grzimek''''s encyclopedia vol 8-11 birds

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia Second Edition ●●●● Volume 8 Birds I Jerome A Jackson, Advisory Editor Walter J Bock, Taxonomic Editor Donna Olendorf, Project Editor Joseph E Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator Michael Hutchins, Series Editor In association with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association ••••• Contents Foreword viii How to use this book xi Advisory boards xiii Contributing writers xv Contributing illustrators xviii Volume 8: Birds I What is a bird? Birds and humans Avian migration and navigation Avian song Avian flight 3 19 29 37 45 Order STRUTHIONIFORMES Tinamous and ratites 53 Family: Tinamous 57 Family: Rheas 69 Family: Cassowaries 75 Family: Emus 83 Family: Kiwis 89 Family: Moas 95 Family: Ostriches 99 Family: Elephant birds 103 Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Tubenosed seabirds Family: Albatrosses Family: Shearwaters, petrels, and fulmars Family: Storm-petrels Family: Diving-petrels 107 113 123 135 143 Order SPHENISCIFORMES Penguins Family: Penguins 147 Order GAVIIFORMES Loons Family: Loons 159 Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Grebes Family: Grebes 169 Order PELECANIFORMES Pelicans and cormorants 183 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Tropicbirds Frigatebirds Cormorants and anhingas Boobies and gannets Pelicans 187 193 201 211 225 Order CICONIIFORMES Herons, storks, spoonbills, ibis, and New World vultures Family: Herons and bitterns Family: Hammerheads Family: Storks Family: New World vultures Family: Shoebills Family: Ibises and spoonbills 233 239 261 265 275 287 291 Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Flamingos Family: Flamingos 303 Order FALCONIFORMES Diurnal birds of prey Family: Hawks and eagles Family: Secretary birds Family: Falcons and caracaras 313 317 343 347 Order ANSERIFORMES Ducks, geese, swans, and screamers 363 Family: Ducks, geese, and swans 369 Family: Screamers 393 Order GALLIFORMES Chicken-like birds Family: Moundbuilders Family: Curassows, guans, and chachalacas Family: Guineafowl Family: Fowls and pheasants Family: New World quails 399 403 413 425 433 455 Order OPISTHOCOMIFORMES Hoatzins Family: Hoatzins 465 v Contents For further reading Organizations Contributors to the first edition Glossary Aves species list Geologic time scale Index 469 474 479 486 497 560 561 Volume 9: Birds II Order GRUIFORMES Cranes, rails, and relatives Family: Mesites and roatelos Family: Buttonquails Family: Cranes Family: Limpkins Family: Kagus Family: Rails, coots, and moorhens Family: Sungrebes Family: Sunbitterns Family: Trumpeters Family: Seriemas Family: Bustards 1 5 11 23 37 41 45 69 73 77 85 91 Order CHARADRIIFORMES Gulls, terns, plovers, and other shorebirds Family: Jacanas Family: Painted snipes Family: Crab plovers Family: Oystercatchers Family: Stilts and avocets Family: Thick-knees Family: Pratincoles and coursers Family: Plovers and lapwings Family: Sandpipers Family: Seedsnipes Family: Sheathbills Family: Gulls and terns Family: Auks, puffins, and murres 101 107 115 121 125 133 143 151 161 175 189 197 203 219 Order PTEROCLIFORMES Sandgrouse Family: Sandgrouse 231 Order COLUMBIFORMES Pigeons, doves, and dodos 241 Family: Pigeons and doves 247 Family: Dodos and solitaires 269 Order PSITTACIFORMES Parrots Family: Parrots 275 Order MUSOPHAGIFORMES Turacos and plantain eaters Family: Turacos and plantain eaters 299 Order CUCULIFORMES Cuckoos, anis, and roadrunners Family: Cuckoos, anis, and roadrunners 311 vi Order STRIGIFORMES Owls 331 Family: Barn owls 335 Family: Owls 345 Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Nightjars Family: Oilbirds Family: Frogmouths Family: Owlet-nightjars Family: Potoos Family: Nightjars 367 373 377 387 395 401 Order APODIFORMES Swifts and hummingbirds Family: Swifts Family: Tree swifts Family: Hummingbirds 415 421 433 437 Order COLIIFORMES Mousebirds Family: Mousebirds 469 Order TROGONIFORMES Trogons Family: Trogons 477 For further reading Organizations Contributors to the first edition Glossary Aves species list Geologic time scale Index 487 492 497 504 515 578 579 Volume 10: Birds III Order CORACIIFORMES Kingfishers, todies, hoopoes, and relatives Family: Kingfishers Family: Todies Family: Motmots Family: Bee-eaters Family: Rollers Family: Hoopoes Family: Woodhoopoes Family: Hornbills 1 5 25 31 39 51 61 65 71 Order PICIFORMES Woodpeckers and relatives Family: Jacamars Family: Puffbirds Family: Barbets Family: Toucans Family: Honeyguides Family: Woodpeckers, wrynecks, and piculets 85 91 101 113 125 137 147 Order PASSERIFORMES Perching birds 169 Family: Broadbills 177 Family: False sunbirds and asities 187 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia Contents Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Pittas New Zealand wrens Ovenbirds Woodcreepers Ant thrushes Tapaculos Tyrant flycatchers Sharpbills Manakins Cotingas Plantcutters Lyrebirds Scrub-birds Larks Swallows Pipits and wagtails Cuckoo-shrikes Bulbuls Fairy bluebirds and leafbirds Shrikes Vanga shrikes Waxwings and silky flycatchers Palmchats Hedge sparrows Thrashers and mockingbirds Dippers Thrushes and chats Babblers Wrens 193 203 209 229 239 257 269 291 295 305 325 329 337 341 357 371 385 395 415 425 439 447 455 459 465 475 483 505 525 For further reading Organizations Contributors to the first edition Glossary Aves species list Geologic time scale Index 539 544 549 556 567 630 631 Volume 11: Birds IV Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Old World warblers Old World flycatchers Australian fairy-wrens Australian warblers Australian chats Logrunners and chowchillas Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 1 25 45 55 65 69 Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Quail thrushes and whipbirds Fantails Monarch flycatchers Australian robins Whistlers Pseudo babblers Australian creepers Long-tailed titmice Penduline titmice Titmice and chickadees Nuthatches and wall creepers Treecreepers Philippine creepers Flowerpeckers Pardalotes Sunbirds White-eyes Australian honeyeaters Vireos and peppershrikes New World finches New World warblers New World blackbirds and orioles Finches Hawaiian honeycreepers Waxbills and grassfinches Weavers Sparrows Starlings and mynas Old World orioles and figbirds Drongos New Zealand wattle birds Mudnest builders Woodswallows Magpie-shrikes Bowerbirds Birds of paradise Crows and jays 75 83 97 105 115 127 133 141 147 155 167 177 183 189 201 207 227 235 255 263 285 301 323 341 353 375 397 407 427 437 447 453 459 467 477 489 503 For further reading Organizations Contributors to the first edition Glossary Aves species list Geologic time scale Index 525 530 535 542 553 616 617 vii 1 2 3 4 7 6 5 8 9 10 1 Variegated tinamou (Crypturellus variegatus); 2 Female spotted nothura (Nothura maculosa); 3 Highland tinamou (Nothocercus bonapartei); 4 Male slaty-breasted tinamou (Crypturellus boucardi); 5 Male thicket tinamou (Crypturellus cinnamomeus); 6 Red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens); 7 Elegant-crested tinamou (Eudromia elegans); 8 Female brushland tinamou (Nothoprocta cinerascens); 9 Black tinamou (Tinamus osgoodi); 10 Great tinamou (Tinamus major) (Illustration by Bruce Worden) 60 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 1 2 1 Lesser rhea (Pterocnemia pennata); 2 Greater rhea (Rhea americana) (Illustration by Patricia Ferrer) 72 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 1 2 3 1 Bennett’s cassowary (Casuarius bennettii); 2 One-wattled cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus); 3 Southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) (Illustration by Marguette Dongvillo) 78 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 1 2 3 1 Little spotted kiwi (Apteryx owenii); 2 Great spotted kiwi (Apteryx haastii); 3 Brown kiwi (Apteryx australis) (Illustration by Bruce Worden) Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 91 2 3 1 4 5 6 1 Light-mantled albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata); 2 Northern royal albatross (Diomedea epomophora sanfordi); 3 Wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans); 4 Black-browed mollymawk (Diomedea melanophris); 5 Chatham mollymawk (Diomedea cauta eremita); 6 Laysan albatross (Diomedea immutabilis) (Illustration by Dan Erickson) Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 117 2 3 1 4 6 5 8 7 1 Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea); 2 Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus); 3 Bermuda petrel (Pterodroma cahow); 4 Southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus); 5 Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis); 6 Broad-billed prion (Pachyptila vittata); 7 Bulwer’s petrel (Bulweria bulwerii); 8 Short-tailed shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris) (Illustration by Bruce Worden) Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 127 1 3 2 5 4 6 7 8 9 1 Diamond firetail (Stagonopleura [Emblema] guttata); 2 Spotted munia (Lonchura punctulata); 3 Red avadavat (Amandava amandava); 4 Female (left) and male pin-tailed parrotfinch (Erythrura prasina); 5 Female (left) and male Gouldian finch (Chloebia gouldiae); 6 Pink-billed parrotfinch (Erythrura kleinschmidti); 7 Java sparrow (Padda oryzivora); 8 Male (left) and female zebra finch (Poephila guttata); 9 Double-barred finch (Poephila bichenovii) (Illustration by Joseph E Trumpey) Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 359 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 9 8 1 Red-headed weaver (Anaplectes rubriceps); 2 Sociable weaver (Philetairus socius); 3 White-browed sparrow weaver (Plocepasser mahali); 4 Dark-backed weaver (Ploceus bicolor); 5 Thick-billed weaver (Amblyospiza albifrons); 6 Village weaver (Ploceus cucullatus); 7 Blue-billed malimbe (Malimbus nitens); 8 Spectacled weaver (Ploceus ocularis); 9 Red-billed buffalo weaver (Bubalornis niger) (Illustration by Amanda Humphrey) 380 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 1 Rock sparrow (Petronia petronia); 2 House sparrow (Passer domesticus); 3 Golden sparrow (Passer luteus); 4 Tree sparrow (Passer montanus); 5 Père David’s ground sparrow (Pyrgilauda davidiana); 6 Snow finch (Montifringilla nivalis); 7 Pale rock sparrow (Carpospiza brachydactyla); 8 Southern rufous sparrow (Passer motitensis) (Illustration by Amanda Humphrey) 400 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 4 2 1 3 6 5 7 8 9 10 1 Helmeted myna (Basilornis galeatus); 2 Bare-eyed myna (Streptocitta albertinae); 3 Male golden-crested myna (Ampeliceps coronatus); 4 Red-billed oxpecker (Buphagus erythrorhynchus); 5 Hill myna (Gracula religiosa); 6 Male Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi); 7 Black-winged starling (Acridotheres melanopterus); 8 Common myna (Acridotheres tristis); 9 Sri Lanka myna (Gracula ptilogenys); 10 Crested myna (Acridotheres cristatellus) (Illustration by Emily Damstra) 412 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 9 10 1 Male magpie starling (Speculipastor bicolor); 2 Rarotonga starling (Aplonis cinerascens); 3 Male white-eyed starling (Aplonis brunneicapilla); 4 Male European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in spring plumage; 5 Male spot-winged starling (Saroglossa spiloptera); 6 Copper-tailed glossy-starling (Lamprotornis cupreocauda); 7 Male Kenrick’s starling (Poeoptera kenricki); 8 Male red-winged starling (Onychognathus morio); 9 Babbling starling (Neocichla gutteralis); 10 Rosy starling (Sturnus rosea) in spring plumage (Illustration by Emily Damstra) Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 413 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Crimson-bellied oriole (Oriolus cruentus); 2 Eastern black-headed oriole (Oriolus larvatus); 3 Timor figbird (Sphecotheres viridis); 4 Olivebacked oriole (Oriolus sagittatus); 5 Eurasian golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus); 6 Australasian figbird (Sphecotheres vieilloti) (Illustration by Emily Damstra) 430 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 2 1 3 4 5 6 1 Greater racket-tailed drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus); 2 Ashy drongo (Dicrurus leucophaeus); 3 Square-tailed drongo (Dicrurus ludwigii); 4 Ribbontailed drongo (Dicrurus megarhynchus); 5 Pygmy drongo (Chaetorhynchus papuensis); 6 Black drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) (Illustration by Brian Cressman) 440 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 1 2 3 1 White-winged chough (Corcorax melanorhamphos); 2 Apostlebird (Struthidea cinerea); 3 Australian magpie-lark (Grallina cyanoleuca) (Illustration by Wendy Baker) Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 455 1 2 3 5 4 1 White-breasted woodswallow (Artamus leucorynchus); 2 Male white-browed woodswallow (Artamus superciliosus); 3 Little woodswallow (Artamus minor); 4 Black-faced woodswallow (Artamus cinereus); 5 Dusky woodswallow (Artamus cyanopterus) (Illustration by Bruce Worden) Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 461 2 1 3 4 5 1 Gray butcherbird (Cracticus torquatus); 2 Female Bornean bristlehead (Pityriasis gymnocephala); 3 Pied currawong (Strepera graculina); 4 Clicking peltops (Peltops blainvillii); 5 Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) (Illustration by Dan Erickson) 470 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 1 3 2 4 5 6 7 8 1 Satin bowerbird (Ptilonorthynchus violaceus); 2 Regent bowerbird (Sericulus chrysocephalus); 3 Tooth-billed bowerbird (Scenopoeetes dentirostris); 4.Spotted bowerbird (Chlamydera maculata); 5 Archbold’s bowerbird (Archboldia papuensis); 6 Macgregor’s bowerbird (Amblyornis macgregoriae); 7 Golden bowerbird (Prionodura newtoniana); 8 Green catbird (Ailuroudus crassirostris) (Illustration by Joseph E Trumpey) 482 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 2 1 1 Female and 2 Male Lawes’s parotia (Parotia lawesii) (Illustration by Emily Damstra) Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 493 4 3 1 2 6 5 8 7 9 All males: 1 Ribbon-tailed astrapia (Astrapia mayeri); 2 Crested bird of paradise (Cnemophilus macgregorii); 3 Standardwing bird of paradise (Semioptera wallacii); 4 King of Saxony bird of paradise (Pteridophora alberti); 5 Crinkle-collared manucode (Manucodia chalybata); 6 Greater bird of paradise (Paradisaea apoda); 7 Short-tailed paradigalla (Paradigalla brevicauda); 8 King bird of paradise (Cicinnurus regius); 9 Victoria’s riflebird (Ptiloris victoriae) (Illustration by Emily Damstra) 494 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 1 3 2 4 6 5 7 8 10 9 1 Pinyon jay (Gymnorthinus cyanocephalus); 2 Gray jay (Perisoreus canadensis); 3 Azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyana); 4 Green magpie (Cissa chinensis); 5 Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius); 6 Rufous treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda); 7 Western scrub-jay (Aphelocoma california); 8 Hume’s ground-jay (Pseudopooces humilis); 9 Eurasian magpie (Pica pica); 10 Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata) (Illustration by Gillian Harris) 510 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 2 1 3 4 5 7 6 9 8 1 American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos); 2 Spotted nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes); 3 Red-billed chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax); 4 Western jackdaw (Corvus monedula); 5 Northern raven (Corvus corax); 6 House crow (Corvus splendens); 7 Torresian crow (Corvus orru); 8 Rook (Corvus frugilegus); 9 Carrion crow (Corvus corone) (Illustration by Gillian Harris) Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 511 ... xv Contributing illustrators xviii Volume 8: Birds I What is a bird? Birds and humans Avian migration... 183 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia Family: Family: Family: Family: Family: Tropicbirds Frigatebirds Cormorants and... PASSERIFORMES Perching birds 169 Family: Broadbills 177 Family: False sunbirds and asities 187 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia