Lê Hồng Thảo 1 Word Form FORMATION OF WORDS I. Formation of nouns : A. Nouns formed from verbs : 1. Verb + - ing Noun ( có nghóa : sự , việc ). Ex : travelling, reading, writing, meeting, 2. Verb + ar / er / or / ist > Noun ( mang nghóa: người ). Ex : beggar, liar, worker, inventor, actor, artist, typist, 3. [ -ate, -ect, -ess, -ict, -ise, -bit, -pt, -uct, -ute, ] + -ion . Ex : regulation, protection, prediction 4. [ -ine, -ize, -ore, -ort, -rve, ] +-ation. Ex : Examination, organization, exploration, transportation 5. [ -eive ]+ -eption and [ -ibe ] +-iption. Ex: conceive conception, deceive deception 6. [ -ify ] +-ification. Ex : amplification (sự khuyết đại ), justification ( sự chứng thực ) 7. [ -ose ] +-ition. Ex : deposition ( sự phế truất ), composition ( bài luận ) 8. [ -ovle ] + -ution. Ex : evolution (sự biến đổi), revolution (cuộc cách mạng ), resolution ( quyết nghò ). 9. [ -uce ] + -tion. Ex : deduction ( sự khấu trừ ), production ( sự sản xuất ), introduction ( sự giới thiệu ) 10. [ -end, -ide, -ode,-ude ] +-sion. Ex: extension, decision, explosion, conclusion, … 11. [ -mit, -eed, -ede, ] +-ssion. Ex : admission, permission, succession, intercession 12. [ -ish ] +-ment. Ex : accomplishment, punishment, establishment, banishment ( sự trục xuất ), 13. [ -fer ] + -ence. Ex : Conference, reference ( sự tham khảo ), interfernce ( sự can thiệp ), 14. [ -er ] + -y. Ex : delivery, discovery, flattery ( sự nònh hót ), recovery, mastery ( quyền bá chủ ), 15. [ -al ]. Ex : bestowal (sự ân thưởng), withdrawal (sự triệt thoái), removal, refusal, proposal, arrival B. Nouns formed from adjectives: 1. Colour and manner adjective added with [ -ness , -ty ]. Ex : whiteness, happiness, cruelty, narrowness, loyalty, …. 2. [ -ful, -ly ] + [ -ness ]. Ex : Carefulness, usefulness, gratefulness, loneliness, silliness, 3. [ -al, -ure, -ile, -id, -ial ] +[ -ity ]. Ex : equality, legality ( sự hợp pháp ), mentality ( trí khôn ), maturity ( sự chính mùi ), purity ( sự tinh khiết ), fertility ( sự phì nhiêu ), futility ( sự vô dụng ), acidity ( sự chua chát ), rapidity ( sự nhanh nhẹn ), stupidity ( sự ngu dốt ), conviviality ( sự vui vẻ ), impartiality ( sự vô tư ), 4. [ - able, -ible ] => [ -ility ]. Ex : ability (năng lực), capability (khả năng), suitability (thích hợp ), possibility ( sự có thể ), responsibility ( trách nhiệm ), visibility ( sự rõ rệt ), 5. [ -ant, -ent ] => [ -ance, -ence ].Ex : abundance ( sự phong phú ), ignorance ( sự dốt nát ), convenience ( sự thuận tiện ), intelligence ( sự thông minh ), 6. [ -cient ] => [ -ciency ]. Ex:efficiency ( hiệu quả ), deficiency ( khuyết điểm ), sufficiency ( sự đầy đủ ), proficiency 7. Adjectives/ nouns added [ -dom ]. Ex : kingdom ( vương quốc ), freedom , wis(e)dom, boredom 8. Adjectives/ nouns added [ -hood ]. Ex : childhood (thời thơ ấu), neighbourhood ( tình lối xóm ), falsehood ( sự giả dối ) 9. Adjectives/ nouns added [ -ism ]. Ex : patriotism ( lòng ái quốc ), feudalism ( chế độ phong kiến ), socialism ( CNXH) 10. Irregular : Ex : long >length ( chiều dài ), strong >strength ( sức mạnh ); broad > breadth ( bề rộng ); deep >depth ( chiều sâu ); true >truth ( sự thật ); high >height ( chiều cao ); hungry >hunger ( sự đói ); wide >width ( chiều rộng ); angry >anger ( sự giận dữ ); young > youth ( tuổi trẻ ); coward > cowardice ( kẻ hèn ); poor >poverty II. Formation of adjectives: A. Adjectives formed from verbs : 1. Verb +[ -ing, -ed ]. Ex : singing, moving, sleeping, broken, tired, won, 2. Verb + [ -able ]. Ex :movable, replaceable, remarkable, disirable, washable, changeable, valuable, 3. Verb ending in [ -ate, -uct ] [ -ive ]and [-eive ] [ -eptive ]. Ex: cooperative, communicative, decorative, constructive, instructive, deceive > deceptive, receive > receptive ( thâu nhận) Except:conceive > conceivable B. Adjectives formed from nouns : 1. Nouns ending in [ -ture, -ion, - ent ]+ [ -al ]. Ex : naturenatural, educationeducational, continent continental 2. Noun + -y. Ex : rainy, lucky, windy, funny, fishy( tanh ), salty, thirsty Lê Hồng Thảo 2 Word Form 3. Noun + -ly. Ex :daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, freindly, soldierly ( hiếu chiến ) 4. Noun + -ful. Ex : careful, hopeful, helpful, youthful (trẻ trung) , handful, mouthful, 5. Noun + -less. Ex : merciless ( tàn nhẫn ), useless ( vô dụng ), homeless, jobless. 6. Noun + -ous. Ex : adventurous ( mạo hiểm ), dangerous ( nguy hiểm ), fam(e)ous 7. Noun + -en. Ex: Golden ( bằng vàng ), wooden ( bằng gỗ ), woollen ( bằng len ) 8. Noun + -ive. Ex: Active ( ưa hoạt động ), sportive ( vui tính ), na tive ( thuộc bản xứ ) 9. Noun/ Verd + -ed. Ex: Crowded ( đông đảo ), limited ( có giới hạn ); Peased ( hài lòng ), learned ( học rộng ) 10. Noun / Verb + -able. Ex: Respectable , fashionable (hợp thời trang); Eatable ( ăn được ), imitable ( có thể bắt trước ) 11. Noun / Adjective+ - ish. Ex: Boyish (như trẻ con), bookish ( ham đọc sách ); Whitish (trăng trắng), redish (đo đỏ) 12. Noun / ajective+ -some. Ex: Gladsome (vui vẻ), wholesome (lành, khỏe); Handsome (đẹp trai), meddlesome (láu táu ) III. Formation of verbs: 1. Prefix (Tiền tố) a. dis-/mis-/re-/over-/under-/out- + V à V - Disagree (khơng đồng ý); Dislike (khơng thích); Disappear (Biến mất) - Outnumber (nhiều/đơng hơn); Outlive (sống lâu hơn); Outweigh (nặng hơn); Outrun (chạy nhanh hơn); Outgrow (lớn/ p hát triển hơn) - Overstay (ở q lâu); overwork (làm việ c q sức); overcook (nấu q chín); overact (cường điệu) - Undercharge (tính giá q thấp); Undersell (bán rẻ hơn); Underdo (làm khơng trọn vẹn); Undersign (ký ở dưới); Underestimate (đánh giá thấp); Underlay (đặt ở dưới ); Underfeed (cho ăn khơng đủ); Undercook (nấu chưa chín) - Misspell(đánhvầnnhầm);misbehave(cưxửsai);misunderstand(hiểunhầm);misuse(sửdùngsai) - Remarry (kết hơn lần nữa); Redo (làm lại); …. b) en- + N/V/Adj à V enable (làm cho có thể làm gì); enlarge (mở rộng); endanger (gây nguy hiểm); enclose (gởi kèm); enact (ban hành (luật)); enrich (làm giàu) 2. Suffix (Hậu tố) : Adj/N + -ize/-en/-ate/-fy V - Beauty beautify (làm đẹp) - Bright brighten (làm rạng rỡ); Loose loosen (làm lỏng ra); Less lessen (giảm bớt); Sharp sharpen (làm cho sắc, nhọn); Light lighten (làm nhẹ đi); Short shorten (làm ngắn lại); Tight tighten (siết chặt); Wide widen (làm rộng ra); Weak weaken (làm yếu đi); White whiten (làm trắng); - Industrial industrialize (cơng nghiệp hóa); Legal legalize (hợp pháp hóa); Modern modernize (hiện đại hóa); Origin originate (bắt nguồn); Real realize (nhận ra) IV. Vị trí: A. Danh từ 1. Đứng sau tính từ: a new watch; good books adj N adj N 2. Sau : a / an / the / some / any / no/ this / that / these / those /my/your/his/her/our 3. Trước độ ng từ khi ở vị trí làm chủ ngữ (S), sau động từ khi ở vị trí làm tân ngữ (O): The girl sang a song. S V O 4. Sau giới từ: We go to school in the morning prep N prep N B. Tính từ: 1. Trước danh từ: beautiful flowers adj N Lê Hoàng Thảo 3 Word Form 2. Sau động từ to be và các động từ liên kết (linking verb): These oranges taste sweet L.V adj * Một số động từ nối thường gặp: look ( trong có vẻ), feel (cảm thấy), grow/become/turn (trở nên), seem (dường như), appear (có vẻ), sound (nghe có vẻ), remain/stay (vẫn cứ) C. Động từ: 1. Đứng sau chủ ngữ: She worked hard. S V 2. * Sau trạng từ nă ng diễn (Adverb of Frequency) nếu là động từ thường: always (luôn), usually (thư ờng thường), often (thường), sometimes (đôi khi), seldom (ít khi), never (không bao giờ) He usually goes to school in the afternoon. A of F V * Trước trạng từ năng diễn nếu là động từ BE. It is usually hot in summer Be A of F D. Trạng từ: 1. Trạ ng từ chỉ thể cách (Adverb of Manner) đứng sau động từ thường, nếu động từ có tân ngữ thì đứng sau tân ngữ. She drives carefully. V A of M She drives her car carefully V O A of M 2. Đứng trước tính từ, quá khứ phân từ và phó từ khác It is a very amusing story. adv adj She was warmly welcomed. adv past participle He ran very fast. adv adv PRACTICE 1. In England, primary education is provided by state schools run by the government and by _______ fee- paying schools. a. independent b. independently c. depended d. independence 2. The United Nations Secretary-General has often spoken of the need for individual _______ and human rights in his speeches. a. free b. freedom c. freely d. freeing 3. As an _______, Mr. Pike is very worried about the increasing of juvenile (vi thành niên) delinquency.(tội phạm) a. educate b. education c. educator d. educative 4. He did not do well at school and left with few _______ qualifications. a. academic b. academy c. academician d. academically 5. The Minister of the Education and Training Department appeared on TV last night to _______ his new policy. a. public b. publicly c. publicize d. publicizing 6. He owed his success not to privilege but to self-education and a driving desire for _______. a. achieve b. achiever c. achievement d. achievable 7. To Vietnamese students, the _______ examination to university is very difficult. a. require b. requirement c. requiring d. required 8. Despite many recent _______ advances, there are parts where schools are not equipped with computers. a. technology b. technological c. technologically d. technologist Lê Hoàng Thảo 4 Word Form 9. There is a wide range of _______ in the education system of the USA. a. select b. selective c. selected d. selection 10. He graduated with doctorates of _______ and surgery from Florence, gaining the highest honors that year. a. medicine b. medical c. medicate d. medication 11. The making of good habits _______ a determination to keep on training your child. a. require b. requires c. requirement d. required 12. He was the only _______ that was offered the job. a. apply b. application c. applicant d. applying 13. Parents can express a _______ for the school their child attends. a. prefer b. preference c. preferential d. preferable 14. Many people have objected to the use of animals in ________ experiments. a. science b. scientist c. scientific d. scientifically 15. I would like to invite you to participate in the ________ ceremony. a. graduate b. graduated c. graduation d. graduating 16. Mr. Pike provided us with an _______ guide to the full-time and part-time programs on offer to a range of candidates drawn from schools and colleges. a. inform b. informative c. informed d. information 17. Higher education _______ have risen this year for the first time in more than a decade. a. applies b. applications c. applicable d. applicants 18. I am so _______ that I cannot say anything, but keep silent. a. nerve b. nervous c. nervously d. nervousness 19. _______ speaking, I do not really like my present job. a. Honest b. Honesty c. Honestly d. Dishonest 20. A letter of _______ is sometimes really necessary for you in a job interview. a. recommend b. recommended c. recommender d. recommendation 21. Doctors have to assume _______ for human life. a. responsible b. responsibly c. responsibility d. responsibles 22. _______ is increasing, which results from economic crisis. a. Employment b. Unemployment c. Employ d. Unemployed 23. He was offered the job thanks to his _______ performance during his job interview. a. impress b. impression c. impressive d. impressively 24. The interviewer gave his consent to John's _______ for work and promised to give him a job. a. keen b. keenly c. keener d. keenness 25. _______! I have heard of your success in the new project. a. Congratulate b. Congratulating c. Congratulation d. Congratulations 26. It is _______ to fail a job interview, but try again. a. disappoint b. disappointing c. disappointedly d. disappointment 27. There is a wide _______ of computers in that shop for you to choose. a. vary b. various c. variety d. variously 28. There are several places where residents face the threat of _______ every day. a. terrorist b. terrorism c. terrorize d. terror 29. Many people think that in some more years we will see the complete _______ of newspapers and magazines due to the Internet. a. disappear b. disappearance c. appear d. appearing 30. She is about her chances of winning a gold medal. A. optimism B. optimistic C. optimistically D. optimist 31. The doctors are about his chances of recovery. A. pessimism B. pessimistically C. pessimist D. pessimistic 32. There is now a mood of deepening about the economy. A. pessimism B. pessimist C. pessimistically D. pessimistic Lê Hoàng Thảo 5 Word Form . actor, artist, typist, 3. [ -ate, -ect, -ess, -ict, -ise, -bit, -pt, -uct, -ute, ] + -ion . Ex : regulation, protection, prediction 4. [ -ine, -ize, -ore, -ort, -rve, ] +-ation. Ex : Examination,. cruelty, narrowness, loyalty, …. 2. [ -ful, -ly ] + [ -ness ]. Ex : Carefulness, usefulness, gratefulness, loneliness, silliness, 3. [ -al, -ure, -ile, -id, -ial ] +[ -ity ]. Ex : equality, legality. [ -mit, -eed, -ede, ] +-ssion. Ex : admission, permission, succession, intercession 12. [ -ish ] +-ment. Ex : accomplishment, punishment, establishment, banishment ( sự trục xuất ), 13. [ -fer