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buckley (ed.) - debt-for-development exchanges; history and new applications (2011)

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  • Half-title

  • Title

  • Copyright

  • Dedication

  • Contents

  • Acknowledgments

  • Contributors

    • Principal Contributor and Editor

    • Other Contributors

  • Introduction: A Productive Partnership between Civil Society and the Academy

  • Part I: Types of Exchanges and Their Development over Time

    • 1 The Early Years: The Evolution of a Technique

      • I. Introduction

      • II. The Secondary Market in Discounted Debt

      • III. Debt–Equity Exchanges

      • IV. Conclusion

    • 2 Debt-for-Nature Exchanges

      • I. Introduction

      • II. First-Generation Debt Exchanges

        • A. Bolivia (1987): ‘Debt for Conservation’

        • B. Other First-Generation Debt-for-Nature Exchanges

      • III. Second-Generation Debt-for-Nature Exchanges

        • A. Costa Rica (1989): ‘Debt for Conservation’ and ‘Debt for Industry’

        • B. Poland (1991): ‘Debt for Democracy’

        • C. Bulgaria

      • IV. More Recent Debt-for-Nature Exchanges

        • A. The Madagascar Foundation

        • B. Millennium Development Goals, the Paris Declaration and Debt-for-Nature Exchanges

        • C. Indonesia, Debt-for-Nature Exchanges and the Clean Development Mechanism

      • V. Conclusion

    • 3 Other Debt-for-Development Exchanges

      • I. Debt for Education

      • II. Debt for Health

      • III. Conclusion

  • Part II: Exchanges by Donor Countries

    • 4 United States Debt Exchanges

      • I. 1989 Global Environmental Protection Assistance Act (US)

      • II. 1990 Enterprise for the Americas Initiative Act (US)

      • III. Tropical Forest Conservation Act (US)

        • A. Measures to Address Indigenous and National Sovereignty Concerns

        • B. Eligibility Requirements and Enforcement Measures in the TFCA

        • C. Tropical Forest Agreements under the TFCA

        • D. The Future of the TFCA

      • IV. Conclusion

    • 5 Italian Exchanges

      • I. Introduction

      • II. Kenya–Italy Debt-for-Development Program

      • III. Egypt–Italy Debt-for-Development Program

      • IV. Conclusion

    • 6 German Exchanges

      • I. Overview of German Debt Exchanges

      • II. German Debt-for-Nature Agreements

      • III. Conclusion

    • 7 French Exchanges

      • I. Overview

      • II. C2D in Action: Partnership with Cameroon

      • III. Conclusion

    • 8 Other Donor Nations’ Exchanges

      • I. Swiss Debt-for-Development Exchanges

      • II. Spanish Debt-for-Education Exchanges

      • III. Norway

      • IV. Conclusion

    • 9 Debt-for-Development Exchanges in Australia: Past, Present and Future

      • I. Introduction

      • II. Australia as a Creditor Nation

      • III. Indonesia: Australia’s Largest Debtor

      • IV. Lobbying for Debt Exchanges in Australia

      • V. The Implementation of the Debt2Health Project

        • A. The Issue of Illegitimacy

      • VI. New Opportunities

        • A. Egypt

        • B. Zambia

      • VII. Conclusion

  • Part III: Critiques of Exchanges

    • 10 Debt Audits: A Necessary Precondition to Credible Exchanges

      • I. Legitimacy

      • II. Charity?

      • III. Avoiding the Ad Hoc Solution

      • IV. Secrecy and Export Credit

        • A. Export Finance and Insurance Corporation

        • B. Australia and Indonesia

      • V. Best Foot Forward

      • VI. Conclusion

    • 11 How to Deal with Debt Illegitimacy in Relation to Debt Conversion: Reflections on an All-Too-Real Case

      • I. Warships for Indonesia, 1992–2004

      • II. What Is an Illegitimate Debt?

      • III. Cancellation of Illegitimate Debt by Legal Means

      • IV. German–Indonesian Reconciliation Fund for Victims of Violence under the Dictatorship

        • A. Background

        • B. The Proposal

        • C. Precedence

        • V. Conclusion

    • 12 The Human Rights Dimension in Exchanges

      • I. Human Rights Obligations of States in the Context of Development

        • A. The Right to Development

        • B. Differing Ideas about Development

      • II. The Potential for Debt Exchanges to Enhance Human Rights

      • III. The Potential for Debt Exchanges to Adversely Affect Human Rights

        • A. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

        • B. Civil and Political Rights

        • C. Indigenous Rights

      • IV. A Human Rights–Supporting Approach to Debt for Development?

    • 13 Bangladesh’s Experience with Exchanges: Liability to Potential

      • I. Introduction

      • II. History of Indebtedness: Bangladesh, a Laboratory of Experimenting Neoclassical Theories

      • III. Aid Politics and Indebtedness: Cross-Conditionalities by the Development Partners in Bangladesh

      • IV. Debt Profile of Bangladesh: A Fivefold Increase in External Debt since the 1980s

      • V. Repayment of Debt-Service Liability: Less Money for the Essential Service Sectors

      • VI. Debt Cancellation Initiatives: The Arbitrary Nature of ‘Debt-to-Export Ratio’ Criteria

      • VII. Debt Cancellation: Freeing Up Money for Attaining MDGs

      • VIII. Debt-for-Development Exchanges: Countering Climate Change

      • IX. Conclusion

    • 14 The Philippines’ Experience with Exchanges

      • I. Debt-for-Development Exchange for Rural Bank Rehabilitation

      • II. Debt-for-Development Exchange for Sustainable Development

      • III. Attempted Debt-for-Development Exchange Program Initiated by Politicians

      • IV. Prospective Applications of Lessons Learned

        • A. Debt for Rural Investment in Power Enhancement

        • B. Debt-for-Microfinance Development Exchange

        • C. Debt-for-Pension-Funds Enhancement Program

      • V. Conclusion

  • Part IV: Innovative Applications of Exchanges

    • 15 Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration: A Land Rehabilitation Technique Well Adapted to Funding by Exchanges

      • I. Introduction and Background

      • II. The Innovative Aspects of FMNR

      • III. Sustainability of FMNR

        • A. Self-Sustainability and Replicability of FMNR

        • B. Social and Financial Sustainability

        • C. Environmental Sustainability

      • IV. Global Potential of FMNR

      • V. Critical Success Factors

      • VI. How Debt Exchanges Can Increase the Spread of FMNR

        • A. Unfunded Activities

        • B. Obstacles and Incentive

        • C. Costs of an FMNR Program

        • D. Potential Problems

      • VII. Conclusion

    • 16 Restoring Mangroves in the Philippines

      • I. Introduction

      • II. Levels of Poverty

      • III. Advantages of a Bilateral Debt Exchange

      • IV. Mangroves

      • V. Conclusion

    • 17 Poverty Reduction through Social Protection: A Potential Form of Debt-for-Development Exchange

      • Appendix: Cost of Filling the Extreme Poverty Gap from Abroad: An Arithmetic Exercise with Agenda

        • Professor Anthony Clunies-Ross

          • Magnitude in Foreign-Exchange of the Aggregate (Extreme) Total Poverty Gap

    • 18 Climate Change Adaptation Exchanges: An Exploration of the Possibilities and Risks

      • I. Introduction

      • II. Background and Framing

        • A. Adaptation to Climate Change

        • B. Proposals for Climate Financing and the Precedent of REDD

        • C. Debt-for-Development Exchanges

      • III. Three Conceptualisations

        • A. Exchanges Targeted at Specific Climate Impacts

        • B. Unconditional Debt Reduction

        • C. General Exchanges That Target Climate Vulnerable Sectors

      • IV. Potential Objections to Climate Change Adaptation Exchanges

        • A. Key Objections and Principles

          • 1. Industrialised countries have a historic obligation to provide full, no-strings-attached financial assistance for dealing with climate change impacts in developing countries

          • 2. All financing for adaptation to climate change must be additional to existing aid commitments

          • 3. Financing must be predictable and long term

          • 4. Financing should be delivered primarily through UN mechanisms, not bilaterally, in order to prevent the imposition of inappropriate conditions motivated by donor country agendas

      • V. Conclusions

    • 19 Climate Change and Food Security: Building Resilience by Means of Climate Field Schools

      • I. Introduction

      • II. Climate Change and Reduced Agricultural Potential

      • III. Local Relationship between Climate Change and Food Security

      • IV. Regional Vulnerabilities to Climate Change

        • A. Related Security Concerns

        • B. Escape or Build Resilience?

      • V. Funding Climate Field Schools Using Debt-for-Development Exchanges

        • A. Farmers are Noticing Change

        • B. Farmer Field Schools

        • C. The Field School Process

        • D. Climate Field Schools

        • E. CFS Program Content

        • F. Theoretical Explorations

      • VI. Utilising the Experience from FFSs

    • 20 Debt-for-Security Exchanges

      • I. Introduction

      • II. Mindanao

        • A. Debt-Exchange Proposal Focussed on the Conflict in Mindanao

      • III. Debt for Nonproliferation

      • IV. Climate Change and Resources Pressures as a Security Threat

    • 21 Promoting Good Governance through ICT Systems: Improving Transparency and Reducing Corruption

      • I. Introduction

      • II. Good Governance

      • III. Governance Deficiencies: Corruption and Economic Mismanagement

        • A. Corruption

          • 1. Definitional Issues

          • 2. Kinds of Corruption

          • 3. ‘Petty’ and ‘Grand’ Corruption

          • 4. Causes of Corruption

          • 5. Consequences of Corruption

      • IV. Economic Mismanagement

        • A. Suboptimal Allocation of Available Resources

          • I. Ghana

          • 2. Cote d’ivoire

        • B. Bad Investment Contracts for the State

          • I. Liberia

          • 2. Ethiopia

      • V. How ICT Can Enhance Governance

        • A. Use of ICT Systems to Improve Governance

          • 1. e-Governance

          • 2. Equipping Anticorruption Units

        • B. Public Education

        • C. Funding Through Debt4ICT Schemes

          • 1. Suitability of Debt4ICT Mechanisms

          • 2. Compatibility with Other Initiatives

      • VI. Conditions for Effectiveness

        • A. Democracy

        • B. Rule of Law

        • C. Political Will

      • VII. Conclusion

    • 22 Using Debt Exchanges to Enhance Public Accountability to Citizens

      • I. Background: Assessing Debt Relief and Addressing Causes of Debt Crises

      • II. Inadequacy of ODA, Debt Relief and Domestic Funding for Human Development

      • III. Improving Basic Service Delivery, Governance and Human Development

      • IV. Moving Towards Solutions That Address Systemic Causes

      • V. Improving Accountability, Beginning Locally: The Case of Citizen Voice and Action

      • VI. Sector-Based Support: A Possible Debt-Exchange Funding Mechanism

        • A. What Would DfLG Entail?

      • VII. Debt Exchanges for Local Government in Action

      • VIII. Conclusion

      • Appendix I: Key Elements in Citizen Voice and Action Applied to Local Service Delivery

      • Phase One: Organisation and Staff Preparation

      • Phase Two: Enabling Citizen Engagement

      • Phase Three: Engagement via Community Gathering

      • Phase Four: Improving Services and Influencing Policy

  • Conclusion

    • I. Principal Advantages of Debt-for-Development Exchanges

    • II. Two Possible Disadvantages of Debt-for-Development Exchanges

    • III. A New Paradigm for Development

  • Index

Nội dung

This page intentionally left blank --  Debt-for-development exchanges are an important nancing tool for develop- ment. They make debt relief more politically and practically attractive to donor countries, and serve the development of recipient countries through the can- cellation of external debt and the funding of important development projects. This book commences by chronicling the emergence of debt-for-development exchanges from their forebears, debt–equity exchanges, and analyses why debt for development suffers from very few of the problems that plagued debt–equity. The book also analyses the different types of debt-for-development exchanges and the different ways they have been used by donor nations. The book then explores a range of critical perspectives on exchanges and concludes by considering a wide range of innovative uses for the funds generated by exchanges. Ross P. Buckley is a Professor of Law at University of New South Wales, a Fellow of the Asian Institute of International Financial Law of the University of Hong Kong and a Fellow of Australia , a national research organisation. He is the founding series editor of the Global Trade Law Series; series co-editor of the International Banking and Finance Law Series; and founding editor of the ‘Overseas Law’ column in the Australian Law Journal. He has written or edited eleven books and authored more than  book chapters and articles. Debt-for-Development Exchanges     Written and edited by ROSS P. BUCKLEY Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press  Avenue of the Americas, New York,  -,  www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/ © R oss P. Buckley  This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published  Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data De bt-for-development exchanges : hi story and new ap plications / [edited by] Ross P. Buckley. p. cm . In cludes index.   ---- (hardback) . Ec onomic development projects – Fi nance – La w and legislation. I. Bu ckley, Ross P. II . Ti tle.  .    .–dc    ---- Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. To family and friends. When all is said and done, all we have that matters are family and friends, and along the way all that is best is family and friends. Yet somehow it can be easy to forget to be lled with gratitude for that which gives our lives its greatest richness and meaning. vii Acknowledgments page xi List of Contributors xii i Introduction: A Pro ductive Partnership between Civ il Soc iety and the Academy  Ross P. Buckley P art I Ty pes of Exc hanges and Their Development over Time . The Early Years: The Evolution of a Technique  Ross P. Buckley  . De bt-for-Nature Exc hanges  Ross P. Buckley and Steven F reeland . Other Debt-for-Development Exchanges  Ross P. Buckley Part II Exchanges by Donor Countries . Uni ted Sta tes Debt Exc hanges  Ross P. Buckley and Steven F reeland . Italian Exchanges  Ross P. Buckley  . Ge rman Exc hanges  Ross P. Buckley Contents viii Contents . French Exchanges  Ross P. Buckley . Other Donor Nations’ Exchanges  Ross P. Buckley . Debt-for-Development Exchanges in Australia: Past, Present and Future  Adele Webb and Luke Fletcher Part III Critiques of Exchanges . Debt Audits: A Necessary Precondition to Credible Exchanges  Julia Roy . How to Deal with Debt Illegitimacy in Relation to Debt Conversion: Reections on an All-Too-Real Case  Jürgen Kaiser . The Human Rights Dimension in Exchanges  Gillian Moon . Bangladesh’s Experience with Exchanges: Liability to Potential  M. D. Shamsuddoha . The Philippines’ Experience with Exchanges  Joffre Balce Part IV Innovative Applications of Exchanges . Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration: A Land Rehabilitation Technique Well Adapted to Funding by Exchanges  Tony Rinaudo . Restoring Mangroves in the Philippines  Ross P. Buckley . Po verty Reduction through Soc ial Protection: A Po tential Form of Debt-for-Development Exc hange  John Langmore . Publication data De bt-for-development exchanges : hi story and new ap plications / [edited by] Ross P. Buckley. p. cm . In cludes index.    - -  -  - (hardback) . Ec onomic. and Their Development over Time . The Early Years: The Evolution of a Technique  Ross P. Buckley  . De bt-for-Nature Exc hanges  Ross P. Buckley and Steven F reeland . Other Debt-for-Development. articles: “US Debt-for-Development Legislation: A Missed Opportunity to • Enhance United States National Security?” Banking and Finance Law Review : – (with S. Freeland) “Debt-for-Development

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