study the substitution of fossil fuels by rdf produced from municipal solid waste of hanoi m.a thesis waste management and contaminated site treatment

VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN Nguyen Bich Ngoc STUDY THE SUBSTITUTION OF FOSSIL FUELS BY RDF PRODUCED FROM M UNICIPAL SOLID W ASTE OF HANOI Major: Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment Code MASTER THESIS SUPERVISOR: PROF. DR. NGUYEN THI DIEM TRANG ĐAI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NÔI TRUNG TAM THÓNG TIN THƯ VIÊN Hanoi - 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I own my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Nguyen Thi Diem Trang. Without her patiently support and believing, I could not complete this thesis. She gave me great opportunities for learning new things as well as training myself. I would like to express my thankfulness to Prof. Bilitewski, Technische Universität Dresden, Vietnam National University and The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for organizing this Master course. It is also an honor for me to study with devoted professors and lecturers within this course. They not only gave me the knowledge but also a new vision, a new way of thinking. It is a pleasure to thank those who made this thesis possible Ms. Dang Ngoc Chau and my three friends Hop, Tao, Chuong. I am also grateful for Ms. Tran Thi Nguyet because of her valuable comments and support during my thesis wri ting. I would like to thank my many of my colleagues for their encouragement during this course and for the time we spent together. The special thank goes to my parent and my little sister for their love and endless support. Last but not least, I would like to show my gratitude to my amant. Thank you for always standing by my side and helping me overcome difficult time. 2.3.1. CO2 emission calculation 36 2.3.2. Nitrous oxide em ission 37 3. R esults and discussion 38 3.1. RDF preparing process control 38 3.1.1. Stabilization tim e 38 3.1.2. Tem perature 39 3.1.3. Leachate volume 41 3.1.4. Water co nten t 42 3.2. RDF quality 44 3.2.1. RDF com position 44 3.2.2. H eating va lu e 45 3.3. GHGs estimation 47 3.3.1. Pre-treatment s tep 4 7 3.3.2. RDF utilization step 48 3.3.3. Total GHGs em ission 49 C o n cl u s i o n 51 R e fe r e n c e s 52 M aster Thesis List o f figures/ tobies L ist o f fig u r es Figure 1: Global energy consumption from 1985 to 2010 (million tons of oil equivalent) [1 ] 9 Figure 2: Rotterdam product oil prices - US dollars per barrel [1] 10 Figure 3: Natural gas price (dollars/Btu) [1] 11 Figure 4: Shares of world primary energy [ 1 ] 12 Figure 5: Electricity consumption in Vietnam (kWh per capita) 13 Figure 6: Share of total primary energy supply in Vietnam in 2008 14 Figure 7: Waste composition of Hanoi [20] 15 Figure 8: Densified RDF (Saitama Prefectural Environmental Management Center, Japan) 20 Figure 9: Schematic Representation of MBT Process [8 | 23 Figure 10: Herhof Stabilat method [11] 25 Figure 11: Schematic diagram of MBT CD.08 [14] 28 Figure 12: Heat value of RDF product - MBT CD.08 method [ 14] 29 Figure 13: RDF composition for 3 barrels 31 Figure 14: RDF sample preparing process 32 Figure 15: Waste barrel 33 Figure 16: Temperature in stabilization barrels 39 Figure 17: Composting temperature depending on C:N ratio 40 Figure 18: Temperature differences in stabilization barrels 41 Figure 19: Leachate volume 42 Figure 20: Water content 43 Figure 21: Waste input composition (left) and estimated RDF output composition (right) - (a) sample 1, (b) sample 2, (c) sample 3 45 Figure 22: Gross heating value comparison with fossil fuel and RDF from different studies 47 Figure 23: GHGs emission from RDF sample compare with fossil fuel (kg C 02.Cq ,'MJ) [9] 50 6 M aster Thesis List o f figures/ tables L ist OF TABLES Table 1: Waste composition in Hanoi in 1995 and 2003 [20] 15 Table 2: MSW eeneration and collection rate in cities/towns in Vietnam 16 Table 3: Type of refuse derived fuel 18 Fable 4: Typical RDF composition in some resions [8] 20 Table 5: Quality of RDF from household and industrial sources [8] 21 Table 6: Quality of RDF in some Europe Countries [17] 22 Table 7: Conversion rate for RDF production according to treatment process and country 26 Table 8: Annual RDF production from MSW in some countries [1] 27 Table 9: Waste input characteristics for RDF production (Đặng Ngọc Châu experiment) [6] 29 Table 10: Comparison RDF product quality [6, 14] 30 Table 11: Waste input composition 32 Table 12: Characteristics of waste fraction (Vietnam based) [9] 35 Table 13: GWP according to IPCC [18] 36 Table 14: Stabilization time 38 Table 15: Reduction of waste fraction after composting [16] 44 Tabic 16: Heating value 46 Table 17: C02 emission from combustion process (kg/kg RDF) 48 7 M aster Thesis Introduction In t r o d u c t io n Vietnam is one of the most rapidly developing countries in last decades. High density of population and quickly growing of living standard as well as consumerism give Vietnam more and more challenges. One of them is the growth of energy demand in all sectors. Prices of electricity and gasoline - two main energy sources in Vietnam - are constantly increasing in recent years. Clean and renewable energy has become an interesting topic which draws much attention from the society as well as the scientific community. Another side-effect of development which is also brought by consumerism and high population is rapid increase of solid waste generation. However, an efficient solution for solid waste management especially municipal solid waste management is still a challenge in Vietnam. One reason is that waste management in Vietnam lacks separation at source. To cope with those problems, energy from waste is being studied and considered a solution. There are several ways for converting waste into energy which have different requirement on technology and finance. One of them is RDF production by bio-stabilization method which is considered as a suitable way when investment is limited and there is not waste separation at source. There are several researches on this topic in Vietnam which showed possibility of implementation bio-stabilization as RDF production method in Vietnam. Based on previous study, this research “Study the substitution of fossil fuels by RDF produced from municipal solid waste of Hanoi” was carried out with the following objectives: • Assessment of bio-stabilization process in RDF producing. • Study the influence of waste composition on RDF quality. • Evaluation of Green House Gases (GHG) emission and other RDF quality parameter to assess the possibility of substitution RDF for fossil fuel. 8 M aster Thesis 1. Theoretical background 1. T h e o r e t ic a l b a c k g r o u n d 1.1. Situation of global energy consumption /. /. 1. Global energy consumption In history, the world energy consumption is constantly increasing except some periods when it slightly reduced mainly due to economic problem. In 2010, global energy consumption rebounded strongly, driven by economic recovery. The growth in energy consumption was broad-based, with mature OECD economies joining non-OECD countries in growing at above-average rates. All forms of energy has grown strongly, with growth in fossil fuels in 2010 suggesting that global C 02 emissions from energy use grew at the fastest rate since 1969. [1] W orld consu m ptio n Minor, tcmntt o» 9 Cod 9 RanawaMe* ■ Hytfroeiectriaty * f'iuctov energy ■ N a tural gas ■ Ol 130£K 1200C 1100C 10003 900C 7000 eox 5000 aooc Figure 1: Global energy consumption from 1985 to 2010 (million tons of oil equivalent) [1] Figure 1 shows the trend of energy consumption in the world. After falling for two consecutive years, global oil consumption grew by 2.7 million barrels per day (b/d), or 3.1%, to reach a record level of 87.4 million b/d. This was the largest percentage increase since 2004 but still the weakest global growth rate among fossil fuels. World natural gas consumption grew by 7.4% - the most 9 M aster Thesis 1. Theoretical background rapid increase since 1984. On the other hand, coal consumption also grew by 7.6% in 2010. Coal now accounts for 29.6% of global energy consumption, up from 25.6% 10 years ago. Energy price developments were mixed. Oil prices remained in the $70-80 range for much of the year before rising in the fourth quarter. With the OPEC production cuts implemented in 2008/09 still in place, average oil prices for the year as a whole were the second-highest on record. (Figure 2) [1] H Gasoline ■ Gas oil ■ Heavy fuel Oil à 160 150 140 130 ñ 120 j 1 110 i 100 r ft J 90 k M J J\ / J 80 r * J 1 w 70 J J / 1 V 60 A / 1 1 50 / < Ì A , y . á / 40 A r V k - J > k - / 30 H v J . / s -s s 20 10 93 94 9S 96 97 98 99 00 ot 02 03 04 os 06 07 OB 09 10 0 Figure 2: Rotterdam product oil prices - u s dollars per barrel [1] According to 2011 Beyond Petroleum (BP) report, natural gas prices in 2010 grew strongly in the UK and in markets indexed to oil prices (including much of the world’s LNG); but prices remained weak in North America - where shale gas production continued to increase - and in continental Europe (partly due to a growing share of spot-priced deliveries) (see Figure 3). Coal prices remained weak in Japan and North America, but rose strongly in Europe due to coal production grew robustly in the u s and Asia but fell in the European Union(EU). In recent years, people have witnessed a rapid growth of non-fossil energy. Global hydroelectric and nuclear output each saw the strongest increases since 2004. Hydroelectric output grew by 5.3%, with China accounting for more than 60% of global growth due to a combination of new capacity and wet weather. 10 M aster Thesis 1. Theoretical background Worldwide nuclear output grew by 2%, with three-quarters of the increase coming from OECD countries. French nuclear output rose by 4.4%, accounting for the largest volumetric increase in the world. Other renewable energy sources continued to grow rapidly. [1] Figure 3: Natural gas price (dollars/Btu) [1| Global biofuels production in 2010 grew by 13.8%, or 240,000 b/d, constituting one of the largest sources of liquids production growth in the world. Growth was driven by the US (+140,000 b/d, or 17%) and Brazil (+50,000 b/d, or 11.5%). Renewable energy used in power generation grew by 15.5%, driven by continued robust growth in wind energy (+22.7%). The increase in wind energy in turn was driven by China and the US, which together accounted for nearly 70% of global growth. These forms of renewable energy accounted for 1.8% of global energy consumption, up from 0.6% in 2000. [1] 1.1.2. Change in share o f world prim ary energy When looking at the share of world primary energy, oil, coal and natural gas are three main sources of energy. In the past 20 years, percentage of oil in total primary energy consumption is reduced rapidly. Energy crisis, high oil price and environmental problems are making people looking for new sources of energy which is more sustainable. Hydro and nuclear energy are popular non-fossil energy sources nowadays. However, both of them showed their disadvantages. 11 M aster Thesis 1. Theoretical background Especially after nuclear crisis in Japan, March 2011, people have to look for new clean and safe energy. 40% 30% 20% 10% Contributions to growth 2.5 9i ■ Renewables* 2 m ■ Hydro H Nuclear ■ Coal 1.0% ■ Gas 0.59c M Oil 0.0% 1970-1990- 2010- 1990 2010 2030 Includes biofuets Shares o f w orld p rim ary energy 50% 0i| Hydro Figure 4: Shares of world primary energy |1] BP predicted that world primary energy consumption grew by 45% over the past 20 years, and is likely to grow by 39% over the next 20 years. Global energy consumption growth averages 1.7% p.a. from 2010 to 2030, with growth decelerating gently beyond 2020. Non-OECD energy consumption is 68% higher by 2030, averaging 2.6% p.a. growth from 2010, and accounts for 93% of global energy growth. OECD energy consumption in 2030 is just 6% higher than today, with growth averaging 0.3% p.a. to 2030. From 2020, OECD energy consumption per capita is on a declining trend (-0.2% p.a.). The fuel mix changes relatively slowly, due to long asset lifetimes, but gas and non-fossil fuels gain share at the expense of coal and oil. The fastest growing fuels are renewables (including biofuels) which are expected to grow at 8.2% p.a. 2010-30; among fossil fuels, gas grows the fastest (2.1% p.a.). [1] One of renewables source of energy is waste. Waste to energy is a hot topic in many countries. It not only provides a non-fossil energy source but also solves 12 [...]... or gas phase In the content o f this thesis, only solid RDF will be concentrated and it will be mentioned as RDF from here RDF can be produced under the fluff or densified forms As regards Huff RDF, it is not biologically stable and difficult to store, therefore, it must be used within 2 or 3 days This kind o f RDF has low bulk density, resulting in the limited market and in demanding the proper design... Chlorine n.a 1.5% by weight 0.9% by weight Only declaration 1.3.3 Producing methods RDF can be produced from different types o f waste: MSW industrial waste, and commercial waste In this thesis, RDF which produced from MSW will be concentrated In general RDF producing is a process in which high-caloric material will be taken out from waste stream to produce fuel in type o f gas, liquid or solid RDF producing... estimated that, the generation rate of plastic increased about 18.3% p.a Plastic which has high heating value is expected to contribute to the potential o f producing RDF from MSW in Vietnam [20 ] 1.2.2 Collection and treatment MSW collection rates and efficiency vary from one area to the next depending on the size o f the city, the distance to the urban center and the type o f collection service Hanoi, capital... environmental 16 1 Theoretical background M a ster Thesis companies which serve o f 21.9% population The result showed that around 4% o f collected MSW is composted: the rest is disposed at landfill-sites [13] In Hanoi, Cau Dien composting plant was established in 1992 under the management o f Hanoi URENCOs dealing with municipal solid wastes, designed capacity is 60 tons/d In 2002 the plant was expanded and upgraded... Conversion rate for RDF production according to treatment process and country Country Treatment type Rate (%) Austria MBT 23 Belgium MBT 40-50 Finland MT Variable Netherlands MT 35 United Kingdom MT 22-50 Notes: MBT Mechanical biological treatment 26 MT Mechanical treatment M aster Thesis 1 Theoretical background The total quantities of RDF produced from MSW in the European Union have been estimated to amount... 3 million tons Countries where RDF production is already well established are Austria, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden Countries where RDF production is currently being developed are Belgium and the United Kingdom RDF from MSW was produced in the past in Denmark and France but this has been discontinued for economical reasons Amount o f RDF produced from MSW in some countries is... in table 8 Table 8: Annual RDF production from MSW in some countries j l| Country Amount o f RDF produced from MSW (103 t/a) Austria 70 Finland 40-90 Germany 330 Netherlands 700 United Kingdom 90 Korea 635 Chile 400 The following options for the utilization and conversion of RDF from MSW to energy have been used or could be used in the future: • on -site in an integrated thermal conversion device, which... f sample, wet RDF, kJ/kg TSji total solid o f waste fraction i, % TS: total solid o f RDF, % weight of fraction i, kg 35 M aster Thesis 2 M aterials a n d m eth o d s m: weight of RDF, kg n: number of waste fraction i 2.3 G H G s em ission calculation Green house gas emission is considered in two phase: RDF production and RDF utilization Method used to produce RDF is aerobic digestion therefore possibility... Report (2010), waste generation in Vietnam’s cities in 2008 was 1.45 kg/capita/day - 45% higher than in 2004 [21] Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city 14 1 Theoretical background M aster Thesis (HCMC) are the main waste generators with 8,000 ton/day (2.92 million ton/a), accounted for 45.24% o f total urban Municipal Solid Waste (MSW); whereby HCMC produces 5,500 tons/d and the left is generated by Hanoi (2006-2007)... f RDF produced per ton o f MSW varies depending on the type o f collection, treatment process and quality requirement Information collected by European Commission - Directorate General Environment indicated that the rate o f RDF production from MSW can vary between 23 and 50% by weight o f waste processed depending on the treatment process used and country (Table 7) Table 7: Conversion rate for RDF . However, an efficient solution for solid waste management especially municipal solid waste management is still a challenge in Vietnam. One reason is that waste management in Vietnam lacks separation. OF SCIENCE TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN Nguyen Bich Ngoc STUDY THE SUBSTITUTION OF FOSSIL FUELS BY RDF PRODUCED FROM M UNICIPAL SOLID W ASTE OF HANOI Major: Waste Management and Contaminated. 60-70% of total generated waste. In some cities, the share of MSW can reach 90%. In Hanoi, organic fraction is the main part of waste - 49%. The other half of generated waste are plastic, paper,