learning ipv6 computer network

Learning IPv6 computer network Outline  Protocol Background  Technology Highlights  Enhanced Capabilities  Transition Issues  Next Steps Background Why a New IP?  1991 – ALE WG studied projections about address consumption rate showed exhaustion by 2008.  Bake-off in mid-1994 selected approach of a new protocol over multiple layers of encapsulation. What Ever Happened to IPv5? 0 IP March 1977 version (deprecated) 1 IP January 1978 version (deprecated) 2 IP February 1978 version A (deprecated) 3 IP February 1978 version B (deprecated) 4 IPv4 September 1981 version (current widespread) 5 ST Stream Transport (not a new IP, little use) 6 IPv6 December 1998 version (formerly SIP, SIPP) 7 CATNIP IPng evaluation (formerly TP/IX; deprecated) 8 Pip IPng evaluation (deprecated) 9 TUBA IPng evaluation (deprecated) 10-15 unassigned What about technologies & efforts to slow the consumption rate?  Dial-access / PPP / DHCP  Provides temporary allocation aligned with actual endpoint use.  Strict allocation policies  Reduced allocation rates by policy of ‘current-need’ vs. previous policy based on ‘projected-maximum-size’.  CIDR  Aligns routing table size with needs-based address allocation policy. Additional enforced aggregation actually lowered routing table growth rate to linear for a few years.  NAT  Hides many nodes behind limited set of public addresses. What did intense conservation efforts of the last 5 years buy us?  Actual allocation history  1981 – IPv4 protocol published  1985 ~ 1/16 total space  1990 ~ 1/8 total space  1995 ~ 1/4 total space  2000 ~ 1/2 total space  The lifetime-extending efforts & technologies delivered the ability to absorb the dramatic growth in consumer demand during the late 90’s. In short they bought – TIME – Would increased use of NATs be adequate?  NO!  NAT enforces a ‘client-server’ application model where the server has topological constraints.  They won’t work for peer-to-peer or devices that are “called” by others (e.g., IP phones)  They inhibit deployment of new applications and services, because all NATs in the path have to be upgraded BEFORE the application can be deployed.  NAT compromises the performance, robustness, and security of the Internet.  NAT increases complexity and reduces manageability of the local network.  Public address consumption is still rising even with current NAT deployments. What were the goals of a new IP design?  Expectation of a resurgence of “always-on” technologies  xDSL, cable, Ethernet-to-the-home, Cell-phones, etc.  Expectation of new users with multiple devices.  China, India, etc. as new growth  Consumer appliances as network devices  (10 15 endpoints)  Expectation of millions of new networks.  Expanded competition and structured delegation.  (10 12 sites) Return to an End-to-End Architecture Global Addressing Realm Always-on Devices Need an Address When You Call Them New Technologies/Applications for Home Users ‘Always-on’—Cable, DSL, Ethernet@home, Wireless,… [...]... 3041) IPv6 Markets  Home Networking    Gaming (10B$ market)      Sony, Sega, Nintendo, Microsoft Mobile devices Consumer PC Consumer Devices   Set-top box/Cable/xDSL/Ether@Home Residential Voice over IP gateway Sony (Mar/01 - …energetically introducing IPv6 technology into hardware products …) Enterprise PC Service Providers  Regional ISP, Carriers, Mobile ISP, and Greenfield ISP’s IPv6. .. Prime Minister of Japan called for IPv6 (taxes reduction) EEC summit PR advertised IPv6 as the way to go for Europe China Vice minister of MII deploying IPv6 with the intent to take a leadership position and create a market force Wireless (PDA, Mobile, Car, ):    Multiple phases before deployment RFP -> Integration -> trial -> commercial Requires ‘client devices’, eg IPv6 handset ? Outline     ... field added Extension Headers IPv6 header TCP header + data next header = TCP IPv6 header Routing header TCP header + data next header = Routing next header = TCP IPv6 header Routing header Fragment header next header = Routing next header = Fragment next header = TCP fragment of TCP header + data Extension Headers (cont.)  Generally processed only by node identified in IPv6 Destination Address field... neighbors interface address a protocol module that implements IPv6 a node that forwards IPv6 packets not explicitly addressed to itself any node that is not a router a communication facility or medium over which nodes can communicate at the link layer, i.e., the layer immediately below IPv6 nodes attached to the same link a node’s attachment to a link an IPv6- layer identifier for an interface or a set of interfaces... header in IPv6, limit is total packet size, or Path MTU in some cases Currently defined extension headers:  Hop-by-Hop Options, Routing, Fragment, Authentication, Encryption, Destination Options Fragment Header Next Header   Reserved Fragment Offset Original Packet Identifier 00M though discouraged, can use IPv6 Fragment header to support upper layers that do not (yet) do path MTU discovery IPv6 frag... Destination Address Options and Padding shaded fields are absent from IPv6 header 31 Summary of Header Changes between IPv4 & IPv6 Streamlined         Revised      Fragmentation fields moved out of base header IP options moved out of base header Header Checksum eliminated Header Length field eliminated Length field excludes IPv6 header Alignment changed from 32 to 64 bits Time to Live ’ Hop... QoS, mobility Chance to include new features  binding updates Summary of Main IPv6 Benefits      Expanded addressing capabilities Structured hierarchy to manage routing table growth Serverless autoconfiguration and reconfiguration Streamlined header format and flow identification Improved support for options / extensions IPv6 Advanced Features      Source address selection Mobility - More efficient... FF01::43 IPv4-compatible: 0:0:0:0:0:0:13.1.68.3 or ::13.1.68.3 IPv6 - Addressing Model  Addresses are assigned to interfaces No change from IPv4 Model  Interface ‘expected’ to have multiple addresses  Addresses have scope Link Local Site Local Global Global  Addresses have lifetime Valid and Preferred lifetime Site-Local Link-Local Types of IPv6 Addresses  Unicast    Multicast    Address of a... Integration -> trial -> commercial Requires ‘client devices’, eg IPv6 handset ? Outline      Protocol Background Technology Highlights Enhanced Capabilities Transition Issues Next Steps A new Header The IPv6 Header 40 Octets, 8 fields 0 4 Version 12 Class 16 24 31 Flow Label Payload Length Next Header 128 bit Source Address 128 bit Destination Address Hop Limit The IPv4 Header 20 octets + options : 13... population/geopolitical & economic drivers   MIT, Xerox, & Apple each have more address space than all of China Moving to an e-Economy requires Global Internet accessibility Why Was 128 Bits Chosen as the IPv6 Address Size? Proposals for fixed-length, 64-bit addresses    Accommodates 1012 sites, 1015 nodes, at 0001 allocation efficiency (3 orders of mag more than IPng requirement) Minimizes growth of . Learning IPv6 computer network Outline  Protocol Background  Technology Highlights  Enhanced Capabilities  Transition. Politics:  Prime Minister of Japan called for IPv6 (taxes reduction)  EEC summit PR advertised IPv6 as the way to go for Europe  China Vice minister of MII deploying IPv6 with the intent to take a leadership. of Service  Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (RFC 3041) IPv6 Markets  Home Networking  Set-top box/Cable/xDSL/Ether@Home  Residential Voice over IP gateway  Gaming