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Half-title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Principal Contributor and Editor
Other Contributors
Introduction: A Productive Partnership between Civil Society and the Academy
Part I: Types of Exchanges and Their Development over Time
1 The Early Years: The Evolution of a Technique
I. Introduction
II. The Secondary Market in Discounted Debt
III. Debt–Equity Exchanges
IV. Conclusion
2 Debt-for-Nature Exchanges
I. Introduction
II. First-Generation Debt Exchanges
A. Bolivia (1987): ‘Debt for Conservation’
B. Other First-Generation Debt-for-Nature Exchanges
III. Second-Generation Debt-for-Nature Exchanges
A. Costa Rica (1989): ‘Debt for Conservation’ and ‘Debt for Industry’
B. Poland (1991): ‘Debt for Democracy’
C. Bulgaria
IV. More Recent Debt-for-Nature Exchanges
A. The Madagascar Foundation
B. Millennium Development Goals, the Paris Declaration and Debt-for-Nature Exchanges
C. Indonesia, Debt-for-Nature Exchanges and the Clean Development Mechanism
V. Conclusion
3 Other Debt-for-Development Exchanges
I. Debt for Education
II. Debt for Health
III. Conclusion
Part II: Exchanges by Donor Countries
4 United States Debt Exchanges
I. 1989 Global Environmental Protection Assistance Act (US)
II. 1990 Enterprise for the Americas Initiative Act (US)
III. Tropical Forest Conservation Act (US)
A. Measures to Address Indigenous and National Sovereignty Concerns
B. Eligibility Requirements and Enforcement Measures in the TFCA
C. Tropical Forest Agreements under the TFCA
D. The Future of the TFCA
IV. Conclusion
5 Italian Exchanges
I. Introduction
II. Kenya–Italy Debt-for-Development Program
III. Egypt–Italy Debt-for-Development Program
IV. Conclusion
6 German Exchanges
I. Overview of German Debt Exchanges
II. German Debt-for-Nature Agreements
III. Conclusion
7 French Exchanges
I. Overview
II. C2D in Action: Partnership with Cameroon
III. Conclusion
8 Other Donor Nations’ Exchanges
I. Swiss Debt-for-Development Exchanges
II. Spanish Debt-for-Education Exchanges
III. Norway
IV. Conclusion
9 Debt-for-Development Exchanges in Australia: Past, Present and Future
I. Introduction
II. Australia as a Creditor Nation
III. Indonesia: Australia’s Largest Debtor
IV. Lobbying for Debt Exchanges in Australia
V. The Implementation of the Debt2Health Project
A. The Issue of Illegitimacy
VI. New Opportunities
A. Egypt
B. Zambia
VII. Conclusion
Part III: Critiques of Exchanges
10 Debt Audits: A Necessary Precondition to Credible Exchanges
I. Legitimacy
II. Charity?
III. Avoiding the Ad Hoc Solution
IV. Secrecy and Export Credit
A. Export Finance and Insurance Corporation
B. Australia and Indonesia
V. Best Foot Forward
VI. Conclusion
11 How to Deal with Debt Illegitimacy in Relation to Debt Conversion: Reflections on an All-Too-Real Case
I. Warships for Indonesia, 1992–2004
II. What Is an Illegitimate Debt?
III. Cancellation of Illegitimate Debt by Legal Means
IV. German–Indonesian Reconciliation Fund for Victims of Violence under the Dictatorship
A. Background
B. The Proposal
C. Precedence
V. Conclusion
12 The Human Rights Dimension in Exchanges
I. Human Rights Obligations of States in the Context of Development
A. The Right to Development
B. Differing Ideas about Development
II. The Potential for Debt Exchanges to Enhance Human Rights
III. The Potential for Debt Exchanges to Adversely Affect Human Rights
A. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
B. Civil and Political Rights
C. Indigenous Rights
IV. A Human Rights–Supporting Approach to Debt for Development?
13 Bangladesh’s Experience with Exchanges: Liability to Potential
I. Introduction
II. History of Indebtedness: Bangladesh, a Laboratory of Experimenting Neoclassical Theories
III. Aid Politics and Indebtedness: Cross-Conditionalities by the Development Partners in Bangladesh
IV. Debt Profile of Bangladesh: A Fivefold Increase in External Debt since the 1980s
V. Repayment of Debt-Service Liability: Less Money for the Essential Service Sectors
VI. Debt Cancellation Initiatives: The Arbitrary Nature of ‘Debt-to-Export Ratio’ Criteria
VII. Debt Cancellation: Freeing Up Money for Attaining MDGs
VIII. Debt-for-Development Exchanges: Countering Climate Change
IX. Conclusion
14 The Philippines’ Experience with Exchanges
I. Debt-for-Development Exchange for Rural Bank Rehabilitation
II. Debt-for-Development Exchange for Sustainable Development
III. Attempted Debt-for-Development Exchange Program Initiated by Politicians
IV. Prospective Applications of Lessons Learned
A. Debt for Rural Investment in Power Enhancement
B. Debt-for-Microfinance Development Exchange
C. Debt-for-Pension-Funds Enhancement Program
V. Conclusion
Part IV: Innovative Applications of Exchanges
15 Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration: A Land Rehabilitation Technique Well Adapted to Funding by Exchanges
I. Introduction and Background
II. The Innovative Aspects of FMNR
III. Sustainability of FMNR
A. Self-Sustainability and Replicability of FMNR
B. Social and Financial Sustainability
C. Environmental Sustainability
IV. Global Potential of FMNR
V. Critical Success Factors
VI. How Debt Exchanges Can Increase the Spread of FMNR
A. Unfunded Activities
B. Obstacles and Incentive
C. Costs of an FMNR Program
D. Potential Problems
VII. Conclusion
16 Restoring Mangroves in the Philippines
I. Introduction
II. Levels of Poverty
III. Advantages of a Bilateral Debt Exchange
IV. Mangroves
V. Conclusion
17 Poverty Reduction through Social Protection: A Potential Form of Debt-for-Development Exchange
Appendix: Cost of Filling the Extreme Poverty Gap from Abroad: An Arithmetic Exercise with Agenda
Professor Anthony Clunies-Ross
Magnitude in Foreign-Exchange of the Aggregate (Extreme) Total Poverty Gap
18 Climate Change Adaptation Exchanges: An Exploration of the Possibilities and Risks
I. Introduction
II. Background and Framing
A. Adaptation to Climate Change
B. Proposals for Climate Financing and the Precedent of REDD
C. Debt-for-Development Exchanges
III. Three Conceptualisations
A. Exchanges Targeted at Specific Climate Impacts
B. Unconditional Debt Reduction
C. General Exchanges That Target Climate Vulnerable Sectors
IV. Potential Objections to Climate Change Adaptation Exchanges
A. Key Objections and Principles
1. Industrialised countries have a historic obligation to provide full, no-strings-attached financial assistance for dealing with climate change impacts in developing countries
2. All financing for adaptation to climate change must be additional to existing aid commitments
3. Financing must be predictable and long term
4. Financing should be delivered primarily through UN mechanisms, not bilaterally, in order to prevent the imposition of inappropriate conditions motivated by donor country agendas
V. Conclusions
19 Climate Change and Food Security: Building Resilience by Means of Climate Field Schools
I. Introduction
II. Climate Change and Reduced Agricultural Potential
III. Local Relationship between Climate Change and Food Security
IV. Regional Vulnerabilities to Climate Change
A. Related Security Concerns
B. Escape or Build Resilience?
V. Funding Climate Field Schools Using Debt-for-Development Exchanges
A. Farmers are Noticing Change
B. Farmer Field Schools
C. The Field School Process
D. Climate Field Schools
E. CFS Program Content
F. Theoretical Explorations
VI. Utilising the Experience from FFSs
20 Debt-for-Security Exchanges
I. Introduction
II. Mindanao
A. Debt-Exchange Proposal Focussed on the Conflict in Mindanao
III. Debt for Nonproliferation
IV. Climate Change and Resources Pressures as a Security Threat
21 Promoting Good Governance through ICT Systems: Improving Transparency and Reducing Corruption
I. Introduction
II. Good Governance
III. Governance Deficiencies: Corruption and Economic Mismanagement
A. Corruption
1. Definitional Issues
2. Kinds of Corruption
3. ‘Petty’ and ‘Grand’ Corruption
4. Causes of Corruption
5. Consequences of Corruption
IV. Economic Mismanagement
A. Suboptimal Allocation of Available Resources
I. Ghana
2. Cote d’ivoire
B. Bad Investment Contracts for the State
I. Liberia
2. Ethiopia
V. How ICT Can Enhance Governance
A. Use of ICT Systems to Improve Governance
1. e-Governance
2. Equipping Anticorruption Units
B. Public Education
C. Funding Through Debt4ICT Schemes
1. Suitability of Debt4ICT Mechanisms
2. Compatibility with Other Initiatives
VI. Conditions for Effectiveness
A. Democracy
B. Rule of Law
C. Political Will
VII. Conclusion
22 Using Debt Exchanges to Enhance Public Accountability to Citizens
I. Background: Assessing Debt Relief and Addressing Causes of Debt Crises
II. Inadequacy of ODA, Debt Relief and Domestic Funding for Human Development
III. Improving Basic Service Delivery, Governance and Human Development
IV. Moving Towards Solutions That Address Systemic Causes
V. Improving Accountability, Beginning Locally: The Case of Citizen Voice and Action
VI. Sector-Based Support: A Possible Debt-Exchange Funding Mechanism
A. What Would DfLG Entail?
VII. Debt Exchanges for Local Government in Action
VIII. Conclusion
Appendix I: Key Elements in Citizen Voice and Action Applied to Local Service Delivery
Phase One: Organisation and Staff Preparation
Phase Two: Enabling Citizen Engagement
Phase Three: Engagement via Community Gathering
Phase Four: Improving Services and Influencing Policy
Conclusion
I. Principal Advantages of Debt-for-Development Exchanges
II. Two Possible Disadvantages of Debt-for-Development Exchanges