operation of american non-governmental organizations in the first decade of the twenty-first century in danang

Operation of American Non-governmental Organizations in the first decade of the twenty-first century in Danang Lê Thị Phương Loan Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội Nhân văn Luận văn ThS ngành: Quan hệ quốc tế; Mã số: 60 31 02 06 Người hướng dẫn: PGS.TS Hoàng Khắc Nam Năm bảo vệ: 2013 Keywords Quan hệ quốc tế; Tổ chức phi phủ; Đà Nẵng; Thế kỷ 21; Hoa Kỳ Content TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE i COPYRIGHT PAGE iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES INTRODUCTION Rationale Subjective of Study Aims and Objectives of Study Research Questions Scope of Study Research Methods Organization of Study CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BACKGROUND 11 1.1 Overview of Non-governmental Organizations 11 1.1.1 Definition of Non-governmental Organizations 11 1.1.2 Development and Evolution Stages of NGOs 15 1.1.3 Functions and Classification of NGOs 21 1.2 Overview of operation of American NGOs in Vietnam 25 1.2.1 Overview of American NGOs 25 1.2.1 Views of Vietnam toward International and American NGOs operating in Vietnam 30 1.2.3 Processes of Development and Fields of Operation of American NGOs in Vietnam 33 CHAPTER 2: CURRENT SITUATION OF AMERICAN NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN DANANG CITY 37 2.1 Views of Danang Government toward Processes of Development of American NGOs in the city 38 2.2 American NGOs operating in the sector of Hunger eradication and Poverty alleviation 41 2.2.1 Current Situation 41 2.2.2 The Cooperation of Local Authorities and Achievements 45 2.3 American NGOs operations in the Education sector 46 2.3.1 Current situation 46 2.3.2 The Cooperation of Local Authorities and Achievements 51 2.4 American NGOs operations in the Healthcare sector 52 2.4.1 Current situation 52 2.4.2 The Cooperation of Local Authorities and Achievements 60 2.5 American NGOs operations in the Childcare sector 61 2.5.1 Current situation 61 2.5.2 The Cooperation of Local Authorities and Achievements 66 2.6 American NGOs operations in other Humanitarian activities 67 2.6.1 Current situation 67 2.6.2 The cooperation of local authorities and Achievements 72 CHAPTER 3: AN ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND POTENTIALS OF AMERICAN NGOs’ OPERATION IN DANANG 75 3.1 Impacts of American NGOs’ Activities in Danang 76 3.1.1 Positive Impacts 76 3.1.2 Negative impacts 79 3.2 Development Potentials of American NGOs’ Activities in Danang 82 3.2.1 Advantages 82 3.2.2 Challenges 82 3.3 Recommendations to the operation of American NGOs in Danang 84 3.3.1 Recommendations to American NGOs 84 3.3.2 Recommendations to City Authorities and Local Governments 85 CONCLUSION 87 REFERENCES 92 APPENDIX 102 INTRODUCTION Rationale Globalization in the twenty-first century has paved the way for nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to thrive and achieve significant recognition worldwide International NGOs have been accredited for their endless efforts since the early 1990s when NGOs’ operation mostly focused on providing technical support and disaster relief to developing countries It is, thus, believed that international NGOs have made positive contributions to sustainable development of developing countries, especially to the process of improving and promoting the people’s standard of living In the last decades, there has been a sharp increase in the quantity and operation scale of NGOs in international relations, i.e from 1,250 in 1980 to 45,000 in 2000 In addition, NGOs have become governments’ crucial partners in facilitating community development all over the world As a consequence, the study of NGOs’ operation has attracted deeper attention in more diverse fields International NGOs first came to Vietnam long ago Initially, they worked mainly in the South of Vietnam Since 1975, yet, international NGOs have considerably assisted Vietnam in reconstructing the nation, gradually promoting economic growth, and improving people’s living standard The number of international NGOs, hence, steadily increased in accordance with the country’s development, from 200 to 600 in 1990 and 2006 respectively Impressively, at the end of the first decade of this century, this figure was already 800 The fields of operation also varied ranging from economic development, hunger alleviation and poverty reduction, environmental protection, emergency relief, social issues settlement to capacity building for Vietnamese partners Likewise, the total finance assistance in 2009 was nearly 270 million USD, which was nearly seventeen times that of the early 1990s Danang, the fourth largest city in Vietnam, is the biggest cultural, economic, educational, scientific and technological center of the Central Highlands Since 1997, the city has gained remarkable growth in almost fields from education, science, economics, to tourism This resulted from appropriate development policies, good management of the city government, and support of its citizens, as well as foreign and domestic cooperates, enterprises and NGOs International NGOs in Danang have supported the city greatly in diverse forms of aid programs: from human resource training, to technological supply or humanitarian relief for the poor, disaster and war calamities From 1997 to 2007, the total amount of financial assistance to Danang reached 1,025 billion VND International NGOs have shifted their interest to bigger scope, and more sustainable projects, which are skewed to be in line with the development pace and demand of such a “young” city Nonetheless, there have been a number of downsides in NGOs’ projects and lack of immediate responses of the city or local government in which the projects are implemented Currently, American NGOs account for 50% out of 110 foreign NGOs having partnerships with Danang city On that account, to have a better understanding of the current status, fields of operation and impacts of American NGOs, particularly in Danang city, I have chosen “Operation of American NGOs in the first decade of the twenty first century in Danang” as a Master’s thesis in the field of International Relations Subjective of Study From the above mentioned reasons, this study is intended to focus on activities of only international American NGOs within the city of Danang from 2001 to 2011 in five fields, i.e hunger eradication and poverty alleviation; education; healthcare; childcare; and other humanitarian activities Aims and Objectives of Study This study is aimed at conceptualizing international non-governmental organizations in terms of definition, classification, functions, and roles in international relations In addition, this study is to discuss operation of international American NGOs in Danang and their impacts of projects implemented in the early years of the twenty-first century Also, this study is about to analyze challenges and advantages in the potentials of American NGOs in Danang Accordingly, some suggestions and recommendations will be proposed to improve the effectiveness of American NGOs’ activities in Danang in the near future Research Questions Based on the above aims and objectives, this study will be the answers to the following research questions: - What is the current status of operation of American NGOs in Danang? - What are their major fields of operation? - What are positive and negative impacts of American NGOs’ operation within the city? - What are challenges and advantages to promote American NGOs’ activities in the city? Scope of Study The scope of the study is American NGOs’ operation in Danang city in the first decade of the twenty first century, particularly for a period of ten years from 2001 to 2011 in the fields namely: hunger eradication and poverty alleviation; education; healthcare; childcare; and other humanitarian activities, i.e supporting the disabled, tackling issues of dioxin contamination, or early warning and prevention of natural disasters, etc The above fields are selected to study for they are matters of concern of American NGOs in Danang These issues have also been included in the fiveyear socio-economic development plans of Danang city since 1997 Thus, the study of the five above fields is expected to make a comprehensive evaluation of operation of American NGOs in the city for the first ten years of the twenty-first century Research Methods Based on the above study aims and research questions, in this study, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are employed along with the following methodologies of international relations: meta-analysis: collecting information from the public previous research; elite interview of American NGOs’ coordinators, founders, directors in Danang; statistical analysis; observation; level of analysis; foreign policy analysis; analyzing roles and functions of international NGOs from neo-liberalism perspective Organization of Study This study will be structured in three major chapters: Chapter 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This chapter presents the previous researches with different points of view about non-governmental organizations since the term came into being Also, theoretical background related to the study will be presented clearly in this chapter Chapter 2: CURRENT STATUS OF AMERICAN NGOs’ IN DANANG CITY This is the main part of the whole study in which the current status of American NGOs’ operation in Danang from 2001 to 2011 will be analyzed from collected data Chapter 3: AN ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND POTENTIALS OF AMERICAN NGOS’ OPERATION IN DANANG In this chapter, some impacts, both positive and negative ones, on certain fields of operation of American NGOs’ will be discussed Additionally, challenges and potentials of those NGOs to operate in Danang are to be looked at carefully Finally, I will deliver some recommendations to the operation of American NGOs in Danang city 10 REFERENCES A Vietnamese Resource Nguyễn Mại (chủ biên) (2004), Quan hệ Việt Nam – Hoa Kỳ: Hướng phía trước, Nxb Tri thức Hoàng Khắc Nam (2008), Tổ chức quốc tế chủ thể phi quốc gia bối cảnh quốc tế mới, Tạp chí Những vấn đề Kinh tế Chính trị giới, số (148), tr 10-1 Nguyễn Thái Yên Hương, Lê Đình Tĩnh (2004), Các tổ chức phi phủ hoạt động đối ngoại Mỹ, Đề tài nghiên cứu khoa học cấp Viện, Học viện Quan hệ quốc tế Sở Ngoại vụ thành phố Đà Nẵng (2008), Báo cáo mười năm công tác viện trợ phi phủ nước ngồi địa bàn thành phố Đà Nẵng Sở Ngoại vụ thành phố Đà Nẵng (2009), Báo cáo công tác viện trợ năm 2009 Sở Ngoại vụ thành phố Đà Nẵng (2009), Các dự án lớn triển khai từ 2006-2009 Sở Ngoại vụ thành phố Đà Nẵng (2009), Báo cáo số liệu viện trợ tổ chức phi phủ nước ngồi năm 2009, từ 15/11/2008 – 30/11/2009 Sở Ngoại vụ thành phố Đà Nẵng (2010), Báo cáo số liệu viện trợ tổ chức phi phủ nước ngồi năm 2010, từ 30/11/2009 – 30/11/2010 Sở Ngoại vụ thành phố Đà Nẵng (2011), Báo cáo số liệu viện trợ tổ chức phi phủ nước ngồi năm 2011, từ 30/11/2010 – 30/11/2011 10 Sở Ngoại vụ thành phố Đà Nẵng (2009), Danh sách NGO khu vực châu Mỹ có quan hệ với thành phố Đà Nẵng 11 Sở Ngoại vụ thành phố Đà Nẵng (2010), Danh sách NGO có văn phịng địa liên hệ thành phố Đà Nẵng 92 12 Ban đạo quốc gia thực chiến lược tồn diện tăng trưởng xóa đói giảm nghèo (CPRGS), Tổ công tác liên ngành CPRGS (2005), Việt Nam – Tăng trưởng giảm nghèo, báo cáo thường niên 2004-2005 13 Trung tâm Dữ liệu Tổ chức Phi Chính phủ (VUFO - 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Scope of Study The scope of the study is American NGOs’ operation in Danang city in the first decade of the twenty first century, particularly... sustainable development of developing countries, especially to the process of improving and promoting the people’s standard of living In the last decades, there has been a sharp increase in the