Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content Nonfi ction Use Graphic Organizers • Captions • Labels • Diagram • Glossary Fossils and Dinosaurs Scott Foresman Science 2.7 Standards Preview Standard Set 3. Earth Sciences 3. Earth is made of materials that have distinct properties and provide resources for human activities. As the basis for understanding this concept: 3.d. Students know that fossils provide evidence about the plants and animals that lived long ago and that scientists learn about the past history of Earth by studying fossils. ISBN 0-328-23514-8 ì<(sk$m)=cdfbei< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U 23514_CVR.indd Cover123514_CVR.indd Cover1 2/1/06 1:55:41 PM2/1/06 1:55:41 PM Earth Sciences by Kristin Cashore 23514_CVR.indd Cover223514_CVR.indd Cover2 2/1/06 1:55:50 PM2/1/06 1:55:50 PM Vocabulary dinosaur fossil skeleton Picture Credits Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions. Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the copyright of Dorling Kindersley, a division of Pearson. ISBN: 0-328-23514-8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 23514_CVR.indd Cover323514_CVR.indd Cover3 1/13/06 12:05:26 PM1/13/06 12:05:26 PM by Kristin Cashore 23514_001-020.indd 123514_001-020.indd 1 1/13/06 12:11:55 PM1/13/06 12:11:55 PM 2 Learning About Fossils Do you know what a fossil is? A fossil is a print or part of a plant or animal that lived long ago. Some fossils are shapes that have been left in rocks. Other fossils are very old bones or teeth. Fossils show what plants and animals looked like long ago. 23514_001-020.indd 223514_001-020.indd 2 1/13/06 12:12:02 PM1/13/06 12:12:02 PM 3 There are scientists who study fossils. These scientists want to know more about plants and animals. They want to fi nd out what living things from long ago looked like. These scientists are working with fossils. 23514_001-020.indd 323514_001-020.indd 3 1/13/06 12:12:16 PM1/13/06 12:12:16 PM 4 What Fossils Show Fossils show the size of living things from long ago. They show the shape of living things from long ago. There are fossils of plants and animals that no longer live on Earth. This is a fossil of a shell. Long ago an animal lived in the shell. 23514_001-020.indd 423514_001-020.indd 4 1/13/06 12:12:20 PM1/13/06 12:12:20 PM 5 A Fossil Forms An animal dies. Sand and mud cover the body. The sand and mud turn into rock. 23514_001-020.indd 523514_001-020.indd 5 1/13/06 12:12:23 PM1/13/06 12:12:23 PM 6 Life Long Ago Scientists can help teach us about life from long ago. Fossils show things about the past. The scientists below are working with fossils. They are using special tools to clean the fossils. These scientists are working carefully. Fossils can break easily! 23514_001-020.indd 623514_001-020.indd 6 1/13/06 12:12:27 PM1/13/06 12:12:27 PM 7 Sometimes scientists fi nd fossils of bones. The scientists might put the fossil bones together to make a skeleton. A skeleton is all the bones of a body. Scientists build dinosaur skeletons from fossils of bones. 23514_001-020.indd 723514_001-020.indd 7 1/13/06 12:12:44 PM1/13/06 12:12:44 PM 8 Learning about Dinosaurs Dinosaurs were animals that lived on Earth long ago. Scientists study dinosaur fossils. Scientists want to know how dinosaurs lived and what they looked like. Fossils help us see what dinosaurs might have looked like. 23514_001-020.indd 823514_001-020.indd 8 1/13/06 12:12:48 PM1/13/06 12:12:48 PM 9 We can see how Earth has changed over time by looking at fossils. Here you see a picture of dinosaurs. Earth might have once looked like this. Dinosaurs lived many years ago. 23514_001-020.indd 923514_001-020.indd 9 1/13/06 12:12:58 PM1/13/06 12:12:58 PM 10 Finding New Dinosaurs Scientists look for fossils in many places. We can learn new things by fi nding fossils. Scientists found two dinosaur skeletons in Morocco. One of the dinosaurs was called Carcharodontosaurus. Carcharodontosaurus had a big skull. A human skull is much smaller! 23514_001-020.indd 1023514_001-020.indd 10 1/13/06 12:13:05 PM1/13/06 12:13:05 PM 11 The other dinosaur was called Deltadromeus. It was very long. Its arms and legs were long and thin. Deltadromeus and Carcharodontosaurus both ate meat. This Deltadromeus skeleton is at a Chicago museum. Compare it to the human skeleton. 23514_001-020.indd 1123514_001-020.indd 11 1/13/06 12:13:09 PM1/13/06 12:13:09 PM 12 What do we know about dinosaurs? Scientists have learned a lot about dinosaurs. Some dinosaurs were very small. Some dinosaurs were very big. The Diplodocus was huge! 23514_001-020.indd 1223514_001-020.indd 12 1/13/06 12:13:12 PM1/13/06 12:13:12 PM 13 There were once many kinds of dinosaurs on Earth. No dinosaurs are alive today. The Coelophysis was tiny. Triceratops had horns. 23514_001-020.indd 1323514_001-020.indd 13 1/13/06 12:13:21 PM1/13/06 12:13:21 PM 14 What Dinosaurs Ate Scientists want to know what dinosaurs ate. So they study dinosaur teeth. Scientists learn what dinosaurs ate from their teeth. Tyrannosaurus rex had sharp teeth. It ate meat. 23514_001-020.indd 1423514_001-020.indd 14 1/13/06 12:13:30 PM1/13/06 12:13:30 PM 15 Some dinosaurs had teeth that were long and sharp. These dinosaurs ate meat. Other dinosaurs had teeth that were short and fl at. These dinosaurs ate plants. Barosaurus ate plants. It had a long neck like a giraffe. 23514_001-020.indd 1523514_001-020.indd 15 1/13/06 6:12:09 PM1/13/06 6:12:09 PM 16 Animals Then and Now Scientists learn about animals from footprints. Footprints show that some dinosaurs walked on their toes. Look at the elephant footprints below. Elephants walk with their feet and toes fl at on the ground. Four-legged dinosaur Two-legged dinosaur These footprints were made by an elephant living today. Dinosaur footprints 23514_001-020.indd 1623514_001-020.indd 16 1/13/06 12:13:55 PM1/13/06 12:13:55 PM 17 Some birds from long ago were like birds today. They had feathers and beaks. Some birds from long ago were not like birds today. They had sharp teeth and long, bony tails. Few birds today have these things. Archaeopteryx lived long ago. This bird had claws on its wings. 23514_001-020.indd 1723514_001-020.indd 17 1/13/06 12:14:06 PM1/13/06 12:14:06 PM [...]... these plant fossils remind you of plants living today? 18 19 Glossary dinosaur animal that lived on Earth long ago fossil a print or part of a plant or animal that lived long ago What did you learn? 1 Some dinosaurs ate plants What kind of teeth did they have? 2 How did many dinosaurs walk? 20 Write about a time that you read a book about dinosaurs or saw an educational television program about dinosaurs. ..Plants Then and Now Plant fossils show the size of plants from long ago They also show the shape of plants from long ago Scientists study plant fossils to learn about plants from the past They want to know how these plants are like plants today Redwood trees lived long ago Some redwoods grow today Redwoods from long ago looked like redwoods today What color were plants long ago? Many plant fossils are... read a book about dinosaurs or saw an educational television program about dinosaurs What did you learn about dinosaurs from that book or program? Make sure your answer includes a beginning, middle, and end, along with specific details 4 skeleton 3 Use Graphic Organizers Write what you learned about dinosaurs Use a graphic organizer to help you all of the bones of a body . PM 8 Learning about Dinosaurs Dinosaurs were animals that lived on Earth long ago. Scientists study dinosaur fossils. Scientists want to know how dinosaurs lived and what they looked like. Fossils. the basis for understanding this concept: 3.d. Students know that fossils provide evidence about the plants and animals that lived long ago and that scientists learn about the past history. Diagram • Glossary Fossils and Dinosaurs Scott Foresman Science 2.7 Standards Preview Standard Set 3. Earth Sciences 3. Earth is made of materials that have distinct properties and provide resources