Authors
Copyright © 2006 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston
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Dr Stanley M Burstein is Professor Emeritus of Ancient History and former Chair of the Department of History at California State University, Los Angeles Dr Burstein received his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D degrees from the University of California at Los Angeles and is the author of more than 100 books, articles, and chapters on ancient history His special-ties include ancient Greece, Greek and Roman Egypt, and Kush Dr Burstein has served as President of the Association of Ancient Historians and as a member of the California History–Social Science Standards/Course Models Project, the California Content Review Panel for History–Social Science, and the Content Review Panel for the California STAR test in history.
Dr Stanley M Burstein
Dr Richard Shek is Professor of Humanities and Religious Studies at California State University, Sacramento A native of China, Dr Shek did his undergraduate work in Tokyo, Japan, and received his Ph.D in history from the University of California at Berkeley His specialties are East Asian cultural and religious history, and he has numerous publications on Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and popular religion in China and Japan Dr Shek has served as a member of the California Content Review Panel for History–Social Science and is currently a member of the Content Review Panel for the California STAR test in history.
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Program Consultants
Contributing AuthorKylene Beers, Ed.D.
Senior Reading ResearcherSchool Development ProgramYale UniversityNew Haven, ConnecticutGeneral EditorFrances Marie GipsonSecondary Literacy Los Angeles Unifi ed School District
Los Angeles, California
Senior Literature and Writing SpecialistCarol Jago
English Department ChairpersonSanta Monica High SchoolSanta Monica, California
Ann Cerny, M.A.
Middle School History TeacherSan Dieguito Union High School
District
Solana Beach, California
Julie Chan, Ed.D.
Director, Literacy InstructionNewport-Mesa Unifi ed School
District
Costa Mesa, California
Gary F DeiRossi, Ed.D.Assistant SuperintendentSan Joaquin County Offi ce of EducationStockton, CaliforniaFern M Sheldon, M.Ed.Curriculum Specialist
Rowland Unifi ed School DistrictRowland Heights, California
John Ferguson, M.T.S., J.D.
Senior Religion Consultant
Assistant Professor
Political Science/Criminal JusticeHoward Payne UniversityBrownwood, TexasRabbi Gary M Bretton-Granatoor Religion ConsultantDirector of Interfaith Affairs Anti-Defamation LeagueNew York, New YorkJ Frank MalaretSenior Consultant
Dean, Downtown and West Sacramento Outreach CentersSacramento City CollegeSacramento, CaliforniaKimberly A Plummer, M.A.Senior ConsultantHistory-Social Science Educator/Advisor
Trang 4San FranciscoPaso RoblesMercedOrangevaleSacramentoDavis RanchoCordovaLos AngelesLennoxGarden GroveBakersfieldTustinRomolandCosta MesaLakesideRiversideOceansideSan DiegoSanta MonicaSolana BeachRowland HeightsEducational ReviewersSally Knudtson Adams
Garden Grove High SchoolGarden Grove, California
Anne Bjornson
A.P Giannini Middle SchoolSan Francisco, California
Anthony Braxton
Herbert H Cruickshank Middle SchoolMerced, California
Ann Cerny, M.A.
Middle School History TeacherSan Dieguito Union High
School DistrictSolana Beach, California
Julie Chan, Ed.D.
Director, Literacy InstructionNewport-Mesa Unifi ed School
District
Costa Mesa, California
Mary Demetrion
Patrick Henry Middle SchoolLos Angeles, California
Yolanda Espinoza
Walter Stiern Middle SchoolBakersfi eld, California
Carla Freel
Hoover Middle SchoolMerced, California
The California program consultants and reviewers included on these pages provided guidance throughout the development of
Holt California Social Studies: World History: Ancient Civilizations
As the map below demonstrates, their valuable contributions represent the viewpoints of teachers throughout California.
iv
California Program Advisors
Tim Gearhart
Daniel Lewis Middle SchoolPaso Robles, California
Frances Marie GipsonSecondary Literacy Los Angeles Unifi ed School District Los Angeles, CaliforniaCarol Jago
English Department ChairpersonSanta Monica High SchoolSanta Monica, California
J Frank Malaret
Senior Consultant
Dean, Downtown and West Sacramento Outreach CentersSacramento City CollegeSacramento, CaliforniaKimberly A Plummer, M.A.Senior ConsultantHistory-Social Science Educator/Advisor
Holt, Rinehart and WinstonCalifornia Consultant ManagerAndrés Reséndez, Ph.D.Senior Consultant Assistant Professor Department of History University of California at Davis Davis, CaliforniaFern M Sheldon, M.Ed.Curriculum Specialist
Rowland Unifi ed School DistrictRowland Heights, California
Robert Valdez
Pioneer Middle SchoolTustin, California
Sheila Weiner
Trang 5vAcademic ReviewersJonathan Beecher, Ph.D.Department of HistoryUniversity of California, Santa CruzJerry H Bentley, Ph.D.Department of HistoryUniversity of HawaiiElizabeth Brumfi el, Ph.D.Department of AnthropologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanston, Illinois Eugene Cruz-Uribe, Ph.D.Department of HistoryNorthern Arizona UniversityToyin Falola, Ph.D.Department of HistoryUniversity of TexasSandy Freitag, Ph.D.
Director, Monterey Bay History and Cultures ProjectUniversity of California, Santa CruzYasuhide Kawashima, Ph.D.Department of HistoryUniversity of Texas at El PasoRobert J Meier, Ph.D.Department of AnthropologyIndiana UniversityMarc Van De Mieroop, Ph.D.Department of HistoryColumbia UniversityNew York, New YorkM Gwyn Morgan, Ph.D.Department of HistoryUniversity of TexasRobert Schoch, Ph.D.CGS Division of Natural ScienceBoston UniversityDavid Shoenbrun, Ph.D.Department of HistoryNorthwestern UniversityEvanston, IllinoisField Test TeachersAndy AlexanderHarvest Valley ElementaryRomoland, CaliforniaHarriette Bone
Pio Pico Middle SchoolLos Angeles, CaliforniaChristy KingCastle View ElementaryRiverside, CaliforniaNancy LamottTierra Del Sol Middle SchoolLakeside, CaliforniaTracy Leathers Isabelle Jackson Elementary Sacramento, CaliforniaLeigh MauneyIsabelle Jackson ElementarySacramento, California Susan MitchellJefferson Middle SchoolOceanside, CaliforniaJames NadlerLennox Middle SchoolLennox, CaliforniaTisha RuggThomas Coleman Middle SchoolOrangevale, CaliforniaJoAnn WadeLennox Middle SchoolLennox, CaliforniaSheila Weiner
Gasparde Portola Middle SchoolSan Diego, California
Karen York
Mitchell Middle SchoolRancho Cordova, California
Meet the Sikhs is a video that discusses the Sikh community in northern California Starting with an annual
Trang 6CHAPTER 1 Uncovering the Past 2
California StandardsAnalysis SkillsHI 5 Recognize that interpretations of history are subject to change as new infor-mation is uncovered.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of ArchaeologySection 1 Studying History 6
Section 2 Studying Geography 12
Social Studies Skills Recognizing Personal Conviction and Bias 20Standards Review 21Standards Assessment 23Early Humans and Societies 1Contents1UNITGeography and Map Skills H1Reading Social Studies H12Academic Words H16History–Social Science Content Standards H18Analysis Skills H21How to Make This Book Work for You H22Places You Will Study H24vi
Trang 7CONTENTS viiCHAPTER 2 The Stone Ages and Early Cultures .24California StandardsHistory–Social Science6.1 Students describe what is known through archaeological studies of the early physical and cultural development of humankind from the Paleolithic era to the agricultural revolution Analysis SkillsCS 1 Explain how events are related in time.HI 1 Explain central issues and problems from the past.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of the Early Migrations to North AmericaSection 1 The First People 28
Section 2 Early Human Migration 36
Section 3 Beginnings of Agriculture 40
Social Studies Skills Identifying Central Issues 44
Standards Review 45
Standards Assessment 47
Trang 8viii CONTENTSUNIT2Mesopotamia, Egypt, and KushCHAPTER 3 Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent .52California StandardsHistory–Social Science6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush.Analysis SkillsCS 3 Use maps to identify physical features.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of a System of LawsSection 1 Geography of the Fertile Crescent 56
Section 2 The Rise of Sumer 62
Section 3 Sumerian Achievements 67
Section 4 Later Peoples of the Fertile Crescent 74
Social Studies Skills Interpreting Physical Maps 80
Standards Review 81
Standards Assessment 83
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CHAPTER 4 Ancient Egypt 84
California StandardsHistory–Social Science6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush.Analysis SkillsHR 4 Assess the credibility of primary and secondary sources.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of the Egyptian PyramidsSection 1 Geography and Early Egypt 88
Section 2 The Old Kingdom 93
Section 3 The Middle and New Kingdoms 101
Section 4 Egyptian Achievements 108
Social Studies Skills Assessing Primary and Secondary Sources 114Standards Review 115Standards Assessment 117CHAPTER 5 Ancient Kush 118California StandardsHistory–Social Science6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush.Analysis SkillsHI 2 Understand and distinguish cause and effect.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of the Egyptian PyramidsSection 1 Kush and Egypt 122
Section 2 Later Kush 127
Social Studies Skills Participating in Groups 132
Standards Review 133
Standards Assessment 135
Trang 10x CONTENTSUNIT3Civilization in India and ChinaCHAPTER 6 Ancient India .140California StandardsHistory–Social Science6.5 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of India.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of Buddhism as a World ReligionSection 1 Geography and Early India 144
Section 2 Origins of Hinduism 150
Section 3 Origins of Buddhism 156
Section 4 Indian Empires 162
Section 5 Indian Achievements 167
Social Studies Skills Interpreting Diagrams 174
Standards Review 175
Standards Assessment 177
Trang 11CHAPTER 7 Ancient China .178
California StandardsHistory–Social Science6.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of Confucius on China TodaySection 1 Geography and Early China 182
Section 2 The Zhou Dynasty and New Ideas 188
Section 3 The Qin Dynasty 194
Section 4 The Han Dynasty 200
Section 5 Han Contacts with Other Cultures 208
Social Studies Skills Conducting Internet Research 214
Standards Review 215
Standards Assessment 217
Unit 3 Writing Workshop Why Things Happen 218
Trang 12UNIT4Foundations of Western IdeasCHAPTER 8 The Hebrews and Judaism 220California StandardsHistory–Social Science6.3 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Ancient Hebrews.Analysis SkillsHI 2 Understand and distinguish long- and short-term causal relations.HR 2 Distinguish fact from opinion in historical narratives and stories.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of Judaism throughout the WorldSection 1 The Early Hebrews 226
Section 2 Jewish Beliefs and Texts 232
Section 3 Judaism over the Centuries 240
Social Studies Skills Identifying Short- and Long-Term Effects 246
Standards Review 247
Standards Assessment 249
220
Trang 13CONTENTS xiii
CHAPTER 9 Ancient Greece 250
California StandardsHistory–Social Science6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of ancient Greece.Analysis SkillsHI 6 Conduct cost-benefit analyses of economic and political issues.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of DemocracySection 1 Geography and the Early Greeks 254
Section 2 Government in Athens 262
Section 3 Greek Mythology and Literature 268
Social Studies Skills Analyzing Costs and Benefi ts 278Standards Review 279Standards Assessment 281CHAPTER 10 The Greek World .282California StandardsHistory–Social Science6.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of ancient Greece.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of the Greek ScholarsSection 1 Greece and Persia 286
Section 2 Sparta and Athens 292
Section 3 Alexander the Great 298
Section 4 Greek Achievements 303
Social Studies Skills Interpreting Charts and Tables 310
Standards Review 311
Standards Assessment 313
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5The Roman World .318
CHAPTER 11 The Roman Republic 320
California StandardsHistory–Social Science6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome.Analysis SkillsCS 1 Understand how events are related in time.CS 2 Construct time lines.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of the Roman Republic on American Government TodaySection 1 Geography and the Rise of Rome 324
Section 2 Government and Society 332
Section 3 The Late Republic 338
Social Studies Skills Interpreting Culture Maps 344
Standards Review 345
Standards Assessment 347
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CHAPTER 12 The Roman Empire 348
California StandardsHistory–Social Science6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome.Analysis SkillsCS 3 Use a variety of maps and documents to identify physical and cultural features.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of Ancient Rome on the World TodaySection 1 From Republic to Empire 352
Section 2 A Vast Empire 358
Section 3 Rome’s Legacy 366
Social Studies Skills Interpreting Time Lines 372Standards Review 373Standards Assessment 375CHAPTER 13 Rome and Christianity 376California StandardsHistory–Social Science6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures during the development of Rome.Analysis SkillsHI 3 Explain the sources of historical continuity and how the combination of ideas and events explains the emergence of new patterns.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of Ancient Rome on the World TodaySection 1 Religion in the Roman Empire 380
Section 2 Origins of Christianity 384
Section 3 The Early Christian World 392
Social Studies Skills Continuity and Change in History 396
Standards Review 397
Standards Assessment 399
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6Endings and Beginnings
CHAPTER 14 The Fall of Rome 404
California StandardsHistory–Social Science7.1 Students analyze the causes and effects of the vast expansion and ultimate disintegration of the Roman Empire.Analysis SkillsHI 4 Recognize the role of chance, oversight, and error in history.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of Ancient Rome on the World TodaySection 1 Fall of the Western Roman Empire 408
Section 2 The Byzantine Empire 414
Social Studies Skills Chance, Error, and Oversight in History 420
Standards Review 421
Standards Assessment 423
.402
Trang 17CONTENTS xvii
CHAPTER 15 The Early Americas 424
California Standards7.7 Students compare and contrast the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Meso-American and Andean civilizations.Analysis SkillsHR 3 Distinguish relevant from irrelevant, essential from incidental, and verifiable from unverifiable information.History’s Impact Video SeriesThe Impact of Mayan Achievements on Math and AstronomySection 1 Geography and Early Cultures 428
Section 2 The Maya 434
Section 3 Maya Life and Society 439
Trang 18FeaturesHistory and Geography
Explore the relationships between history and geography around the world.
Mapping the Past 18
River Valley Civilizations 60
The Silk Road 212
Natural Disaster! 260
Roman Roads .364
Literature in HistoryLearn about people who lived in other times and places in excerpts from literature.The Epic of Gilgamesh 72
The Shiji 206
The Epic Poetry of Homer 276
The Aeneid .330
The Popol Vuh 444
Meet the people who have infl uenced history and learn about their lives.The Iceman 35Sargon 63Queen Hatshepsut 102Ramses the Great 107Piankhi 125Queen Shanakhdakheto 129Asoka 166Confucius 191Laozi .193
Emperor Shi Huangdi 199
Trang 19CONTENTS xix
Analyze information presented visually to learn more about history.CHARTSDevelopment of Writing 68
Egyptian Writing .109
Major Beliefs of Hinduism 152
The Eightfold Path 159
Chinese Writing 187
Main Ideas of Confucianism .192
Emperor Shi Huangdi 195
Democracy Then and Now 267
Greek Infl uence on Language 274
Roman Society .329
Government of the Roman Republic .333
Why Rome Fell 413
The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires 418
INFOGRAPHICSUnderstanding the World .8
Physical and Human Geography 13
Early Hominids 30
Hunter-Gatherers 32
A Mammoth House 39
An Early Farming Society 42
Irrigation and Civilization 58
The City-State of Ur 64
Charts, Graphics, and Time Lines Mummies and the Afterlife 96
Building the Pyramids 98
Daily Life in Egypt .104
The Temple of Karnak 110
Kush’s Trade Network 128
Rulers of Kush 130
Life in Mohenjo-Daro .146
Hindu Gods and Beliefs 152
Indian Science 170
Geography and Living 184
The Warring States Period. .190Han Achievements 204Hebrew Texts .234Destruction of the Second Temple 241Democracy in Action 264The Parthenon 304
The Roman Forum 336
Rome Battles Carthage .340
Pompeii: A City Preserved 361A Chariot Race 362The Roman Arch 367The Colosseum .368Glory of Constantinople 416Palenque .436A Maya King and His Court .440TIME LINESThe Stone Ages and Early Cultures 24
Trang 20xx Ancient Egypt 84Periods of Egyptian History 101Ancient Kush 118Ancient India .140Ancient China 178
The Zhou Dynasty .188
The Qin Dynasty .194
The Han Dynasty .200
The Hebrews and Judaism 222
Early Hebrew History .228
Ancient Greece .250
The Greek World 282
The Roman Republic 320
The Roman Empire .348
Rome and Christianity 376
Early Christianity .392
The Fall of Rome .404
Key Events in Roman History 412
The Early Americas 424
Examine key facts and concepts quickly and easily with graphics.Chapter 1 Visual Summary 21Early Hominids 30Chapter 2 Visual Summary 45Hammurabi’s Code 75
Chapter 3 Visual Summary 81
Periods of Egyptian History 101
Chapter 4 Visual Summary 115
Chapter 5 Visual Summary 133
The Varnas 151
Major Beliefs of Hinduism 152
The Eightfold Path 159
Chapter 6 Visual Summary 175
Zhou Society 189
Main Ideas of Confucianism .192
Emperor Shi Huangdi 195
Chapter 7 Visual Summary 215
Chapter 8 Visual Summary 247
Government in Athens 262
Democracy Then and Now 267
Chapter 9 Visual Summary 279
Life in Sparta .293
Life in Athens 295
Chapter 10 Visual Summary 311
Legendary Founding of Rome 326
Roman Society .329
Government of the Roman Republic .333
Chapter 11 Visual Summary .345
Chapter 12 Visual Summary 373
Chapter 13 Visual Summary 397
Why Rome Fell 413
The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires 418
Chapter 14 Visual Summary .421
Trang 21CONTENTS xxi
History Close-upSee how people lived and how places looked in the past by taking a close-up view of history.Hunter-Gatherers 32
An Early Farming Society 42
The City-State of Ur 64
Building the Pyramids 98
The Temple of Karnak 110Rulers of Kush 130Life in Mohenjo-Daro .146Destruction of the Second Temple 241Democracy in Action 264The Parthenon 304
The Roman Forum 336
Rome Battles Carthage .340
A Chariot Race 362
The Colosseum .368
The Glory of Constantinople 416
Palenque .436
Link people and cultures from the past to the world around you today.Stone Tools 33The Wheel 69Nonviolence 154A Passover Meal .244Let the Games Begin! 271Do as the Romans Do .334Christian Holidays .386LINKING TO TODAYPoints of ViewSee how different people have interpreted historical issues in different ways.Views of Migration to the Americas 38
Views of Education .294
Views of Caesar 355
Views of Writing .432
Historic DocumentsExamine key documents that have shaped world history.Hammurabi’s Code 75The Analects 192Law of the Twelve Tables .335Declaration of Independence R2U.S Constitution R6Social Studies SkillsLearn, practice, and apply the skills you need to study and analyze history.Recognizing Personal Conviction and Bias 20
Identifying Central Issues 44
Interpreting Physical Maps 80
Assessing Primary and Secondary Sources 114
Participating in Groups 132
Interpreting Diagrams 174
Conducting Internet Research 214
Identifying Short- and Long-Term Effects .246
Analyzing Costs and Benefi ts 278
Interpreting Charts and Tables 310
Interpreting Culture Maps 344
Interpreting Time Lines 372
Continuity and Change in History .396
Chance, Error, and Oversight in History 420
Trang 22RomeI o n i a nSe aTy rr h e n i a nSe aAdratcSeGulf ofVeniceGulf ofGenoaTiberRiverArnoRiverLigurianSeaL GardaL ComoPoRiverSicilySardiniaAPENNINESALPSMt Vesuvius4,190 ft.(1,277 m)ItalanPeninsula40°N10°E 15°ENSWExxii
Reading Social Studies
Learn and practice skills that will help you read your social studies lessons.
Specialized Vocabulary of History .4Chronological Order 26Main Ideas in Social Studies 54Drawing Conclusions about the Past 86Causes and Effects in History 120Inferences about History 142Summarizing Historical Texts 180Facts, Opinions, and the Past .224Greek Word Origins 252Comparing and Contrasting
Historical Facts 284Outlining and History .322Online Research .350Questioning 378Stereotypes and Bias in History .406Analyzing Historical Information 426
Writing Workshop
Learn to write about history.
Comparing and Contrasting Societies 48A Description of a Historical Place 136Why Things Happen 218A Social Studies Report 314Historical Problem and Solution .400Persuasion and Historical Issues .450
FOCUS ON WRITING
Use writing to study and refl ect on the events and people who made history.A Job Description 2A Storyboard 24A Poster 52A Riddle 84A Fictional Narrative 118An Illustrated Poster .140A Web Site .222A Myth .250A Poem 282Note Cards for a Screenplay .348A Magazine Article 376A Travel Brochure 424FOCUS ON SPEAKING
Use speaking skills to study and refl ect on the events and people who made history.
Trang 23CONTENTS xxiiiMapsMesoamerica H24Rome H25Greece H25China H25Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush H25Eastern Mediterranean H25India H25California: Physical 14 California: Climates 14California: Population 15California: Roads 15Teotihuacán, c AD 500 18Early Hominid Sites 29Early Human Migration 37Early Domestication 40Catal Hüyük 42Assessment Map 47The Fertile Crescent 57River Valley Civilizations 60Sargon’s Empire, c 2330 BC 63Babylonian and Assyrian Empires 76Phoenicia 78Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent 80Assessment Map 83Ancient Egypt 89Egyptian Trade 103Ancient Kush 123India: Physical .145Harappan Civilization 147Aryan Invasions 149Early Spread of Buddhism .160Mauryan Empire, c 320–185 BC 163Gupta Empire, c 400 .164Assessment Map 177China: Physical .183Shang Dynasty, c 1500–1050 BC .186Zhou Dynasty, c 1050–400 BC .189Qin Dynasty, c 221–206 BC .195Han Dynasty, c 206 BC–AD 220 201The Silk Road 210The Silk Road 212Possible Routes of Abraham and Moses .227Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, c 920 BC 230
The Dead Sea Scrolls .236Jewish Migration After AD 70 .243Assessment Map 249Greece: Physical .255Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations 257Greek City-States and Colonies, c 600 BC .258Natural Disaster! 260The Persian Empire 287The Persian Wars .290The Peloponnesian War, c 431–404 BC 296Alexander the Great’s Empire, c 323 BC 301Italy: Physical .325Italy, 500 BC 328The Roman Republic, 509–270 BC 339The Roman Republic, 270 BC–100 BC .342Languages of Italy .344Assessment Map 347Expansion of Rome, 100 BC – AD 117 .359Roman Trade Routes, AD 200 360Roman Roads .364Judea 385Paul’s Journeys .388The Spread of Christianity, 300–400 .394The Eastern and Western Empires 409Invasions of the Roman Empire 410The Byzantine Empire, 1025 415The Americas: Physical 429Migration to the Americas .430Early Civilizations in the Americas 433Maya Civilization 435Assessment Map 449World: Political R26North America: Physical R28North America: Political R29South America: Physical .R30South America: Political R31Europe: Physical .R32Europe: Political .R33Asia: Physical .R34Asia: Political .R35Africa: Physical R36Africa: Political R37
Trang 24xxiv
Primary Sources
Relive history through eyewitness accounts, literature, and documents.
CHAPTER 1
Polybius, on history, from The Histories,
Book XXXVIII 9Barbara W Tuchman, on history, from
Practicing History: Selected Essays 9
Kenneth C Davis, on geography, from
Don’t Know Much About Geography 15
CHAPTER 2
Donald Johanson, on fi nding Lucy, from
Ancestors: In Search of Human Origins 28
Thomas Canby and James Dixon, views
of migration to the Americas 38Jared Diamond, on domestication of
plants, from Guns, Germs, and Steel 46
CHAPTER 3
Sumerian essay, on the importance of
school, quoted in History Begins at
Sumer 68
From the Epic of Gilgamesh 72
Hammurabi, from The Code of
Hammurabi 75
CHAPTER 4
Pyramid Text, Utterance 217, on Re, quoted
in Ancient Egypt by Lorna Oaks and
Lucia Gahlin .100Pen-ta-ur, on Ramses the
Great, from The Victory of Ramses over
the Khita, in The World’s Story, edited
by Eva March Tappan 107
Hymn to the Nile, on the Nile, from Library
of Original Sources, edited by Oliver J
Thatcher C Warren Hollister, on the New
Kingdom, from Roots of the Western
Tradition 114
CHAPTER 5
Strabo, on the Kushites’ unique culture,
from The Geographies 129
CHAPTER 6
Vedic hymn, on praising the god Indra,
from the Rigveda, in Reading About
the World, Volume I, edited by Paul
Brians et al. 152The Buddha, on morality, quoted in
The History of Nations: India 158
On warning listeners to think before they
act, from the Panchatantra, translated
by Arthur Wiliam Ryder .169
From the Bhagavad Gita 172
CHAPTER 7
On the Zhou social system, from the
Zhou Book of Songs .189Confucius, on moral leadership’s role
in government, from The Analects 191Confucius, on knowledge, fairness,
and eagerness, from The Analects .192
Sima Qian, from The Shiji 206
CHAPTER 8
Exodus 20:2-14, the Ten Commandments,
from The Living Torah, edited by Rabbi
Aryeh Kaplan .228
Psalms 23:1–3, on the Lord, from The
Book of Tehillim .235From the Torah .238Flavius Josephus, on the burning of the
Second Temple, from The Wars of the
Jews 241
CHAPTER 9
Pericles’ Funeral Oration, quoted in
Thucydides, The History of the
Peloponnesian War 266
Trang 25CONTENTS xxvCHAPTER 10
Herodotus, on Persian transportation
routes, from History of the Persian Wars .289
Plutarch, on Spartan discipline, from Life
of Lycurgus .293Plato and Plutarch, views of education 294Plato, on the death of Socrates, from
Phaedo 306
CHAPTER 11
Virgil, from The Aeneid .330Polybius, on Roman unity in government,
from The Constitution of the Roman
Republic 335from Law of the Twelve Tables 335
CHAPTER 12
Julius Caesar, on his victory in battle, from
The Gallic Wars 353Plutarch and Seutonius, views of Caesar .355Pliny the Elder, on Rome’s splendor,
from Natural History 362
CHAPTER 13
Paul’s Letter to the Romans 389From the Bible 390
Karen L King, on women, from Women in
Ancient Christianity: The New Discoveries .398
CHAPTER 14
Priscus, on the Scythians, from Fragmenta
Historicorum Graecorum 407
Jordanes, on the terror of Attila the Hun,
from History of the Goths 411Justinian, on the Hagia Sophia, from
The Story of the Building of the Church Of Santa Sophia 418
Priscus, on Attila, from Eyewitness to
History, edited by John Carey .422
CHAPTER 15
David Grove and Mary E D Pohl,
views of writing 432Zuni legend, on the importance of maize,
quoted in Kingdoms of Gold, Kingdoms
of Jade by Brian Fagan 433A Maya Carving 443From The Popol Vuh .444BOOKThe Death of Socrates
In 399 BC Socrates was arrested and charged with corrupting the young people of Athens and ignoring religious traditions He was sentenced to die by drinking poison Socrates spent his last hours surrounded by his students One of them, Plato, later described the event in detail.
“Then raising the cup to his lips, quite readily and cheerfully he drank off the poi-son And hitherto most of us had been able to control our sorrow; but now when we saw him drinking my own tears were flowing fast; so that I covered my face and wept Socrates alone retained his calmness: What is this strange outcry? he said I have been told that a man should die in peace Be quiet then, and have patience.”
–Plato, from Phaedo
Primary Source
The students and friends who have vis-ited Socrates, including the narrator, are much less calm than he is.
Trang 26GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS0°10°S20°S30°S80°N40°Equator70°N60°N50°N40°N30°N20°N10°N60°E60°180°30°E120°W 150°W0°90°W60°W30°W90°E120°E150°E
Mapping the Earth
A pattern of lines circles the globe in east-west and north-south directions It is called agrid The intersection of these imaginary lines helps us fi nd places on the earth
The east-west lines in the grid are lines oflatitude Lines of latitude are called paral-lels because they are always parallel to each other These imaginary lines measure dis-tance north and south of the equator The equator is an imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between the North and South Poles Parallels measure distance from the equator in degrees The symbol for degrees is ° Degrees are further divided into minutes.The symbol for minutes is ´ There are 60 minutes in a degree Parallels north of the equator are labeled with an N Those south of the equator are labeled with an S
The north-south lines are lines of
longitude Lines of longitude are called
meridians These imaginary lines pass through the Poles They measure distance east and west of the prime meridian The prime meridian is an imaginary line that runs through Greenwich, England It repre-sents 0° longitude
Lines of latitude range from 0°, for loca-tions on the equator, to 90°N or 90°S, for locations at the Poles Lines of longitude range from 0° on the prime meridian to 180° on a meridian in the mid-Pacifi c Ocean Meridians west of the prime meridian to 180° are labeled with a W Those east of the prime meridian to 180° are labeled with an E.North PoleNorth PolePrimeMeridianLines of LongitudeLines of Latitude
A globe is a scale model of the earth It is useful for showing the entire
Trang 27GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLSGEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS H1EquatorPrimeMeridian ANTARCTICAAFRICAEUROPEASIAAUSTRALIANorth PoleSouth PoleINDIANOCEANATLANTICOCEANEASTERN HEMISPHEREEastern Hemisphere
The equator divides the globe into two halves, called hemispheres The half north of the equator is the Northern Hemisphere The southern half is the Southern Hemisphere The prime meridian and the 180° meridian divide the world into the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere However, the prime meridian runs right through Europe and Africa To avoid dividing these continents between two hemispheres, some mapmakers divide the Eastern and Western hemispheres at 20°W This places all of Europe and Africa in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Our planet’s land surface is divided into seven large landmasses, called continents.They are identifi ed in the maps on this page Landmasses smaller than continents and completely surrounded by water are called
islands.
Trang 28GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS
H2 GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS
A map is a fl at diagram of all or part of the earth’s surface Mapmakers have created
different ways of showing our round planet on fl at maps These different ways are called
map projections Because the earth is round, there is no way to show it accurately in a
fl at map All fl at maps are distorted in some way Mapmakers must choose the type of map projection that is best for their purposes Many map projections are one of three kinds: cylindrical, conic, or fl at-plane.
Cylindrical Projections
Cylindrical projections are based on a cylinder wrapped around the globe The cylinder touches the globe only at the equator The meridians are pulled apart and are parallel to each other instead of meeting at the Poles This causes landmasses near the Poles to appear larger than they really are The map below is a Mercator projection, one type of cylindrical projection The Mercator projection is useful for navigators because it shows true direction and shape However, it distorts the size of land areas near the Poles.
Mapmaking
Trang 29GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLSGEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS H3Conic Projections
Conic projections are based on a cone placed over the globe A conic projection is most accurate along the lines of latitude where it touches the globe
It retains almost true shape and size Conic projections are most useful for showing areas that have long east-west dimensions, such as the United States.Flat-plane Projections
Flat-plane projections are based on a plane touching the globe at one point, such as at the North Pole or South Pole A fl at-plane projection is useful for showing true direc-tion for airplane pilots and ship navigators It also shows true area However, it distorts the true shapes of landmasses.
Paper cone
Conic projection
Flat-plane projection
Trang 3080 E70 E90 E10 N10 N20 NKanchenjunga28,208 ft.(8,598 m)HIMALAYASEASTE RNGHTWETRNGHATSD E C C A NP L AT E AUGanges DeltaTharDesert(GreatInanDese)Vindhya RangeComndelCatMalabrCatHinduKush80 E70 E90 E10 N10 N20 NTropic of CancerLaccadiveIslandsAndamanIslandsIndusReKrishnaR.GodavariRiverIndusRiverGngsRiverYmnRiverG anges R.GhagharaRiverBrahmaputraRirJmunRArabianSeaBay ofBengalAndamanSeaI N D I A NO C E A NNSWE4,0002,0005002000 (Sea level)Belowsea level13,1206,5601,640656(Sea level) 0Belowsea levelFeetMetersELEVATION500 Miles2500500 Kilometers2500H4 GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLSIndia: PhysicalGEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS12345
Maps are like messages sent out in code Mapmakers provide certain elements that help us translate these codes These elements help us understand the message they are presenting about a particular part of the world Of these elements, almost all maps have titles, directional indicators, scales, and legends The map below has all four of these elements, plus a fi fth–a locator map.
Map Essentials
1Title
Trang 31NSWE4,0002,0005002000 (Sea level)Belowsea level13,1206,5601,640656(Sea level) 0Belowsea levelFeetMetersELEVATION500 Miles2500500 Kilometers2500GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLSGEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS H52Compass Rose
A directional indicator shows which way north, south, east, and west lie on the map Some mapmakers use a “north arrow,” which points toward the North Pole Remember, “north” is not always at the top of a map The way a map is drawn and the location of directions on that map depend on the perspective of the mapmaker Most maps in this textbook indicate direction by using a compass rose A compass rose has arrows that point to all four principal directions, as shown.
4Legend
The legend, or key, explains what the symbols on the map repre-sent Point symbols are used to specify the location of things, such as cities, that do not take up much space on the map Some legends, such as the one shown here, show colors that represent certain elevations Other maps might have legends with symbols or colors that represent things such as roads Legends can also show economic resources, land use, population density, and climate.
5Locator Map
A locator map shows where in the world the area on the map is located The area shown on the main map is shown in red on the locator map The locator map also shows surrounding areas so the map reader can see how the information on the map relates to neighboring lands.
3Scale
Mapmakers use scales to represent the distances between points on a map Scales may appear on maps in several different forms The maps in this textbook provide a bar scale Scales give distances in miles and kilometers.
Trang 32Bay ofBiscayTyrrhenianSeaIonianSeaAegeanSeaBlackSeaLigurianSeaStrait ofGibraltarAdriaticSeaATLANTICOCEANM e d i terraneanSeaPo RiverTiberR.RomeCarthageGREECEMACEDONIAASIAMINORSPAINA F R I C AGAULNSWE0150300 Miles0150300 KilometersRoman lands in 270 BCRoman lands in 100 BC
H6 GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS
The Roman Republic, 270-100 BC
Working with MapsGEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS
The Atlas at the back of this textbook includes both physical and political maps Physical maps, like the one you just saw, show the major physical features in a region These features include things like mountain ranges, rivers, oceans, islands, deserts, and plains Political maps show the major political features of a region, such as countries and their borders, capitals, and other important cities
Historical Map
Trang 33-T$EAD3EA0ERSIAN'ULF-EDITERRANEAN3EA%UPHRATESIVER4IGRISIVER.ILEER"ABYLON5R(ARAN2AMSES$AMASCUS*ERICHO-EMPHIS*ERUSALEM!3392)!%'904-%3/0/4!-)!( ) 4 4 ) 4 % #!.!!..37%0OSSIBLE0OSSIBLEGEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS H7Route Map
One special type of historical map is called a route map A route map, like the one above, shows the route, or path, that someone or something followed Route maps can show things like trade routes, invasion routes, or the journeys and travels of people The routes on the map are usually shown with an arrow If more than one route is shown, sev-eral arrows of different colors may be used What does this route map show?
The maps in this textbook will help you study and understand history By working with these maps, you will see where
important events happened, where empires rose and fell, and where people moved In studying these maps, you will learn how geography has infl uenced history GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS
Possible Routes of Abraham and Moses
The Bible says that Abra-ham left Mesopotamia and settled in Canaan.
Trang 34OCEAN
a large body of water
CORAL REEF
an ocean ridge made up of skeletal remains of tiny sea animals"!9PARTBODYTHATTHAN7%4,!.$ANCOVEREDSHALLOWPENINSULA
Trang 35COAST
an area of landnear the ocean
DESERT
an extremely dry area withlittle water and few plants0,!4%!5AELEVATEDAREADUNEa hill of sand shaped by windCANYON
Trang 36GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS
H10 GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS
Geography is the study of the world’s people and places As you can imagine, studying the entire world is a big job To make the job easier, geographers have
created the Five Themes of Geography They are: Location, Place,
Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, and Region You can think of the Five Themes as fi ve windows you can look through to study a place If you looked at the same place through fi ve different windows, you would have fi ve different perspectives, or viewpoints, of the place Using the Five Themes in this way will help you better understand the world’s people and places.
The Five Themes of Geography
1Location The fi rst thing to study about a place is its location Where is it? Every place has an absolute location—its exact location on Earth A place also has a relative location—its location in relation to other places Use the theme of location to ask questions like, “Where is this place located, and how has its location affected it?”2Place Every place in the world is unique and has its own personality and character Some things that can make a place unique include its weather, plants and ani-mals, history, and the people that live there Use the theme of place to ask questions like, “What are the unique features of this place, and how are they important?”
3Human-Environment Interaction
People interact with their environment in many ways They use land to grow food and local materials to build houses At the same time, a place’s environment infl uences how people live For example, if the weather is cold, people wear warm clothes Use the theme of human-environment interaction to ask questions like, “What is this place’s environment like, and how does it affect the people who live there?”
4Movement The world is constantly
changing, and places are affected by the movement of people, goods, ideas, and physical forces For example, people come and go, new businesses begin, and rivers change their course Use the theme of move-ment to ask questions like, “How is this place changing, and why?”
Trang 37GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLS H11GEOGRAPHY AND MAP SKILLSLOCATION
Most of the United States is located in the Western Hemisphere, north of Mexico and south of Canada This location has good farmland, many resources, and many different natural environments.
United States
MexicoCanada
PLACE
New York City is one of the most powerful cities in the world The people of New York also make the city one of the most ethnically diverse places in the world.
1
MOVEMENT
People, goods, and ideas are constantly moving to and from places such as Seattle, Washington As some places grow, others get smaller, but every place is always changing.
4
2
REGION
The United States is a political region with one government At the same time, smaller regions can be found inside the country, such as the Badlands in South Dakota.
5
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Trang 38THE STONE AGES AND EARLY CULTURES 27
Key Termsand People
Scientists Study Remains
One archaeologist who made impor-tant discoveries about prehistory was in East Africa that were more than 1.5 Louis Leakey, believed that the bones belonged to a hominid, an early ances-tor of humans
In 1974 anthropologist Donald Johanson found bones from another fi nd Lucy Tests showed that she lived more than 3 million years ago In 1994 anthropologist Tim White that the hominid he found may have lived as long as 4.4 million years ago
FromChapter 2, pages28–29
After you read the sentences, answer the following questions.
1. Draw a three-part sequence chain on your own paper.
a What are the three dates that tell you the chronological order
of the three discoveries?
b Where do the discoveries go in your sequence chain?2. Study the sequence chain you’ve made Leakey made her fi nd in
1959 The bones she found were about 1.5 million years old Johanson found bones in 1974 that were more than 3 million years old White made his fi nd in 1994 and the bones he found were 4.4 million years old Why do you think that as time contin-ued anthropologists were able to fi nd older and older bones?
3. Create another sequence chain Sequence the discoveries in the order of the age of the bones, oldest to youngest.Chapter 2prehistory (p 28)hominid (p 28)ancestor (p 28)tool (p 30)Paleolithic Era (p 31)society (p 33)hunter-gatherers (p 33)Section 2migrate (p 36)ice ages (p 36)land bridge (p 36)Mesolithic Era (p 38)Section 3Neolithic Era (p 41)domestication (p 41)agriculture (p 42)megaliths (p 42)Academic VocabularySuccess in school is related to knowing academic vocabulary—the words that are frequently used in school assignments and discussions In this chapter, you will learn the following academic words:
distribute (p 33)development (p 42)
As you read Chapter 2, look for words
that indicate the order in which events occurred.
You Try It!
The following passage is from the chapter you are about to read Read the sentences carefully and think about order of events
HSS Analysis CS 1 Understand how events are related in time.ELA Reading 6.2.4 Clarify an understanding of texts by creating
outlines, logical notes, summaries, or reports.Chronological Order26CHAPTER 2ReligionSocietyand CultureScience and TechnologyGeographyPoliticsEconomics
Reading Social Studies
Focus on Themes In this chapter you will learn about the earliest humans and how they lived You will read about scientists who work constantly to learn more about this mysterious time As you read, you will see the beginnings of human
society and culture—the making of tools, the use
of fi re, and the creation of language You will also
read about the geography of the world and how it
shaped where and how early people lived.
Focus on Reading History, just our like our lives, can be seen as a series of events in time To understand history and events, we often need to see how they are related in time.
Understanding Chronological Order The word chronological
means “related to time.” Events discussed in this history book are discussed
in sequence, in the order in which they happened To understand history
better, you can use a sequence chain to take notes about events in the order they happened.
by Kylene Beers
Additionalreading support can be found in the
Writers sometimes signal chronological order, or sequence, by using words or phrases like these:
fi rst, before, then, later, next, eventually, fi nally
A scientists goes to Africa and drives to a gorge to search for fossils.
Sequence Chain
She searches for several hours and fi nds a bone.
She calls another scientist to report what she found.READING SOCIAL STUDIESH12 READING SOCIAL STUDIESTip #1Use the Reading Social Studies Pages
Take advantage of the two pages on read-ing at the beginnread-ing of every chapter Those pages introduce the chapter themes; explain a reading skill or strategy; and identify key terms, people, and academic vocabulary.Themes
Why are themes important? They help our minds organize facts and information For example, when we talk about baseball, we may talk about types of pitches When we talk about movies, we may discuss animation
Historians are no different When they discuss history or social studies, they tend to think about some common themes: Econom-ics, Geography, Religion, PolitEconom-ics, Society and Culture, and Science and Technology.
Reading Skill or Strategy
Good readers use a number of skills and strategies to make sure they understand what they are reading These lessons will give you the tools you need to read and understand social studies
Key Terms, People, and Academic VocabularyBefore you read the chapter, review these words and think about them Have you heard the word before? What do you already know about the people? Then watch for these words and their meanings as you read the chapter.
Become an Active Reader
by Dr Kylene Beers
Did you ever think you would begin reading your social studies book by reading about reading? Actually, it makes better sense than you might think You would probably make sure you learned some soccer skills and strategies before playing in a game Similarly, you need to learn some reading skills and strategies before reading your social studies book In other words, you need to make sure you know whatever you need to know in order to read this book successfully
Trang 39READING SOCIAL STUDIESREADING SOCIAL STUDIES H13Tip #2
Read like a Skilled Reader
You will never get better at reading your social studies book—or any book for that matter—unless you spend some time think-ing about how to be a better reader.
Skilled readers do the following:
• They preview what they are supposed to read before they actually begin reading They look for vocabulary words, titles of sections, information in the margin, or maps or charts they should study.
• They divide their notebook paper into two columns They title one column “Notes from the Chapter” and the other column “Questions or Comments I Have.”
• They take notes in both columns as they read.
• They read like active readers The Active
Reading list below shows you what that means.
• They use clues in the text to help them fi gure out where the text is going The best clues are called signal words
Chronological Order Signal Words:
fi rst, second, third, before, after, later, next, following that, earlier, fi nally
Cause and Effect Signal Words:
because of, due to, as a result of, the reason for, therefore, consequently
Comparison/Contrast Signal Words:
likewise, also, as well as, similarly, on the other hand
Predict what will happen next based on what has already happened When your predictions don’t match what happens in the text, re-read the confusing parts.Question what is happening as you read Constantly ask yourself why things have happened, what things mean, and what caused certain events
Summarize what you are reading fre-quently Do not try to summarize the entire chapter! Read a bit and then sum-marize it Then read on.
Connect what is happening in the part you’re reading to what you have already read.
Clarify your understanding Stop occa-sionally to ask yourself whether you are confused by anything You may need to re-read to clarify, or you may need to read further and collect more information before you can understand.
Visualize what is happening in the text Try to see the events or places in your mind by drawing maps, making charts, or jotting down notes about what you are reading.
Active Reading
Trang 40ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
influence
change, or have
an effect on It’s not surprising that the early Greeks
way of trading with other communities.The Greeks became skilled shipbuild-ers and sailors Their ships sailed to Asia Mediterranean and Aegean seas As they sources of food and other products they other cultures.
READING CHECK Drawing Conclusions
How did mountains affect the location of Greek settlements?
Trading Cultures Develop
Many cultures settled and developed in Greece Two of the earliest were the Mino-ans (muh-NOH-uhnz) and the Mycenaens (my-suh-NEE-uhns) By 2000 BC the
Minoans had built an advanced society the Aegean in the eastern Mediterranean Greek mainland These two civilizations helped shape later cultures in Greece.
The Minoans
Because they lived on an island, the Mino-ans spent much of their time at sea They time Minoan ships carried goods such as eastern Mediterranean They traded these goods for copper, gold, silver, and jewels.
Although Crete’s location was excellent for Minoan traders, its geography had its volcano erupted just north of Crete This much of Crete In addition, the eruption The Minoans and Mycenaens were
expert shipbuilders and seafarers They sailed throughout the eastern Mediterranean to trade
For what did the Minoans and Mycenaens use their ships?
Early Trading Cultures
The Minoans
The Minoans traded goods like this vase decorated with an octopus Trade made the Minoans rich enough to build magnificent buildings These are the ruins of a great palace in the Minoan city of Knossos, on the island of Crete.ACADEMIC VOCABULARYinfluencechange, or have an effect on256 CHAPTER 9SanchiSarnathBodhGayaBorneoSumatraINDIACHINANEPALPERSIATIBETCEYLON(SRI LANKA)PACIFICOCEANINDIANSouthSeaBay ofBengalEastChinaSeaYellowSeaCENTRALASIASOUTHEASTASIANSWE0250500 Miles0250500 KilometersEarly Buddhist areaSpread of Buddhism160 CHAPTER 6Buddhism Spreads
Buddhism continued to attract followers through India, the religion began to spread to other areas as well.
Buddhism Spreads in India
According to Buddhist tradition, 500 of shortly after he died They wanted to make sure that the Buddha’s teachings were remembered correctly.
In the years after this council, the Buddha’s followers spread his teachings quickly, because Buddhist teachings were 200 years of the Buddha’s death, his teach-ings had spread through most of India.
Buddhism Spreads Beyond India
The spread of Buddhism increased after one of the most powerful kings in India, Once he converted, he built Buddhist More importantly, though, he worked to India You will learn more about Asoka and his accomplishments in the next section.
Asoka sent Buddhist missionaries, orpeople who work to spread their religiousbeliefs, to other kingdoms in Asia One group of these missionaries sailed to the followed trade routes east to what is now Asia Missionaries also went north to areas near the Himalayas.
Early Spread of Buddhism
INTERPRETING MAPS
Movement Buddhism spread to what island south of India?
GEOGRAPHY
SKILLS
his accomplishments in the next section.Asoka sent Buddhist missionaries, or
peoplewho worktospread theirreligious
beliefs
beliefs, to other kingdoms in Asia One group of these missionaries sailed to the ACADEMIC VOCABULARYinfluencechange, or have an effect onREADING SOCIAL STUDIESH14 READING SOCIAL STUDIESTip #3
Pay Attention to Vocabulary
It is no fun to read something when you don’t know what the words mean, but you can’t learn new words if you only use or read the words you already know In this book, we know we have probably used some words you don’t know But, we have followed a pattern as we have used more dif-fi cult words.
Key Terms and People
At the beginning of each section you will fi nd a list of key terms or people that you will need to know Be on the lookout for those words as you read through the section
Academic Vocabulary
When we use a word that is important in all classes, not just social studies, we defi ne it in the margin under the heading Academic Vocabulary You will run into these academic words in other textbooks, so you should learn what they mean while reading this book.
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