Ergonomics evolution of HCI

1 1 1.3 Ergonomics & Evolution of HCI 1.3 Ergonomics & Evolution of HCI • • Ergonomics: Ergonomics: – – Is the study of the Is the study of the “ “ fit fit ” ” between people and the between people and the things they use. things they use. – – Until the late 1950s, it had to consider only Until the late 1950s, it had to consider only physical characteristics of interaction. physical characteristics of interaction. – – With the arrival of computers, it was forced to take With the arrival of computers, it was forced to take on the psychological fit between people and on the psychological fit between people and devices as well. devices as well. – – Sometimes: cognitive ergonomics= HCI Sometimes: cognitive ergonomics= HCI 2 2 Evolution of HCI Evolution of HCI • • During the 1970s: During the 1970s: – – The method of interaction for most The method of interaction for most people was still primary people was still primary “ “ batch batch ” ” . . – – Interest in HCI and computing began to Interest in HCI and computing began to grow. grow. – – At the end of decade, keyboards and At the end of decade, keyboards and screens became more common. screens became more common. 3 3 Evolution of HCI (2) Evolution of HCI (2) • • During the 1980s: During the 1980s: – – That was the decade of the micro That was the decade of the micro - - computer computer – – 1982: the 1 1982: the 1 st st real graphically based interfaces used a real graphically based interfaces used a bit bit - - mapped display mapped display ⇒ ⇒ • • GUI (Graphical User Interface) GUI (Graphical User Interface) • • Interaction through pointing at icons Interaction through pointing at icons • • Commands grouped into menus Commands grouped into menus – – 1985: Windows OS appeared on PCs 1985: Windows OS appeared on PCs – – Game consoles were popular Game consoles were popular – – Network, Internet began to grow based around email Network, Internet began to grow based around email – – HCI came of age as a subject, big conference on HCI HCI came of age as a subject, big conference on HCI held in USA and Europe. held in USA and Europe. 4 4 Evolution of HCI (3) Evolution of HCI (3) • • During the 1990s: During the 1990s: – – Colour and multimedia arrived on PC which Colour and multimedia arrived on PC which had begun dominate the computer market. had begun dominate the computer market. – – 1993: new interface take advantage of HTML 1993: new interface take advantage of HTML ⇒ ⇒ WWW came about and revolutionized the WWW came about and revolutionized the whole process of transmitting and sharing whole process of transmitting and sharing files. files. – – Pictures, movies, music, text and live video Pictures, movies, music, text and live video links: suddenly available to everyone at work links: suddenly available to everyone at work and at home. and at home. – – The growth of personal, community and The growth of personal, community and corporate websites = phenomenon corporate websites = phenomenon 5 5 Evolution of HCI (4) Evolution of HCI (4) pictures music movies video work home 1990s 1990s 6 6 Evolution of HCI (5) Evolution of HCI (5) 1970 hypertext 1980 Xerox Star First ACM HCI conference Apple Mac 1990 2000 present GUI multimedia WWW mobiles 7 7 Characteristics of Characteristics of Information appliances Information appliances • • Efficacy Efficacy : Appliances should be everyday things : Appliances should be everyday things requiring only everyday skills to use. requiring only everyday skills to use. • • Appliances have a Appliances have a clear, focused function clear, focused function that that can be can be used in a variety of circumstances used in a variety of circumstances . . • • Peer Peer - - to to - - peer interaction peer interaction : Appliances work : Appliances work together without the central control or uploading together without the central control or uploading or downloading. or downloading. • • Direct user interface Direct user interface : Appliances need to be : Appliances need to be simple and intuitive to use. simple and intuitive to use. 8 8 Characteristics of Information Characteristics of Information appliances (2) appliances (2) • • Closure Closure : Appliances should focus on a : Appliances should focus on a completion of tasks rather than an open completion of tasks rather than an open - - endded serie of tasks. endded serie of tasks. • • Immediacy Immediacy : Appliances : Appliances – – can do something on impulse, and can do something on impulse, and – – are aimed at situation where: are aimed at situation where: • • User may be engaged in another task, or User may be engaged in another task, or • • Their attention is diverted Their attention is diverted • • Personal Personal and and portable portable . . 9 9 1.4 Skills of the interactive systems 1.4 Skills of the interactive systems designer designer • • 1. Study and understand the activities of people 1. Study and understand the activities of people and the contexts within which technologies and the contexts within which technologies prove useful prove useful ⇒ ⇒ generate requirements for generate requirements for technologies. technologies. • • 2. Know the possibilities offered by technologies. 2. Know the possibilities offered by technologies. • • 3. Research and design technological solutions 3. Research and design technological solutions that fit in with: that fit in with: – – People People – – Activities they wants to undertake Activities they wants to undertake – – Contexts surrounding theses activities Contexts surrounding theses activities • • 4. Evaluate alternative designs and iterate until 4. Evaluate alternative designs and iterate until a solution is arrived at. a solution is arrived at. 10 10 1.4 Skills of the interactive systems 1.4 Skills of the interactive systems designer (2) designer (2) • • It is often that no single person possesses It is often that no single person possesses all the skills needed for some interactive all the skills needed for some interactive system (IS) design system (IS) design ⇒ ⇒ a design team. a design team. • • Designer of an IS can not be expert in all Designer of an IS can not be expert in all fields, but must be aware enough to: fields, but must be aware enough to: – – Take techniques from different areas Take techniques from different areas – – Access research in different disciplines when Access research in different disciplines when appropriate. appropriate. [...]... contexts Soft systems Information systems Communities of practice 11 Disciplines contributing to IS design (2) • People= social beings • ⇒ Approaches & techniques adopted in the social • • sciences should be used to understand people and technologies Technologies: include both software and hardware Activities and contexts: Interaction take place usually in the context of some “community of practice”=... contexts: Interaction take place usually in the context of some “community of practice”= groups of people: – – sharing interests and values engaging in similar activities • Design: Principles and practices of design from of all manner of design disciplines are used in designing interactive systems 12 1.5 Importance of being human-centred • Being human-centred in design: is very expensive, involves: – Observing... contributing to IS design Product design 3D design Interaction design HCI Graphics design Design Architecture Engineering design Information design Electronic engineering Multimedia Database Sensors Actuators Technologies Software engineering Communication materials Computer programming Interactive System design Cultural studies Psychology Ergonomics People Sociology Anthropology Organizational psychology... “human error” if the design • was so bad ⇒ Systems have to be design for people and for contexts 14 1.5 Importance of being human-centred - Effectiveness • 2 key features of effectiveness: – Acceptability – Productivity • Acceptability: ensures that systems fit in with • people’s ways of working ⇒ Involving people closely in the design Productivity: Systems will be more effective if they are designed... procductive – Ex: Web design, e-commerce sites: turning “browsers” into ‘buyers” ⇒ sales increased by 225% ! 15 1.5 Importance of being human-centred - Ethics • Designers are truthful and open in their design • • practices They need to be more vigilant: People know the origin of the data they give and how the data might be used Intellectual property ⇒ privacy, security, control, honesty for a interacive... control, honesty for a interacive system designer Ethical design is needed because the systems produced should be easy and enjoyable to use and affect the quality of people’s lives ⇒ standards and legal requirements for the designs 16 Summary of the chapter 1 • Interactive systems design needs to be human-centred • It draw upon many areas, including both artistic design and engineering design • It is... design: is very expensive, involves: – Observing people – Talking to people – Trying ideas out with people ⇒ takes time ! ⇒ but is advantageous • Reasons: • • • Safety Effectiveness Ethics 13 1.5 Importance of being human-centred - Safety • Human- centred design techniques would help to avoid: – 2 fundamental design errors: • Technical error • Organizational error – Disasters attributed to: • Faulty display . 1 1 1.3 Ergonomics & Evolution of HCI 1.3 Ergonomics & Evolution of HCI • • Ergonomics: Ergonomics: – – Is the study of the Is the study of the “ “ fit fit ” ” between. cognitive ergonomics= HCI Sometimes: cognitive ergonomics= HCI 2 2 Evolution of HCI Evolution of HCI • • During the 1970s: During the 1970s: – – The method of interaction for most The method of interaction. email – – HCI came of age as a subject, big conference on HCI HCI came of age as a subject, big conference on HCI held in USA and Europe. held in USA and Europe. 4 4 Evolution of HCI (3) Evolution of