POISONING BY PLANTS, MYCOTOXINS, AND RELATED TOXINS

POISONING BY PLANTS, MYCOTOXINS, AND RELATED TOXINS This page intentionally left blank ! ! Poisoning by Plants, Mycotoxins, and Related Toxins Edited by Franklin Riet-Correa Hospital Veterinário, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, 58700-000, Brazil Jim Pfister USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory Logan, Utah 84341, USA Ana Lucia Schild Laboratória Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas-RS, Brazil Terrie Wierenga USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory Logan, Utah 84341, USA ! CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office Nosworthy Way Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8DE UK Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail: cabi@cabi.org Website: www.cabi.org CABI North American Office 875 Massachusetts Avenue 7th Floor Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: cabi- nao@cabi.org © CAB International 2011. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International Symposium on Poisonous Plants (8th : 2009 : Paraíba, Brazil) Poisoning by plants, mycotoxins, and related toxins / edited by Franklin Riet-Correa [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-833-8 (alk. paper) 1. Livestock poisoning plants Toxicology Congresses. 2. Poisonous plants Toxicology Congresses. 3. Plant toxins Physiological effect Congresses. 4. Mycotoxins Physiological effect Congresses. 5. Livestock poisoning plants Congresses. 6. Poisonous plants Congresses. I. Riet-Correa, Franklin. II. Title. SF757.5.I56 2009 636.089'5952 dc22 2010053920 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 833 8 Commissioning editor: Rachel Cutts Production editor: Fiona Chippendale Printed and bound in the UK from copy supplied by the authors by MPG Books Group. Contents Preface ………………………………………………………………………………… x Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………… xi Dedications ……………………………………………………………………………. xii Overview 1 Caatinga of northeastern Brazil: vegetation and floristic aspects ………………. 2 2 Toxic plants and mycotoxins affecting cattle and sheep in Uruguay …………… 25 3 Poisoning by plants, mycotoxins, and algae in Argentinian livestock ………… 35 4 Toxic plants of Cuba …………………………………………………………… 43 5 Toxic plants affecting grazing cattle in Colombia ………………………………! 50 6 Poisonous plants affecting livestock in Central America, with emphasis on Panama ……………………………………………………………. 60 7 Plant poisonings in Mato Grosso do Sul ……………………………………… 68 8 Poisonous plants affecting sheep in southern Brazil …………………………… 73 9 Toxic plants of the State of Piauí, northeastern Brazil ………………………… 79 10 Poisonous plants affecting ruminants in southern Brazil ……………………… 87 11 Recently diagnosed poisonous plants in the Cariri Region, State of Paraíba, Brazil ……………………………………………… ………. 91 12 Poisonous plants on dairy farms of the Caparaó Microregion, Espírito Santo State, Brazil …………………………………………………… 96 13 Ornamental toxic plant species sold in Campina Grande’s market, Paraíba, Brazil ………………………………………………………………… 101 14 Toxic plants grown in gardens in Alto Branco, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil ………………………………………………………………… 105 The Liver 15 Brachiaria spp. poisoning in sheep in Brazil: experimental and epidemiological findings ……………………………………………………… 110 16 Variation in saponin concentration in Brachiaria brizantha leaves as a function of maturation: preliminary data…………………………………… 118 17 Lectin histochemistry on sections of liver and hepatic lymph nodes from sheep grazing on Brachiaria spp. ………………………………………… 124 18 Brachiaria spp. poisoning in ruminants in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil 129 19 Practical rules for the differentiation between Brachiaria spp. poisoning and pithomycotoxicosis …………………………………………… 133 20 Measurement of steroidal saponins in Panicum and Brachiaria grasses in the USA and Brazil ………………………………………………… 142 21 Acute poisoning by Crotalaria spectabilis seeds in pigs of Mato Grosso State, Brazil …………………………………………………… 148 22 Possible association between precipitation and incidence of Senecio spp. poisoning in cattle in southern Brazil 154 23 Phenology of Senecio spp. and vegetation cover in Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil 158 24 Nutritional implications of pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis 163 25 Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in cattle in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 175 vi Contents 26 Seasonal variation in pyrrolizidine alkaloid concentration and plant development in Senecio madagascariensis Poir. (Asteraceae) in Brazil 179 27 Buffalo calves intoxicated with Ageratum houstonianum Mill. 186 28 Evaluation of immunotoxic properties of Senecio brasiliensis : study of toxicity in rats 190 29 Hepatic biopsy as a diagnostic tool for detecting Senecio spp. poisoning in live cattle 194 30 Poisoning of cattle by Senecio spp. in Uruguay 198 31 Risks from plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids for livestock and meat quality in northern Australia ………………………………………… 208 32 Effects of dietary pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids on copper and vitamin A tissue concentrations in Japanese quail 215 33 Poisoning by Cycas revoluta in dogs in Brazil 221 34 Natural and experimental poisoning of bovines by Cestrum corymbosum Schltdl. in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil 227 35 Trema micrantha poisoning in domestic herbivores 231 Reproductive System 36 Plants teratogenic to livestock in the United States 236 37 Dose-response evaluation of Veratrum californicum in sheep 243 38 Toxic effects of Ipomoea carnea on placental tissue of rats 251 39 Chronic heart failure and abortion caused by Tetrapterys spp. in cattle in Brazil 256 40 Effects of Senna occidentalis seeds ingested during gestation on kid behavior 264 41 Evaluation of the abortifacient effect of Luffa acutangula Roxb. in rats 270 42 Experimental studies of poisoning by Aspidosperma pyrifolium 274 43 Determination of teratogenic effects of Aspidosperma pyrifolium ethanolic extract in rats 280 44 Effects of gossypol present in cottonseed cake on spermatogenesis in sheep 285 Nervous System 45 Poisonous plants affecting the nervous system in horses in Brazil 290 46 Rational uses of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) and the importance of spontaneous poisoning by the pods in ruminants from Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil 295 47 Neonate behavior in goats is affected by maternal ingestion of Ipomoea carnea 302 48 The comparative pathology of locoweed poisoning in horses and other livestock 309 49 Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) poisoning in herbivores in Rio Grande do Sul 311 50 The guinea pig as an animal mod!"#$%&#'-mannosidosis 315 51 Poisoning by Solanum paniculatum of cattle in the State of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil 320 52 The diagnostic significance of detecting Rathayibacter toxicus in the rumen contents and feces of sheep that may be affected by annual ryegrass toxicity 325 53 Annual ryegrass toxicity in sheep is not prevented by administration of cyclodextrin via controlled release devices 331 Contents vii 54 Secondary toxicity from the ingestion of meat, offal or milk from animals consuming corynetoxins is unlikely 337 55 Metabolism of the endophyte toxin lolitrem B in cattle liver microsomes 343 Toxic Plants Affecting Other Systems 56 Further investigations of Xanthoparmelia toxicity in ruminants 349 57 Administration of Senna occidentalis seeds to juvenile rats: effects on hematological parameters and immune lymphoid organs 355 58 Mascagnia exotropica poisoning in ruminants 362 59 Relationship between a peculiar form of hydropic-vacuolar degeneration of the distal convolute tubules, monofluoroacetate poisoning, and plants that cause ‘sudden death’ in Brazil 365 60 Poisoning by Mascagnia rigida in goats and sheep 373 61 Hematological, biochemical, and urinary alterations of enzootic bovine hematuria in dairy cows in the Caparaó Microregion, Espírito Santo State, Brazil 377 62 Upper urinary tract lesions associated with enzootic bovine hematuria 384 63 Similarities between non-neoplastic urinary bladder lesions in bovine enzootic hematuria and those induced by radiotherapy in humans 388 64 Immunosuppression induced by Pteridium aquilinum facilitates the development of lung carcinogenesis 396 65 Outbreak of acute poisoning by bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) in cattle 402 66 Immunosuppressive effects of Pteridium aquilinum on natural killer cells of mice and its prevention with selenium 406 67 Toxic nephrosis in cattle from Pernambuco State, northeastern Brazil associated with the ingestion of Thiloa glaucocarpa 412 68 Osteolathyrism in calves in Uruguay 416 69 Cyanide toxicity and interference with diet selection in quail 420 70 Toxicity to honey bees from pollen from several plants in northeastern Brazil 426 71 Vetch (Vicia villosa) poisoning in cattle in the State of Santa Catarina 430 72 Baccharis pteronioides toxicity 433 73 Toxicity of Dieffenbachia spp. with a focus on livestock poisoning 437 74 Morphological, morphometric, and histochemical analysis of the large intestine of rabbits intoxicated with Solanum glaucophyllum (duraznillo blanco) 441 75 Enzootic calcinosis of sheep in Uruguay 448 76 Enzootic calcinosis in ruminants from central Brazil 452 77 Radiographic monitoring of lesions induced by Solanum malacoxylon (Solanaceae) poisoning in rabbits 458 78 Spontaneous intoxication by Solanum malacoxylon in Bubalus bubalis in northern pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil 462 79 Experimental poisoning by Nierembergia rivularis in sheep of Uruguay 465 80 Spontaneous nitrate/nitrite poisoning in cattle fed with oats (Avena sativa) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil 469 81 Poisoning of sheep by shells of Jatropha curcas seeds 472 82 Toxicology study of ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. in rats 477 viii Contents Mycotoxins and Other Toxins 83 Changes in carbohydrate expression in the cervical spinal cord of mice intoxicated with perivitellin PV2 from Pomacea canaliculata 482 84 Zearalenone: an estrogenic mycotoxin with immunotoxic effects 489 85 Ethanol poisoning in cattle by ingestion of waste beer yeast in Brazil 494 86 Immunotoxic and toxic evaluation of subchronic exposure to saxitoxin in rats 499 87 Geitlerinema unigranulatum (cyanobacteria) extract induces alterations in microcirculation and ischemic injury ! 504 88 Production of a saxitoxin standard from cyanobacteria 510 89 Differential diagnosis between plant poisonings and snakebites in cattle in Brazil 515 90 The use of the guinea pig model in detecting diplodiosis, a neuromycotoxicosis of ruminants 520 Toxic Compounds and Chemical Methods 91 Acute toxicity of selenium compounds commonly found in selenium- accumulator plants 525 92 Agricultural and pharmaceutical applications of Chilean soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria) saponins 532 93 Concentration and effect in mice of the essential oil pulegone from Mentha pulegium, a suspected toxic plant in eastern Uruguay 535 94 Effect of MDL-type alkaloids on tall larkspur toxicosis 540 95 LC/MS/MS analysis of the daphnane orthoester simplexin in poisonous Pimelea species of Australian rangelands 550 96 The physiological effects and toxicokinetics of tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) alkaloids in cattle 557 97 Lupine-induced ‘crooked calf disease’ in Washington and Oregon: identification of the alkaloid profiles of Lupinus sericeus, Lupinus sulphureus, and Lupinus leucophyllus 566 98 Comparative study of monocrotaline toxicity on peritoneal macrophage activity when dosed for 14 or 28 days 572 99 Effects of lantadenes on mitochondrial bioenergetics 577 100 Determination of the relative toxicity of enantiomers with cell- based assays 581 101 Rotenoids, neurotoxic principles of seeds from Aeschynomene indica (Leguminosae) 588 102 Chemistry of Dieffenbachia picta 593 103 Alkaloid profiles of Mimosa tenuiflora and associated methods of analysis 600 104 Distribution of Delphinium occidentale chemotypes and their potential toxicity 606 Control Measures 105 Conditioned aversion induced by Baccharis coridifolia in sheep and cattle 613 106 A potential krimpsiekte vaccine 617 107 Environmental effects on concentrations of plant secondary compounds: finding a healthy balance 623 108 Maintaining aversion to Geigeria ornativa (vermeerbos) in sheep by means of continuous exposure to an aversive mixture presented in a self-feeder 631 Contents ix 109 Conditioned flavor aversion and location avoidance in hamsters from toxic extract of tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) 637 110 Conditioning taste aversion to Mascagnia rigida (Malpighiaceae) in sheep 643 111 Amended method of averting cattle to yellow tulp (Moraea pallida) 648 Herbals 112 Reproductive study of Chenopodium ambrosioides aqueous extract in rats 655 113 Investigation of Cereus jamacaru ethanol extract effects in rats 660 114 Marketing of boldo (Plectranthus neochilium and Peumus boldus Molina) by salesmen of medical plants in Campina Grande, Paraíba 666 115 Evaluation of hemolytic and spasmolytic activities of Sargassum polyceratium Montagne (Sargassaceae) 670 116 Investigation of hemolytic and spasmolytic activities of the total alkaloid fraction from root bark of Solanum paludosum Moric. (Solanaceae) 676 117 Hemolytic and spasmolytic assays of Solanum asterophorum Mart. (Solanaceae) 683 118 Evaluation of the cytotoxic and spasmolytic activities of Solanum asperum Rich. (Solanaceae) 691 119 Chemical analysis of toxic principles in preparations of Ruta graveolens and Petiveria alliacea 698 120 Antimicrobial effect of an extract of Anacardium occidentale Linn against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 705 121 Evaluation of hepatotoxicity induced by Piper methysticum 709 122 Toxic effects of Baccharis trimera on pregnant rats and their conceptuses 713 123 Toxicity in mice of the total alkaloid fraction of Chondrodendron platyphyllum 720 124 Evaluation of anticholinesterasic activity of strain SPC 920 – Geitlerinema unigranulatum (Oscillatoriales, cyanobacteria) 725 Index 731 Index of Authors 735 Preface The chapters published in this book were presented at the 8th International Symposium on Poisonous Plants (ISOPP8) held in Joâo Pessoa, Brazil, May 2009. The idea of the poisonous plant symposia began with Dr Lynn F. James, Research Leader of the USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory in Logan, Utah, USA. In 1973, Dr James presented an invited paper at the IV International Association of Rumen Physiologists in Sydney, Australia. Dr James arranged to visit many laboratories where research on poisonous plants was being done and presented seminars in Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Perth highlighting the poisonous plant research in the USA with the purpose of proposing a joint US Australian symposium on poisonous plants. After presenting a lecture at the University of Queensland to the Queensland Poisonous Plants Committee, the committee agreed to assist Dr James in this endeavor and the concept of the first joint US-Australian Symposium on Poisonous Plants was created. Dr J.H. Whitten (scientific attache, Australian Embassy, Washington, DC) acted as the coordinator between the two countries. Dr James was the US coordinator and program chairman, Dr Selwyn Everist was the Australian Coordinator, and Dr Alan Seawright from the Queensland Poisonous Plants Committee was the program co-chair. The first joint US-Australian Symposium on Poisonous Plants was held in Logan, Utah, June 19–24, 1977 and the proceedings Effects of Poisonous Plants on Livestock was published in 1978. As agreed in the early plans, the second symposium was held in Brisbane, Australia under the direction of the Queensland Poisonous Plants Committee in 1984. The proceedings Plant Toxicology was published by the Queensland Poisonous Plants Committee in 1985. This joint poisonous plant symposium had an international interest from the beginning and the third symposium was returned to Logan, Utah, USA in 1989, again under the chairmanship of Dr Lynn F. James. This symposium was called the 3rd International Symposium On Poisonous Plants. The proceedings Poisonous Plants was published by Iowa State Press in 1992. In 1993, the 4th International Symposium On Poisonous Plants was held on September 26-October 1 in Fremantle, Western Australia, under the chairmanship of Peter Dorling and the acronym ISOPP® was coined (ISOPP4). The proceedings Plant-Associated Toxins, Agricultural, Phytochemical and Ecological Aspects was published by CABI in 1994. ISOPP5 was held in San Angelo, Texas, USA on May 18-23, 1997, under the co-chairmanship of Murl Bailey and Tam Garland and the proceedings Toxic Plants and Other Natural Toxicants was published by CABI in 1998. ISOPP6 was held on August 6-10, 2001 in Glasgow, Scotland under the chairmanship of Tom Acamovic and the proceedings Poisonous Plants and Related Toxins was published by CABI in 2004. ISOPP7 was held again in Logan, Utah, USA, June 6-10, 2005. Poisonous Plants: Global Research and Solutions was published by CABI in 2007. ISOPP8, held in João Pessoa, Brazil on May 4-8, 2009, was the first held in a non-English- speaking country. ISOPP9 will be held in Inner Mongolia, China in 2013. The ISOPP series evolved from joint meetings between the USA and Australia into international conferences. Exchange of information between disciplines including chemistry, veterinary medicine, toxicology, plant physiology, rangeland management, biomedical research, etc. is encouraged at this meeting. This multi-disciplinary approach is what makes this meeting the great success it has been and will continue to be. Interest in the international scope of the symposium continues and we anticipate a great meeting in 2013. The Editors [...]... *Calliandra debilis Renvoize *Calliandra elegans Renvoize Calliandra duckei Barneby *Calliandra erubescens Renvoize *Calliandra fernandesii Barneby *Calliandra fuscipila Harms *Calliandra ganevii Barneby *Calliandra hirsuticaulis Harms Calliandra imperialis Barneby *Calliandra involuta Mackinder & G.P.Lewis Calliandra leptopoda Benth Calliandra lintea Barneby Calliandra longipinna Benth Calliandra... 1976; Andrade-Lima 1981) The origin of the flora of caatinga is still a matter of debate The number of endemic taxa suggests that it may have had, at least in part, an autochthonous origin Other evidence suggests that the Amazon forest, the Atlantic forest, and the cerrado contributed with genetic stocks in different times © CAB International 2011 Poisoning by Plants, Mycotoxins, and Related Toxins. .. vegetation (typical caatinga and brejos) and characterized by irregularly undulated terrain that extends across the eastern portion of the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, and Pernambuco, between the Northern Sertaneja Depression and the Atlantic forest zone; (v) Raso da Catarina, a sedimentary basin with sandy soils covered by a type of vegetation called caatinga of sand as an opposition to that... Symposium on Poisonous Plants (ISOPP8) was sponsored by the Federal University of Campina Grande and Federal University of Paraíba, both in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, by the USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, Utah, and by the Brazilian College of Pathology The meeting was financially supported by Brazilian Council of Science and Technology (CNPq-grant 454084/2008-0), Coordination... cattle raising, and intense extractivistic wood exploitation Although some policies and strategies have been devised, the level of conservation of its biodiversity is still insignificant Geologic, Edaphic, and Climatic Aspects The caatinga occupies basically the areas of the interplanaltic depressions (Ab’Sáber 1974), but also extends to areas of low tablelands, uplands, and plateaus (Andrade-Lima 1981;... the state of Ceará (Uruburetama and Baturité mountains), but it is possibly more related to the Amazon forest biome than to the Atlantic forest Enclaves of cerrado (or at least cerrado-like vegetation) occur in the states of Ceará – municipalities of Iguatu and Salgado, Araripe plateau, and Caririaçu and Ibiapaba mountains (Figueiredo 1989, 1997; Fernandes 1990); Rio Grande do Norte – municipality of... Ceará, and since then he has become an example for me and many of my generation, for his inexhaustible capacity for hard work and dedication to professional activities for over 50 years Without question he is an example for the next generation, and for the young professionals and students who are participating in this symposium From all of us convened here, and from all researchers worldwide in toxic plants,. .. Revisitada (2009), Taylor (1991), Zappi (1994), and Taylor and Zappi (2004) for Cactaceae; and Rogers and Appan (1973), Govaerts et al (2000), and Melo (2000) for Euphorbiaceae If no vouchers or type locality citations were available for any taxon listed by Giulietti et al (2002), these authors’ statements were maintained 10 Oliveira Table 2 Flowering plants endemic (and possibly endemic) to the caatinga biome... the diseases caused by these two conditions in Brazil is due to his efforts His pioneering research work and achievements in the two scientific areas are outstanding Working under harsh and precarious conditions, he investigated diseases of unknown etiology in the Amazon, the Pantanal, Sertão, Cerrado, Agreste, Caatinga, and Serra and in the coastal areas of Brazil The magnitude and exactitude of information... G.P.Lewis Senna acuruensis (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby [3 varieties] Senna aversiflora (Herb.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Senna gardneri (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Senna harleyi H.S.Irwin & Barneby Senna martiana (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Senna rizzinii H.S.Irwin & Barneby Stylosanthes pilosa M.B.Ferreira & Sousa Costa Trischidium molle (Benth.) H.E.Ireland Zapoteca filipes (Benth.) H.M.Hern Zornia afranioi