919214.1 75 924542 75 925948 75 935071 75 941610 76 960830 76 947950 76 937090 76 929280 76 923548.5 76 920647.7 76 919914.6 76 921380 76 924668 76 930407 Table B.I Atomic mass tables (cont.) N Z A El Atomic Mass 39 38 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 52 51 50 49 48 47 46... Table B.I Atomic mass tables (cont.) N Z 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 76 75 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 46 47 A El Atomic Mass... 920044 140 914406 140 910957 140 908271 140 907648 140 909605 140 913607 140 918469 140 924890 140 932210 140 941160 140 951190 141 948500 141 940180 141 929700 141 924292 Table B.I Atomic mass tables (cont.) N Z A El Atomic Mass N Z A El 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81... 151 924714 151 931740 151 935080 151 944300 151 950170 151 963610 152 959610 152 949450 Table B.I Atomic mass tables (cont.) N Z 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 A El Atomic Mass (/xu) Ce 152 940580 58 Pr 152 933650 59 Nd 152 927695 60 Pm 152 924113 61 Sm 152 922094... 983876.7 27 981910.18 27 976926.5327 27 992312 28 004370 28 028510 29 043260 29 019350 29 002810 28 988550 28 980444.8 28 976494.72 28 981801.4 28 996610 29 014110 30 023870 Table B.I Atomic mass tables (cont.) N Z A El Atomic Mass N Z A El 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 . a(15.2) a(~100) Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Appendix B Atomic Mass Table Atomic Mass Tables In this appendix a series of tables of atomic masses is given. These . http://www-csnsm.in2p3.fr/amdc/nubase-en.html. Internet Data Sources The data presented in this appendix are sufficient to allow you to do most assigned problems. All of these data have. Appendix A Fundamental Atomic Data Fundamental Physical Constants Although there are many