Relatives clause

RELATIVE CLAUSES  - Relative clauses là mệnh đề phụ được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng đằng trước nó. Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa. - Mệnh đề quan hệ thường được nối với mệnh đề chính bằng các đại từ quan hệ “ Who, Whom….” 1. Who: được dùng làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ thay cho danh từ chỉ người: Ex: Jack is the boy who plays the guitar. The boy who we are looking for is Tom 2. Whom: có thể được dùng làm tân ngữ thay cho Who trong cách nói trang trọng. The boy whom we are looking for is Tom 3. Which: được dùng làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ cho danh từ chỉ sự vật, sự việc Ex: My sister works for a company which makes washing machines Have you found the keys which you lost ? 4. That : Được dùng thay cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vât. That có thể được dùng thay cho who, whom, which trong mênh đề xác định. Ex: The man who/ that lives next doo is very friendly. 5. Whose: được dùng để chỉ sự sở hữu cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật đứng trước, sau whose không có mạo từ Ex: What is the name of the man whose car you borrowed ? * Note: trong mệnh đề xác định có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ: Ex: The man ( who/ that) you saw at the concert is my boss 6. Mệnh đề xác định: là mệnh đề được dùng để xác dịnh danh từ trước nó, mệnh đề xác định là mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa. Ex: What’s the name of the tall man who just came in ? The book which you lent me was very interesting 7. Mệnh đề không xác định: là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người hoặc một vật đã được xác định, là mệnh đề không nhất thiết phải có trong câu, không có nó câu vẫn đử nghĩa, được tách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu phẩy. Ex: My brother John, who lives in London, is a doctor. This morning I met Tom, who/ whom I hadn’t seen for ages. Không dùng that trong mệnh đề không xác định . That đặc biệt được sử dụng khi danh từ đứng trước nó là all, everyone, everybody, anyone, someone hay khi danh từ đứng trước nó có thể chỉ cho cả người lẫn vật. RELATIVE CLAUSES (Mệnh đề quan hệ) Mệnh đề quan hệ (mệnh đề tính từ) bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, which, that, whose hay những trạng từ quan hệ: why, where, when. Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó. I. CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ: 1. WHO: - Làm chủ từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người. … N (person) + WHO + V + O 2. WHOM: - Làm túc từ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người. … N (person) + WHOM + S + V 3. WHICH: - Làm chủ từ hoặc túc từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật. … N (thing) + WHICH + V + O … N (thing) + WHICH + S + V 4. THAT: - Có thể thay thế cho vị trí của who, whom, which trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định. * Các trường hợp thường dùng “that”: o Khi đi sau các hình thức so sánh nhất o Khi đi sau các từ: only, the first, the last o Khi danh từ đi trước bao gôm cả người và vật o Khi đi sau các đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none. Ex: o He was the most interesting person that I have ever met. o It was the first time that I heard of it. o These books are all that my sister left me. o She talked about the people and places that she had visited. * Các trường hợp không dùng that: - Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định và sau giới từ 5. WHOSE: dùng để chỉ sở hữu cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật, thường thay cho các từ: her, his, their, hoặc hình thức ‘s … N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V … II. CÁC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ: 1. WHY: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason. …N (reason) + WHY + S + V … Ex: I don’t know the reason. You didn’t go to school for that reason. → I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school. 2. WHERE: thay thế từ chỉ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there …N (place) + WHERE + S + V …. (WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Ex: a/ The hotel wasn’t very clean. We stayed t that hotel. → The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean. → The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean. 3. WHEN: thay thế từ chỉ thời gian, thường thay cho từ then ….N (time) + WHEN + S + V … (WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Ex: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day. → Do you still remember the day when we first met? → Do you still remember the day on which we first met? I don’t know the time. She will come back then. → I don’t know the time when she will come back. III. CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: Có hai loại mệnh đề quan hệ: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định. 1. Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó. Mệnh đề xác định là mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ không xác định và không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách nó với mệnh đề chính. Ex: The city which I visited last summer is very beautiful. (Defining relative clause) 2. Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định (Non-defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người, một vật hoặc một sự việc đã được xác định. Mệnh đề không xác định là mệnh đề không nhất thiết phải có trong câu, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ xác định và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-) Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful. (Non-defining relative clause) Note: để biết khi nào dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý các điểm sau: - Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ riêng - Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their) - Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa la một danh từ đi với this , that, these, those IV. MỘT SỐ LƯU Ý TRONG MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: 1. Nếu trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ thì giới từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với whom và which.) Ex: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year. → Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher. → Mr. Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher. 2. Có thể dùng which thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước. Ex: She can’t come to my birthday party. That makes me sad. → She can’t come to my birthday party, which makes me sad. 3. Ở vị trí túc từ, whom có thể được thay bằng who. Ex: I’d like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party. 4. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , chúng ta có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ: whom, which. Ex: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend. The book you lent me was very interesting. 5. Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of … có thể được dùng trước whom, which và whose. Ex: I have two sisters, both of whom are students. She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her. V. CÁCH RÚT GỌN MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: 1. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm phân từ: Mệnh đề quan hệ chứa các đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ who, which, that có thể được rút gọn thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing) hoặc quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed). * Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề chủ động thì rút thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing). Ex: a/ The man who is standing over there is my father. → The man standing over there is my father. b/ The couple who live next door to me are professors. → The couple living next door to me are professors. * Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề bị động thì rút thành cụm quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed). Ex: a/ The instructions that are given on the front page are very important. → The instructions given on the front page are very important. b/ The book which was bought by my mother is interesting. → The book bought by my mother is interesting. 2. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu: Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) khi trước đại từ quan hệ có các cụm từ: the first, the second, the last, the only hoặc hình thức so sánh bậc nhất. Ex: a/ John was the last person that got the news. → John was the last person to get the news. b/ He was the best player that we admire. → He was the best player to be admired. c/ He was the second man who was killed in this way. → He was the second man to be killed in this way. Ex 1: put in which/ who… 1. What’s the name of the man…………… hair is red ? ( Whose) 2. I met a man……. knows you . ( who/ that) 3. Your mother, ……answered the phone, told me you were away. ( who/ that) 4. She has borrowed money from every one, …….has disappointed us a lot. ( which) 5. They are at Heathrow Airport, …. is one of the biggest airports in the world ( which) 6. We walked down the steps…… let to the basement. ( which/ that) 7. Hide and seek is a game……… I liked to play as a child. ( which/ that) 8. The woman……. I spoken to is in the next room. ( whom/ that) 9. The woman……. son I work with owns this store. ( whose) 10. Please show me the book in…. you found this material ? ( which) 11. Paris, through…… we drove, is beautiful. ( which) 12. The boy for… this woman has been looking got lost keys three days ago. ( whom) 13. It was Jack…… came late for the meeting. ( who) 14. It’s in Hue……. I was born. ( that) 15. He gave me three books, none of………… is worth reading. ( which) 16. Those are the places…… they often go to . ( which/ that) 17. My class has 20 students, all of…… are girls. ( whom) 18. I’d like to buy a shirt please………. one, please ( which) 19. It was Liverpool ………… I born. ( that) 20. Frank,……… was talking to Jim, used to teach me English. ( who) EX 2: Join the pairs of sentences 1. Do you know the shop ? The shop sells good coffee. => Do you know the shop which sells good coffee ? 2. She knows somebody . That person can sing very well. => She knows somebody that can sing very well. 3. This is the house. My father likes the garden of the house => This is the house whose garden my father likes . 4. The teacher punished the student. This student was naughty => The teacher punished the student who/that was naughty 5. She fell in love with a man. The man was from another country. => She fell in love with a man who/that was from another country. 6. I like to write to friends. These friends are living far away from me. => I like to write to friends who/ that are living far away from me. - EXERCISE: 70’ Ex1: Fill in the blank with the correct relative pronoun. 1. There are eighteen different kinds of penguins ______ live south of the equator. 2. Thank you very much for the present ______ you sent me. 3. This is Mrs. Jones, ______ son won the championship last year. 4. His girlfriend, ______ he trusted absolutely, turned out to be an enemy spy. 5. The bus crashed into a queue of people, four of _______ were killed. 6. A man bought in a little girl, ______ hand was cut by flying glass. 7. Mary, ______ boyfriend didn’t turn up, ended by having lunch with Peter. 8. He paid me $5 for cleaning ten windows, most of _______ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. 9. In prison they fed us on dry bread, most of ______ was mouldy. 10. The chair in _____ I was sitting suddenly collapsed. 11. The bed ______ I slept on has no mattress. 12. The man _______ I was waiting for didn’t turn up. 13. The student with ________ she was dancing had a slight limb. Ex2: Put a tick  if the relative pronoun in the following sentences can be deleted, and put a cross  if it is not. 1. We lit a fire, which soon dried out clothes. 2. The report, which should have taken an hour and a half, took three hours. 3. The children who I was looking after were terribly spoilt. 4. She thanked him for the kind help that she received. 5. There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box from which I was phoning. 6. The man who was driving us didn’t know the way. 7. The Smiths, whose house was destroyed in the explosion, were given rooms in the hotel. 8. The car which we hired from the airport broke down on the road. 9. My boss, who I really wanted to see, was too busy to meet anyone. 10. Mr. and Mrs. Jones, who were out playing cards, knew nothing of the burglary. Ex3: Combine the following pairs of sentences, using relative clauses. 1. Mr. Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I had come specially to see him. 2. I missed the train. I usually catch this train. 3. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable. 4. This is a story of a group of boys. Their plane crashed on an uninhabited island. 5. He introduced me to his students. Most of them were from abroad. 6. He expected to pay me $2 for 12 eggs. Four of the eggs were broken. 7. She climbed to the top of the Monument to see the wonderful view. She had been told about the view. 8. I was given this address by a man. I met his man on a train 9. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out. 10. The bar was so noisy that I couldn’t hear the person at the other end of the line. I was telephoning from this bar. 11. At 6.00 thick fog descended. 6.00 was an hour before the plane was due. 12. I’ve just spoken to Sally. She sends you her love. 13. I waited for him until 4.30. At that point I gave up. Answer: Ex1: Fill in the blank with the correct relative pronoun. 1. which/ that 2. which/ that 3. whose 4. who/ whom 5. whom 6. whose 7. whose 8. which 9. which 10. which 11. which/ that 12. who/ whom/ that 13. whom Ex2: Put a tick  if the relative pronoun in the following sentences can be deleted, and put a cross  if it is not. 1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  7.  8.  9.  10.  Ex3: Combine the following pairs of sentences, using relative clauses. 1. Mr. Smith, who I had come specially to see, said he too busy to speak to me 2. I missed the train which I usually catch. 3. I saw several houses, most of which were quite unsuitable. 4. This is a story of a group of boys whose plane crashed on an uninhabited island. 5. He introduced me to his student, most of whom were from abroad. 6. He expected to pay me $2 for 12 eggs, four of which were broken. 7. She climbed to the top of the Monument to see the wonderful view which she had been told about. 8. I was given this address by a man who I met on a train. 9. The man who answered the phone said Tom was out. 10. The bar from which I was telephoning was so noisy that I couldn’t hear the person at the other end of the line. 11. At 6.00, which was an hour before the plane was due, thick fog descended. 12. I’ve just spoken to Sally, who sends you her love. 13. I waited for him until 4.30, at which point I gave up. RELATIVE CLAUSES Exercise 1. Use a relative pronoun preceded by a preposition to combine each pair of sentences bellow 1. There is a No parking sign. I do not take notice of it 2. Mr. Brown is a man. I am responsible to him for my work. 3. Do you see my pen? I have just written the lesson with it. 4. We are crossing the meadow (bãi cỏ) . We flew kites over it in our childhood. Exercise 2. Use a relative pronoun to combine each pair of sentences bellow 1. The man is my father. I respect ( tôn trọng ) his opinions most 2. Tom has three sisters. All of them are married 3. I recently went back to Paris. It is still as beautiful as a pearl 4. I recently went back to Paris. I was born in Paris nearly 50 years ago 5. She was the most intelligent woman. I’ve ever met this woman 6. Do you know the music? It is being played on the radio. 7. You didn’t tell us the reason. We have to cut down our daily expenses ( chi phí hàng ngày) for that reason 8. The day was rainy. She left on that day 9. I’ve sent him two letters. He has received neither of them 10.That man is an artist. I don’t remember the man’s name 11.That car belongs to Dr. Clark. Its engine is very good 12.You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it 13.This is Mrs. Jones. Her son won the championship last year 14.Rod Lee has won an Oscar. I know his sister 15.Is this the style of hair? Your wife wants to have it 16.A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out 17.7.05 is the time. My plane arrives then 18.Max. isn’t at home yet. That worries me 19.Do you know the building? The windows of the building are painted green 20.Last week I went to see the house. I used to live in it. Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with Relative pronouns or Relative adverbs, where necessary. 1. Let me see all the letters………….you have written 2. Is there anyone…………….can help me do this? 3. Mr. Brown , ………is only 34, is the director of this company 4. I know a place………… roses grows in abundance ( phong phú) 5. It was the nurse………… told me to come in 6. The teacher with…………we studied last year no longer teaches in our school 7. They show me the hospital………… buildings had been destroyed by US bombings 8. We saw many soldiers and tanks……………were moving to the front 9. He joined the political party………………was in power 10.Love , ……………is a wonderful feeling, comes to everyone at sometimes in his life 11.Freedom is something for ……………millions have given their lives. 12.It is easy to find faults ( lỗi) in people …………….we dislike 13.We must find a time …………….we can meet and a place ……… we can talk Exercise 4. Use Relative adverb to combine each pair of sentences bellow 1. This is the house. We often stay in this house in summer 2. I have not decided the day. I’ll go to London on that day 3. The book is a telephone directory. We can look up telephone numbers in this book 4. The airport is the most modern one. We are going to arrive at this airport 5. He doesn’t want to speak of the cause. She divorced her husband for this cause 6. The days were the saddest ones. I lived far from home on those days 7. I never forget the park. We met each other for the first time at this park . RELATIVE CLAUSES  - Relative clauses là mệnh đề phụ được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng đằng trước nó. Mệnh đề. which I visited last summer is very beautiful. (Defining relative clause) 2. Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định (Non-defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người, một. hệ xác định và mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định. 1. Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó. Mệnh đề xác định là mệnh đề cần