Kỹ thuật đơn giản hóa cho kiến trúc sư và các nhà xây dựngXuất bản cuốn sách này trình bày cơ hội cho thêm một thế hệ mới của độc giả để theo đuổi một nghiên cứu về các chủ đề cơ bản mà UN derlie công việc thiết kế các cấu trúc xây dựng. Đặc biệt, công việc ở đây được phát triển trong một hình thức để đảm bảo khả năng tiếp cận của mình cho người có nguồn gốc, có giới hạn ở trong kỹ thuật. Mục đích và lý do chung cho các cuốn sách được trình bày rõ ràng trong lời nói đầu của Giáo sư Parker với phiên bản đầu tiên, trích đoạn từ đó làm theo.
SIMPLIFIED MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Sixth Edition JAMES AMBROSE Formerly Professor of Architecture University of Southern California Los Angeles, California based on the work of THE LATE HARRY PARKER Formerly Professor of Architectural Construction University of Pennsylvania JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page iii 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page xii SIMPLIFIED MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page i Other titles in the PARKER-AMBROSE SERIES OF SIMPLIED DESIGN GUIDES Harry Parker, John W. MacGuire and James Ambrose Simplified Site Engineering, 2nd Edition James Ambrose Simplied Design of Building Foundations, 2nd Edition James Ambrose and Dimitry Vergun Simplified Building Design for Wind and Earthquake Forces, 3rd Edition James Ambrose Simplied Design of Masonry Structures James Ambrose and Peter D. Brandow Simplified Site Design Harry Parker and James Ambrose Simplied Mechanics and Strength of Materials, 5th Edition Marc Schiler Simplied Design of Building Lighting James Patterson Simplified Design for Building Fire Safety William Bobenhausen Simplied Design of HVAC Systems James Ambrose Simplified Design of Wood Structures, 5th Edition James Ambrose and Jeffrey E. Ollswang Simplified Design for Building Sound Control James Ambrose Simplified Design of Building Structures, 3rd Edition James Ambrose and Harry Parker Simplified Design of Concrete Structures, 7th Edition James Ambrose and Harry Parker Simplified Design for Steel Structures, 7th Edition James Ambrose Simplified Engineering for Architects and Builders, 9th Edition 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page ii SIMPLIFIED MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Sixth Edition JAMES AMBROSE Formerly Professor of Architecture University of Southern California Los Angeles, California based on the work of THE LATE HARRY PARKER Formerly Professor of Architectural Construction University of Pennsylvania JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page iii Copyright © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, New York. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (22) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-40052-1 [print version ISBN/s include cloth and paper ISBNs, if both are available]. Some content that appears in the print version of this book may not be available in this electronic edition. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.Wiley.com fcopyebk.qxd 1/17/02 9:43 AM Page 1 v CONTENTS Preface to the Sixth Edition ix Preface to the First Edition xiii Introduction 1 Structural Mechanics / 2 Units of Measurement / 2 Accuracy of Computations / 3 Symbols / 7 Nomenclature / 7 1 Structures: Purpose and Function 9 1.1 Loads / 11 1.2 Special Considerations for Loads / 13 1.3 Generation of Structures / 21 1.4 Reactions / 24 1.5 Internal Forces / 28 1.6 Functional Requirements of Structures / 30 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page v 1.7 Types of Internal Force / 39 1.8 Stress and Strain / 46 1.9 Dynamic Effects / 61 1.10 Design for Structural Response / 64 2 Forces and Force Actions 69 2.1 Loads and Resistance / 69 2.2 Forces and Stresses / 71 2.3Types of Forces/73 2.4 Vectors / 73 2.5 Properties of Forces / 74 2.6 Motion / 76 2.7 Force Components and Combinations / 78 2.8 Graphical Analysis of Forces / 83 2.9 Investigation of Force Actions / 87 2.10 Friction / 91 2.11 Moments / 97 2.12 Forces on a Beam / 102 3 Analysis of Trusses 111 3.1 Graphical Analysis of Trusses / 111 3.2 Algebraic Analysis of Trusses / 120 3.3 The Method of Sections / 127 4 Analysis of Beams 132 4.1 Types of Beams / 133 4.2 Loads and Reactions / 134 4.3 Shear in Beams / 135 4.4 Bending Moments in Beams / 140 4.5 Sense of Bending in Beams / 147 4.6 Cantilever Beams / 151 4.7 Tabulated Values for Beam Behavior/155 5 Continuous and Restrained Beams 160 5.1 Bending Moments for Continuous Beams / 160 5.2 Restrained Beams / 172 vi CONTENTS 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page vi 5.3 Beams with Internal Pins / 176 5.4 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Beams / 181 6 Retaining Walls 183 6.1 Horizontal Earth Pressure / 184 6.2 Stability of Retaining Walls / 186 6.3 Vertical Soil Pressure / 188 7 Rigid Frames 192 7.1 Cantilever Frames / 193 7.2 Single-Span Frames / 199 8 Noncoplanar Force Systems 202 8.1 Concurrent Systems / 203 8.2 Parallel Systems / 209 8.3 General Noncoplanar Systems / 213 9 Properties of Sections 214 9.1 Centroids / 215 9.2 Moment of Inertia / 218 9.3 Transferring Moments of Inertia / 223 9.4 Miscellaneous Properties / 228 9.5 Tables of Properties of Sections / 229 10 Stress and Deformation 239 10.1 Mechanical Properties of Materials / 241 10.2 Design Use of Direct Stress / 243 10.3 Deformation and Stress: Relations and Issues / 246 10.4 Inelastic and Nonlinear Behavior / 251 11 Stress and Strain in Beams 254 11.1 Development of Bending Resistance / 255 11.2 Investigation of Beams / 259 11.3 Computation of Safe Loads / 261 11.4 Design of Beams for Flexure / 263 11.5 Shear Stress in Beams / 265 11.6 Shear in Steel Beams / 270 CONTENTS vii 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page vii 11.7 Flitched Beams / 272 11.8 Deflection of Beams / 275 11.9 Deflection Computations / 279 11.10 Plastic Behavior in Steel Beams / 283 12 Compression Members 293 12.1 Slenderness Effects / 293 12.2 Wood Columns / 297 12.3 Steel Columns / 301 13 Combined Forces and Stresses 309 13.1 Combined Action: Tension Plus Bending / 309 13.2 Combined Action: Compression Plus Bending / 312 13.3 Development of Shear Stress / 318 13.4 Stress on an Oblique Section / 319 13.5 Combined Direct and Shear Stresses / 321 14 Connections for Structural Steel 324 14.1 Bolted Connections / 324 14.2 Design of a Bolted Connection / 337 14.3 Welded Connections / 343 15 Reinforced Concrete Beams 353 15.1 General Considerations / 353 15.2 Flexure: Stress Method / 363 15.3 General Application of Strength Methods / 375 15.4 Flexure: Strength Method / 376 15.5 T-Beams / 382 15.6 Shear in Concrete Beams / 387 15.7 Design for Shear in Concrete Beams / 394 References 402 Answers to Selected Exercise Problems 403 Index 409 viii CONTENTS 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page viii [...]... the use of the book that is essentially a companion to this work: Simplified Engineering for Architects and Builders That book picks up the fundamental materials presented here, adds to them various pragmatic considerations for use of specific materials and systems, and engages the work of creating solutions to structural design problems For highly motivated readers, this book may function as a self-study... omitted in order to reduce the potential for confusion for the reader ACCURACY OF COMPUTATIONS Structures for buildings are seldom produced with a high degree of dimensional precision Exact dimensions are difficult to achieve, even for the most diligent of workers and builders Add this to considerations for the lack of precision in predicting loads for any structure, and the significance of highly precise... dynamic force than the masonry structure Steel is strong in tension and tends to dissipate some of the dynamic force through movement, similar to a boxer rolling with 3751 P-01 11/13/01 12:17 PM Page 15 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR LOADS 15 a punch Masonry, in contrast, is brittle and stiff and absorbs the energy almost entirely in the form of shock to the material In evaluating dynamic force effects and. .. products is necessary Those sources consist primarily of industry organizations, and I am grateful for the permissions granted for such use Primary sources used here include the American Concrete Institute, the American Institute for Steel Construction, and the American Forest and Paper Association A practical context for this theoretical work is presented through several illustrations taken from books... Wiley & Sons for 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page xi PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION xi permission to use these illustrations from several of its publications, both current and vintage works Bringing any work to actual publication requires enormous effort and contributions by highly competent and experienced people who can transform the author’s raw materials into intelligible and presentable form Through... internal forces produce stresses in the material of the body Second, the external forces produce deformations, or changes in shape, of the body Strength of materials, or mechanics of materials, is the study of the properties of material bodies that enable them to resist the actions of external forces, of the stresses within the bodies, and of the deformations of bodies that result from external forces... mechanics and strength of materials are often given the overall designation of structural mechanics or structural analysis This is the fundamental basis for structural investigation, which is essentially an analytical process On the other hand, design is a progressive refining process in which a structure is first generally visualized; then it is investigated for required force responses and its performance... particular field of engineering in which a student is interested, it is essential that he understand fully the fundamental principles that deal with the actions of forces on bodies and the resulting stresses This is an elementary treatment written for those who have had limited preparation The best books on the subject of mechanics and strength of materials make use of physics, calculus, and trigonometry... not be a critical force issue, but can be a major concern for sensation by occupants Internal Actions Forces may be generated within a structure by settlement of supports, slippage or loosening of connections, or by shape changes due to sag, warping, shrinkage, and so on Handling Forces may be exerted on elements of the structure during production, transportation, erection, storage, and so on These may... INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 completely, and to study the many graphic illustrations This initial study should help greatly in giving the reader a grasp for the many concepts to be presented later and for the whole body of the book’s topic scope STRUCTURAL MECHANICS The branch of physics called mechanics concerns the actions of forces on physical bodies Most of engineering design and investigation is based on . Ambrose and Harry Parker Simplified Design for Steel Structures, 7th Edition James Ambrose Simplified Engineering for Architects and Builders, 9th Edition 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page ii SIMPLIFIED. Internal Force / 39 1.8 Stress and Strain / 46 1.9 Dynamic Effects / 61 1.10 Design for Structural Response / 64 2 Forces and Force Actions 69 2.1 Loads and Resistance / 69 2.2 Forces and Stresses. work: Simplified Engineering for Architects and Builders. That book picks up the fundamental materials presented here, adds to them various pragmatic considerations for use of specific materials and