Biotechnology 101
P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28Biotechnology 101 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28Recent Titles in theScience 101 SeriesEvolution 101Randy Moore and Janice Moore P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28Biotechnology 101Brian Robert ShmaefskyScience 101GREENWOOD PRESSWestport, ConnecticutrLondon P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataShmaefsky, Brian.Biotechnology 101 / Brian Robert Shmaefsky.p. cm.—(Science 101, ISSN 1931–3950)Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.ISBN 0–313–33528–1 (alk. paper)1. Biotechnology. I. Title.TP248.215.S56 2006660.6–dc22 2006024555British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.Copyright©2006 by Brian Robert ShmaefskyAll rights reserved. No portion of this book may bereproduced, by any process or technique, without theexpress written consent of the publisher.Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006024555ISBN: 0–313–33528–1ISSN: 1931–3950First published in 2006Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.www.greenwood.comPrinted in the United States of AmericaThe paper used in this book complies with thePermanent Paper Standard issued by the NationalInformation Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).10987654321 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28ContentsSeries Foreword xiPreface xiii1. The Definition of Biotechnology 1Introduction 1Contemporary Definitions of Biotechnology 4Categories of Biotechnology 62. Basic Science of Biotechnology 19Chemistry and Physics of Biotechnology 19Basic Biology of Biotechnology 263. The Tools of Biotechnology 57Introduction 57The Tools 59Amino Acid Analyzers 59Amino Acid Sequencers 60Balance 61Bioreactor 63Blotting Apparatus 67Centrifuge 68Chromatography 70Chromatogram Scanner/Densitometer 73Cryopreservation Equipment 74Cytometer 76DNA Sequencer 77Electrophoresis 79Electroporation Instrument 81Filtration Apparatus 82Gel Reader 85 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28vi ContentsGene Gun 86Incubator 87Isoelectric Focusing Apparatus 89LIMS 90Lyophilizer 90Microarray Technology 92Microplate Reader 94Microscope 94Microtome 96Mixer 98Nanotechnology 101Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Instrument 101Particle Sizer 103pH Meter 105Pipette 107Polarimeter 107Rheometer 109Spectrophotometer 110Thermocycler 113Thermometer Probes 114Water Bath 115Water Titrator 1174. Biotechnology Innovations 119The Creation of Innovations 119History of Biotechnology Innovations 120Biotechnology Innovations 126Genomic Analysis Techniques 127Genomic Expression Techniques 131Proteomics Techniques 132Metabolomics 136Production of Genetically Modified Organisms 138Cloning 1425. Principal People of Biotechnology 147Introduction 147Contributors to Biotechnology 148Al-Kindi 148W. French Anderson 149Werner Arber 149Oswald T. Avery 150David Baltimore 150 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28Contents viiGeorge W. Beadle 151William James Beal 152Paul Berg 152Herbert Boyer 153Sydney Brenner 153Pat Brown 154George Washington Carver 154Erwin Chargaff 155Martha Chase 155Stanley Cohen 156Stanley N. Cohen 157Francis S. Collins 157Gerty and Carl Cori 158Francis Crick 158Charles Darwin 159F´elix d’Herelle 159Max Delbr¨uck 160Hugo de Vries 161Renato Dulbecco 161Paul Ehrlich 162Alexander Fleming 163Rosalind Franklin 163Galen 164Archibald Garrod 165Walter Gilbert 165Frederick Griffith 166Henry Harris 166Alfred Hershey 167David Ho 168Leroy Hood 168Robert Hooke 169John Hunter 169Franc¸ois Jacob 170Zacharias Janssen 171Alec Jeffreys 171Edward Jenner 172Ernest Everett Just 172Har Gobind Khorana 173Shibasaburo Kitasato 174Robert Koch 174Arthur Kornberg 175 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28viii ContentsPhilip Leder 176Joshua Lederberg 176Antony van Leeuwenhoek 177Rita Levi-Montalcini 177Salvador Luria 178Andr´e Lwoff 179Barbara McClintock 179Ilya Mechnikov 180Gregor Mendel 180Johann Friedrich Miescher 181C´esar Milstein 182Jacques Monod 182Thomas Morgan 183Hermann Muller 184Kary Mullis 184Daniel Nathans 185Marshall Nirenberg 186Severo Ochoa 186Reiji and Tsuneko Okazaki 187Richard Palmiter 188Louis Pasteur 188Linus Pauling 189Max Perutz 190Stanley Prusiner 191Steven Rosenberg 192Pierre Paul Emile Roux 192Robert Rushmer 193Frederick Sanger 193Matthias Schleiden 194Theodor Schwann 194Maxine Singer 195Lazzaro Spallanzani 196Hermann Staudinger 196Nettie Stevens 197Alfred Henry Sturtevant 198Walter Sutton 198Wacław Szybalski 199Howard Temin 200Arne Tiselius 201Alexander Todd 201 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28Contents ixHarold Varmus 202Craig Venter 203Rudolf Virchow 203James Watson 204Maurice Wilkins 205Ian Wilmut 206Glossary 207References and Resources 235Print 235Web 243Index 247 [...]... in Switzerland CATEGORIES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Biotechnology in North America is generally divided into several spe- cialties such that each has its unique techniques and instrumentation. Agricultural biotechnology is one of the oldest areas of biotechnology and involves the production or use of domesticated animals and crops for food production. Bioenergy biotechnology is another old field of biotechnology that... 24, 2006 12:16 The Definition of Biotechnology 7 Agriculture Energy Bioremediation Commercial Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals Figure 1.1 Biotechnology has many applications in agriculture, energy production, environmen- tal sciences, manufacturing, and medicine. ( Jeff Dixon) biotechnology uses biological tools to diagnose animal, hu- man, and plant diseases. Envi- ronmental biotechnology ap- plies the metabolism... soil, and water by using a strat- egy called bioremediation. Food biotechnology uses the metabolism of organisms to assist with the production and preservation of man- ufactured foods. Forensic biotechnology applies various biotechnology produces and instruments for resolving the causes and perpetrators of criminal activities. Forest biotechnology in- vestigates the use of microor- ganisms, small animals,... August 24, 2006 12:16 4 Biotechnology 101 Other countries are making similar assessments. Biotechnology edu- cation and training efforts are being implemented in grade schools and universities throughout Asia, Canada, Europe, and South America. Public awareness campaigns sponsored by governmental and industrial organizations are also being put in effect to keep people educated about biotechnology. The U.S.... microscopic computers and machines. Consumer biotech- nology is involved in the use of novel biotechnology discoveries that can be used as entertainment and in household products. Diagnostic P1: 000 ggbd030c01.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky August 24, 2006 12:16 2 Biotechnology 101 Unlike earlier scientific endeavors, biotechnology relies heavily on its ability to be commercialized into a diversity of procedures... FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 Biotechnology 101 Brian Robert Shmaefsky Science 101 GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut r London P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQ ggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28 P1: 000 ggbd030c02.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:48 Basic Science of Biotechnology 35 pieces of RNA. Prions are the most puzzling organisms... As recognized by the U.S. Department of Commerce, biotechnology is a broad field that requires knowledge of many sciences as well as business principles. CONTEMPORARY DEFINITIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Most scientific terms have accurate definitions that are used strictly by the people who use science in their jobs. However, some terms such as biodiversity and biotechnology were coined by a person to mean one thing... parts of the body that are damaged, lost, or malfunctioning. Bioethical biotechnology is a field of study that deals with the ethical and moral implications of biotechnology knowledge and applications. Bioinformatics is the application of artificial intelligence systems and supercomputers to handle the collection and analysis of biotechnology information. Bionanotechnology uses biological chemicals and... In- dustrial biotechnology makes use of the metabolic reac- tions of organisms to pro- duce commercially important chemicals. Marine biotech- nology applies the knowledge and tools of modern biology and biotechnology to make use of, study, protect, and enhance marine and estuar- ine resources. Mathematical or computational biotechnol- ogy develops mathematical and statistical formulas for interpreting biotechnology. .. information. Almost every new finding in biotechnology could be used to make huge profits for enterprising scientists. This started a trend in which biotechnology information is not shared freely anymore. Many scientists argue that this secrecy is stifling the progress of science and may restrict the growth of science to profit-making endeavors. Most of the new biotechnology discoveries are patented or . 11:2 8Biotechnology 101 P1: FBQ/JZK P2: FBQggbd030-fm.tex ggbd030 GR3542/Shmaefsky September 7, 2006 11:28Recent Titles in theScience 101 SeriesEvolution 101Randy. The Definition of Biotechnology 1Introduction 1Contemporary Definitions of Biotechnology 4Categories of Biotechnology 62. Basic Science of Biotechnology 19Chemistry