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Cover
PLANTS: Food, Medicine, and the Green Earth
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1 The Father of Botany
Aristotle And His Natural History
Theophrastus, The Father Of Botany
Medicine And Plants
Pedanius Dioscorides And His Catalog Of Medicinal Plants
What Is a Pharmacopoeia?
Alexander The Great And His Empire
Pliny, Preserving Knowledge
John Ray And His Encyclopedia Of Plant Life
2 Herbals and Physic Gardens
Shennong, The Divine Farmer
The Aztec Herbal
Albert The Great And The Structure Of Plants
Konrad Von Megenberg And His Illustrated Herbal
Conrad Gessner, The German Pliny
Rembert Dodoens And The First Flemish Herbal
John Gerard And His Herbal
Nicholas Culpeper And His Herbal Best Seller
Leonhard Fuchs, Fuchsia, and the First Botanical Glossary
The Bauhin Family
Monastic Gardens
The Apothecaries’ Garden At Chelsea
The Doctrine Of Signatures
3 Botanical Gardens and Herbaria
Identifying Plants: The Herbal Becomes The Flora
Formal Gardens, Restoring Order To A Chaotic World
Lancelot “Capability” Brown
Luca Ghini And How To Press Flowers
The Rise Of The Herbarium
Pisa, Padua, And Florence, The First Botanical Gardens
Carolus Clusius, The Leiden Botanical Garden, And The Tulip
Tulipomania
Sir Henry Capel, Princess Augusta, And The Royal Botanic Gardens At Kew
Sir Joseph Banks, Unofficial Director Of Kew
Sir William Hooker, The First Official Director
Jean-baptiste Lamarck And The Royal Garden, Paris
José Mutis And The Bogotá Botanical Garden
4 Naming Plants
Joseph Pitton De Tournefort And The Grouping Of Plants
Carolus Linnaeus And The Binomial System
How Plants Are Classified
Augustin De Candolle And Natural Classification
Adolf Engler And The Vegetation Of The World
5 The Plant Hunters
Rhododendrons, Primulas, And Frank Kingdon-ward
David Douglas In North America And Hawaii
Reginald Farrer And Alpine Plants
George Forrest, Collecting In Yunnan
Robert Fortune, Collecting In Northern China
The Wardian Case
Ernest Wilson, Collecting In China And Japan
6 Geography of Plants
Alexander Von Humboldt And The Plants Of South America
Karl Ludwig Von Willdenow And The Start Of Scientific Plant Geography
Franz Meyen And Vegetation Regions
Alphonse De Candolle And Why Plants Grow Where They Do
Edward Forbes And The Significance Of Ice Ages
August Grisebach And Floral Provinces
Carl Skottsberg And The Plants Of Southern South America
7 Plant Cultivation
The Origins Of Agriculture
The Story Of Wheat
The Story Of Rice
The Story Of Corn
The Story Of Cotton
Captain Bligh, HMS Bounty, and the Breadfruit Trees
Tea, And How Bodhidharma Stayed Awake
Coffee, And Kaldi’s Goats
How Brazil Acquired Its Name
Sir Hans Sloane, Milk Chocolate, And The British Museum
How Rubber Moved To Asia
8 Evolution of Plants
Adolphe-théodore Brongniart, Father Of Paleobotany
Charles Darwin And Evolution By Means Of Natural Selection
Asa Gray And The Discontinuous Distribution Of Plants
Göte Turesson And Plant Ecotypes
Nikolai Vavilov And The Origin Of Cultivated Plants
9 Plant Physiology
Nehemiah Grew, Plant Reproduction, And Comparative Anatomy
Marcello Malpighi And The Microscopic Study Of Plants
Robert Hooke And The Cell
Stephen Hales, The Movement Of Sap, And Transpiration
Joseph Priestley And Fdephlogisticated Airf
Phlogiston
Erasmus Darwin And
Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, And Cell Theory
Robert Brown, The Cell Nucleus, And The Study Of Pollen
10 Ecology of Plants
Christen Raunkiær And The Way Plants Grow
Josias Braun-blanquet And The Sociology Of Plants
Gustaf Du Rietz And Communities Of Plants
Andreas Schimper And Plant Adaptation To The Environment
Carl Georg Oscar Drude And Plant Formations
Eugen Warming And The Principles Of Plant Ecology
Arthur Tansley And The Plants Of Britain
11 Biodiversity and Plant Conservation
What Is Biodiversity?
The Advance Of Agriculture And The Retreat Of Wilderness
National Parks And Nature Reserves
Saving The Tropical Forests
Conclusion
Glossary
Further Resources
index
Nội dung
[...]... fragments, and they consist of what appear to be lecture notes rather the Father of Botany than the texts of books The two exceptions are Theophrastus’s most important works: De historia plantarum (On the history of plants) and De causis plantarum (On the reasons for plant growth) With these works Theophrastus initiated the methodical study of plants Theophrastus grew plants in his own botanical garden and. .. that understanding The book has a glossary defining the technical terms used in the text, and for readers who would like to pursue the subject further there is a list of books and Web sites where they will be able to learn more xiii 1 The Father of Botany N atural history is the study of plants and animals, with the emphasis on observation rather than experiment People have always made use of plants, of... to be utilized They gathered plants for food and medicines and later they cultivated them; they constructed their buildings, boats, and many tools and utensils from plant materials; and they wove cotton, linen, hemp, and jute to make cloth Once writing was invented, people made paper from papyrus (a type of sedge), hemp, and cotton, before turning to wood pulp in modern times; all of these are plant... penalty Rather than stand trial, he left Athens and settled which is now lost (The in Chalcis (see the map on the previous page) He died the following Granger Collection) year tHeopHrAstus, tHe FAtHer oF BotAny When Aristotle quit Athens for the last time, he left his friend and assistant Theophrastus (ca 372–ca 287 b.c.e.) to lead the Peripatetic school In his will Aristotle bequeathed the Lyceum... different and only distantly related species The study of plant geography led to speculation about the ways plants adapt to their environment, which led in turn to the investigation of plant evolution Thousands of years ago our ancestors obtained their plant foods— fruits, seeds, leaves, and roots—by gathering them from plants growing wild Then they began to cultivate some of those plants and very slowly the. .. and in the service of, the Musaeum, which was a temple used as an academic institution and the origin of the word museum The managers of the library were instructed to collect all the information in the world Library representatives attended book fairs in Athens and Rhodes, and whenever a ship arrived in the port any books it carried would be seized and copied, the library retaining the originals and. .. Europe and headed eastward They defeated the Persians once more at Gaugemala, to the east of the Tigris River, occupied Babylon, and then captured Susa and the Persian capital, Persepolis, and Alexander was proclaimed king of Asia The Macedonians then resumed their pursuit of Darius, whom they found dying from wounds inflicted by one of his own noblemen—who was later captured by the Macedonians and punished... cooking, and wood to make tools and furniture It is not surprising, therefore, that people have been studying plants for thousands of years This book tells of that search for understanding and of some of the individuals who contributed to it Plants, one volume in the Discovering the Earth set, begins the story in ancient Greece, where philosophers first speculated about the origin of plants, and the study... access to the great library He became a surgeon in the Roman army during the reign of the emperor Nero, who ruled from 54 c.e to 68 c.e., and his travels with the army through Greece, Italy, Asia Minor (modern Turkey), and southern France gave him ample opportunity to study the medicinal plants and minerals in the territories he visited AlexAnder tHe greAt And His eMpire Aristotle taught Alexander (356–323... been doing these things for thousands upon thousands of years, but people gathering or cultivating plants and craftspersons converting plant materials into useful articles had no need to understand any more about the plants they used than their properties and how to exploit them It was not until the cultural flowering in ancient Greece that scholars began to speculate about the origins of plants, to . alt="" Food, Medicine, and the Green Earth Plants