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ITApps 2011/12 1/25 XML XML Introduction to XML Introduction to XML 2/25 ITApps 2011/12 XML – Learning Objectives XML – Learning Objectives  Upon completion of the module you will be Upon completion of the module you will be able to: able to:  Learn how an XML document is defined to be Learn how an XML document is defined to be well-formed and valid (by using a DTD) and well-formed and valid (by using a DTD) and that anything else isn't an XML document. that anything else isn't an XML document.  Create markup pages of data using tags and Create markup pages of data using tags and attributes. attributes.  Know the difference between well-formed and Know the difference between well-formed and not well-formed XML documents. not well-formed XML documents.  Know how to validate documents in order to Know how to validate documents in order to make them well-formed XML documents. make them well-formed XML documents. 3/25 ITApps 2011/12 XML – Learning Objectives XML – Learning Objectives  Create and design DTDs (Document Type Create and design DTDs (Document Type Definition) for XML documents. Definition) for XML documents.  Learn how to create namespaces. Learn how to create namespaces.  Have the ability to transform an XML Have the ability to transform an XML document into another XML document using document into another XML document using XSLT. XSLT.  Learn how XSLT can be used to create HTML Learn how XSLT can be used to create HTML files. files.  Learn XPath to transform an XML document. Learn XPath to transform an XML document. 4/25 ITApps 2011/12 Recommended Reading Recommended Reading  Holzner, S. Sams teach yourself XML in Holzner, S. Sams teach yourself XML in 21 days (3rd Edition). Sams, 2003. 21 days (3rd Edition). Sams, 2003.  Harold, E. R. & Means, W. S. XML in a Harold, E. R. & Means, W. S. XML in a Nutshell (3rd Edition). O'Reilly, 2004. Nutshell (3rd Edition). O'Reilly, 2004.  Eric Ray, Learning XML, O'Reilly & Eric Ray, Learning XML, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, CA, January Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, CA, January 2001, ISBN 0-596-00046-4. 2001, ISBN 0-596-00046-4. 5/25 ITApps 2011/12 Introduction to the Extensible Markup Introduction to the Extensible Markup Language (XML) Language (XML)  SGML, HTML, and XML are the most SGML, HTML, and XML are the most important markup languages. important markup languages. SGML because it is the parent language SGML because it is the parent language of both HTML and XML, HTML because it of both HTML and XML, HTML because it is the current language of the web, and is the current language of the web, and XML because it is the future language of XML because it is the future language of the web. the web. 6/25 ITApps 2011/12  Standard Generalised Markup Standard Generalised Markup Language (SGML) Language (SGML)  In the late 1960s, IBM researchers worked on the problem of In the late 1960s, IBM researchers worked on the problem of building a portable system for the interchange and manipulation building a portable system for the interchange and manipulation of legal documents. of legal documents.  Their prototype language marked up structural elements, with Their prototype language marked up structural elements, with formatting information kept in separate files, called style sheets. formatting information kept in separate files, called style sheets. The document structure was defined in yet another file, called a The document structure was defined in yet another file, called a Document Type Definition (DTD). Document Type Definition (DTD).  By 1969, the researchers had developed the General Markup By 1969, the researchers had developed the General Markup Language (GML). Language (GML).  After further work worldwide, in 1986, the International After further work worldwide, in 1986, the International Standards Organisation (ISO) adopted a particular version Standards Organisation (ISO) adopted a particular version called the Standard Generalised Markup Language (SGML). It called the Standard Generalised Markup Language (SGML). It quickly became the business standard for data storage and quickly became the business standard for data storage and interchange. interchange. 7/25 ITApps 2011/12  Advantages of SGML Advantages of SGML  Long-term viability as an ISO standard Long-term viability as an ISO standard  Non-proprietary and platform-independent Non-proprietary and platform-independent  Supports user-defined tags reflecting the richness Supports user-defined tags reflecting the richness of documents of documents  Disadvantages of SGML Disadvantages of SGML  Costly to set up, requiring real expertise Costly to set up, requiring real expertise  SGML tools are expensive, compared to those for SGML tools are expensive, compared to those for HTML HTML  Creating DTDs with SGML is expensive - Creating DTDs with SGML is expensive - especially especially labour labour  SGML has a steep learning curve SGML has a steep learning curve  Put bluntly, it is too elaborate for the ever-changing Put bluntly, it is too elaborate for the ever-changing web. web. 8/25 ITApps 2011/12  HyperText Markup Language (HTML) HyperText Markup Language (HTML)  Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Calliau, working Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Calliau, working independently from the other at CERN, independently from the other at CERN, invented the invented the HyperText Markup Language HyperText Markup Language (HTML) based on SGML. (HTML) based on SGML.  HTML is one particular SGML DTD that is HTML is one particular SGML DTD that is easier to learn and use than SGML. easier to learn and use than SGML.  HTML is a trimmed-down version of SGML, HTML is a trimmed-down version of SGML, eliminating SGML features that are rarely eliminating SGML features that are rarely needed, but including hyperlinks to link web needed, but including hyperlinks to link web documents. documents. 9/25 ITApps 2011/12  Sample of an HTML page. Sample of an HTML page. <html> <html> <head> <head> <title>This is the title of the page</title> <title>This is the title of the page</title> </head> </head> <body> <body> <p> This is the main details of my page </p> <p> This is the main details of my page </p> </body> </body> </html> </html> Filename: MyFileSample.html Filename: MyFileSample.html 10/25 ITApps 2011/12  Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)  With earlier versions of HTML, web browsers With earlier versions of HTML, web browsers controlled the appearance (rendering) of controlled the appearance (rendering) of every web page. every web page.  With the advent of Cascading Style Sheets With the advent of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), the document author can control the (CSS), the document author can control the way the browser renders the page, or the way the browser renders the page, or the entire web site for that matter. entire web site for that matter.  Style sheets allow document authors to Style sheets allow document authors to specify the style of their page elements specify the style of their page elements (spacing, margins, etc.) separately from their (spacing, margins, etc.) separately from their structure (section headers, body text, etc.), structure (section headers, body text, etc.), thus allowing greater manageability. thus allowing greater manageability. [...]... References  Useful links:             penguin.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/academic /xml/ index.php www.w3schools.com /xml/ default.asp en.wikipedia.org/wiki /XML xml.coverpages.org /xml. html www-128.ibm.com/developerworks /xml/ newto www.mozilla.org/newlayout /xml www.cellml.org/tutorial /xml_ guide webdesign.about.com/library/nosearch/bl_xmlclass1-1.htm developer.openwave.com/dvl/support/documentation/guides_an d_references/best_practices_in_xhtml_design/index.htm... Extensible Markup Language (XML) The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is also a descendant of SGML, representing an industry-wide effort to define which data are displayed (or printed), whereas HTML defines how a page is displayed  XML will overtake HTML because of its ability to describe content XML has the following advantages  ITApps 2011/12 12/25  Sample XML document: < ?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>... mathematical notations and expressions using XML  It allows mathematical expressions to be processed by different applications for different purposes (www.w3.org/Math)  MathML Example for the quadratic equation x2+4x+4=0  ITApps 2011/12 17/25  Sample MathML < ?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> ... John Smith 06 12 1975 Filename: MyStudentExample .xml ITApps 2011/12 13/25 Why make use of XML and the importance of it in the business world   XML languages are being developed for many areas of document processing and e-commerce Example: Chemical Markup Language ( CML) Peter Murray-Rust's Chemical... Protocol (WAP) to deliver the content  WAP/WML Tutorial:  http://www.w3schools.com/WAP/default.asp ITApps 2011/12 20/25  Sample WML < ?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> This is my holiday movie page Click on the link below to play my 3gpp holiday... illustrates the CML document for a water molecule (H2O): < ?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> H O H 1 2 2 3 1 1 Filename: WaterMoleculeCMLExample .xml ITApps 2011/12 16/25  Mathematical Markup Language (MathML)... x 2 + 4 ⁢ x + 4 = 0 Filename: MathMLExample .xml ITApps 2011/12 18/25     The element is for identifiers The element is for numbers The element is for operators, etc The entity ⁢ is important – it is invisible when... webdesign.about.com/library/nosearch/bl_xmlclass1-1.htm developer.openwave.com/dvl/support/documentation/guides_an d_references/best_practices_in_xhtml_design/index.htm www.yospace.com www.waptiger.com/waptiger www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-sgml -xml- 971215 ITApps 2011/12 22/25 . ITApps 2011/12 1/25 XML XML Introduction to XML Introduction to XML 2/25 ITApps 2011/12 XML – Learning Objectives XML – Learning Objectives  Upon completion of the. well-formed XML documents. 3/25 ITApps 2011/12 XML – Learning Objectives XML – Learning Objectives  Create and design DTDs (Document Type Create and design DTDs (Document Type Definition) for XML. documents. Definition) for XML documents.  Learn how to create namespaces. Learn how to create namespaces.  Have the ability to transform an XML Have the ability to transform an XML document into another XML document