BEYOND THE PALISADE: A GEOPHYSICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE 3RD TERRACE AT ANGEL MOUNDS STATE HISTORIC SITE

BEYOND THE PALISADE: A GEOPHYSICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE 3 RD TERRACE AT ANGEL MOUNDS STATE HISTORIC SITE Matthew David Pike Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology, Indiana University December 2012 ! ! ""! #$$%&'%(!)*!'+%!,-$./'*!01!23("-3-!43"5%67"'*8!"3!&-6'"-/! 1./1"//9%3'!01!'+%!6%:."6%9%3'7!106!'+%!(%;6%%!01!<-7'%6!01!#6'7=! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! <-7'%6>7!?+%7"7!! @099"''%%! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA! B%6%9*!B=!C"/7038!D+=E=8!@+-"6! ! ! ! ! ! AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA! F=!C"//"-9!<03-;+-38!D+=E=! ! ! ! ! ! AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA! G-66*!B=!H"99%69-38!D+=!E=! ! ! ! ! """! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks first and foremost to my wife, Abra, for living the dream with me; to my family for keeping me going; to Jeremy Wilson and everyone at IUPUI and Bill Monaghan and Tim Baumann at the Glenn Black Lab for providing me with the opportunity, resources, and guidance to complete this project; to the GBL for trusting me with the mag and turning me loose with it; and to all the field school students who spent the summer moving my lines 25 cm at a time. ! ! "5! TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Chapter One – Introduction 1 Chapter Two – A History of Angel Mounds 6 A History of Angel Mounds as an Archaeological Site 6 WPA Era Excavations and Indiana University Field Schools 10 Chapter Three – Research Plan 15 Third Terrace Legacy Collection 15 Magnetometry at Angel Mounds 17 Shovel Test Survey 18 Intellectual Merit and Broader Impact 19 Chapter Four – The Third Terrace Excavations 23 Chapter Five – Magnetometry 43 Geophysics at Angel Mounds and the Wider Mississippian World 48 Chapter Six – Materials and Methods 54 Magnetometry 54 Shovel Testing 62 The Third Terrace 64 Chapter Seven – Results 70 Magnetometry Survey 70 Shovel Test Survey 81 3 rd Terrace Legacy Collection Analysis 85 Ceramic Statistical Analysis 89 14 C Dating of 3 rd Terrace Occupation 92 ! ! 5! Chapter Eight – Discussion and Conclusions 94 Magnetometry 94 Shovel Test Survey 99 3 rd Terrace Legacy Collection 102 Conclusions 110 Appendices Appendix 7.1 – 2011 Shovel Test Survey 115 Appendix 7.2 – 2011 Positive Shovel Tests 131 Appendix 7.3 – ANOVA – Mean Orifice Diameter, Split Vessel Type 133 Appendix 7.4 – Chi-Square - Vessel Type, Four Angel Mounds Areas 138 References 140 Curriculum Vitae ! ! ! ! ! 5"! LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Angel Mounds Ceramic Types 39 Table 4.2: 3 rd Terrace Decorated Ceramics – Prior to Reanalysis 42 Table 6.1: Mean Orifice Diameter of Vessel Types from Four Locations 67 ! ! ! ! 5""! LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: 1881 Cyrus Thomas Map 7 Figure 2.2: 1896 A.H. Purdue Map 8 Figure 2.3: 1937 Eli Lilly Map 9 Figure 2.4: Planview of 1939 3 rd Terrace Excavations 11 Figure 3.1: 2005 Aerial Photography of Angel Mounds, with the 3 rd Terrace 16 Figure 6.1: 2011/2012 3 rd Terrace Survey Area (30 x 30 m grids) 55 Figure 6.2: Completed Survey Grid Blocks with Corner Coordinates 56 Figure 6.3: Examples of monopolar and dipolar magnetic anomalies 59 Figure 6.4 (a): Clip Function - No Clip → ±50 nT Clip →±10 nT Clip 60 Figure 6.4 (b): Destripe Function – Before and After 60 Figure 6.4 (c): Destagger Function – Before and After 61 Figure 6.4 (d): Despike Function – Before and After 61 Figure 6.5: 2011 Shovel Test Survey 63 Figure 7.1: Completed Magnetometry Survey 72 Figure 7.2: Magnetically quiet area 73 Figure 7.3: High magnetic disturbance 73 Figure 7.4: SE portion of survey area 75 Figure 7.5 (a): DNR Dept. of Engineering survey 76 Figure 7.5 (b): Aerial photograph of IU Field School Barracks and WPA outbuildings 76 Figure 7.6: “Zig-Zag” Anomaly 77 Figure 7.7: Example of linear anomalies 77 Figure 7.8: 0.25 meter resurvey of magnetic anomalies within grid blocks 115 & 118 79 Figure 7.9: Comparative anomalies from the main Angel Mounds site 79 Figure 7.10: Unidentified monopolar and curvilinear dipolar anomalies 80 Figure 7.11: 2011 Shovel Test Survey Results 82 ! ! 5"""! LIST OF FIGURES continued Figure 7.12: Magnetic Anomalies (G.B. 115/118) with potential features from STPs 84 Figure 7.13: 14 C date from Feature 3 / X-7-D on the 3 rd Terrace 93 Figure 8.1: Amorphous anomalies from western terrace edge 96 Figure 8.2: Metallic magnetic disturbance around utility garage and outbuildings 97 Figure 8.3: Anomalies west of garage georectified with DNR Engineering Survey 99 Figure 8.4: Variety of closed handle morphologies from the 3 rd Terrace 105 Figure 8.5: Feature 3 / X-7-D from the 3 rd Terrace 107 Figure 8.6: New Angel Mounds Chronology 109 ! ! I! Chapter(One(+(Introduction( ! J<.$+!01!'+%!("11"$./'*!"3!-$:."6"3;!6%;"03-/K7$-/%!(-'-!9-*! )%!-''6").'%(!'0!'+%!6%'%3'"03!01!'L0!6%/-'%(!%/%9%3'7!"3!'+%!'6-("'"03-/! 1"%/(L06M!/%;-$*N!OIP!'+%!30'"03!01!site!-3(!OQP!'+%!%R$-5-'"03!'%$+3":.%! 01!(-'-!-$:."7"'"03SS!@037%:.%3'/*8!'+%6%!"7!-!'%3(%3$*!'0!'+"3M!01!'+%! 7-9&/"3;!.3"5%67%!-7!-!7%'!01!7"'%7!6-'+%6!'+-3!-!)0.3(%(!.3"'!01!7&-$%=T!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 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[...]...   of   what   was   to   become   Angel   Mounds   State   Historic   Site,   archaeological   excavations  commenced  under the  direction of  archaeologist  Glenn A  Black   The  area   was a  small  section of  land  on the  periphery of the  much  larger site of Angel Mounds  – a   Mississippian   village   characterized   by   the   hallmarks   of   monumental   earthen   platform... a geophysical  remote  sensing  survey   utilizing   a   magnetic   gradiometer,   a   targeted   shovel   test   survey   and   a  reanalysis   of   the   3rd Terrace  legacy  collection  from  an  area  that  was  excavated  by  Black, the  goal  was  to   identify   the   significance   of   the   3rd   Terrace   in   relation   to   the   main   habitation   area   (specifically   the   area...  broader   research  conducted at Angel Mounds         5     Chapter  Two  -­‐ A  History of Angel Mounds   A  History of Angel Mounds  as  an Archaeological Site   Angel Mounds  (12Vg1),  located  southeast of  modern-­‐day  Evansville,  Indiana  on   the  north  bank of the  Ohio  River,  has  been a  figurehead of  Indiana  archaeology  since  its   acquisition  by the  Indiana... Terrace     Although   palisade   walls   typically   define the  boundaries of  Mississippian  centers and  function  as  de  facto  boundaries  for   archaeological   sites,   there   is   no   reason   to   think   that   all   evidence   of   occupation   or   of   cultural  modification of the  landscape  stops at  these  walls   The  mere  fact  that  there  are   several   manifestations...  Deal and  were  conducted   between   1939   and   1942   (Black   1967)     While   none   of   these   workmen   had   any   prior   experience   in   archaeological   excavation,   the   excavations   on   the   3rd   Terrace   were   where   many  men  ‘cut  their archaeological  teeth’  for the  years of  excavation  to  come at Angel   Mounds    As  Black  stated  –   The  area,  therefore,... of   the   palisade   wall   and   is   located   on   a   river   terrace   above   the   main   site   –   the   3rd   Terrace     The   analysis   of   this   portion   of   the   Angel   Mounds   collection   has   shed   some   light   on   potential   occupations   and   activity   patterns   that   fall     3     outside   of   the   palisade   wall,   where   excavations   tend   to   cease...   as   the   East   Village),   as   well   as   in   relation   to   Mound   G   (12W54), a  potentially  temporally and  structurally  anomalous  mound  located  northeast   of the  main  habitation  area   Third Terrace  Legacy  Collection   Limited  research  has  been  conducted at Angel Mounds  outside the  limits of the   palisade   walls   and,   more   generally,   the   2nd   Terrace. ..   Terrace,   as   well   as   a   reanalysis   of   the   1939   3rd   Terrace   legacy   collection     Chapter   Four   is   a   more   detailed   discussion   of   the   3rd   Terrace,   both   in   terms   of   a   Mississippian   cultural  presence  on the  landscape  as  well  as  initial archaeological  investigations  there     Both of  these  are  important  in the  creation of the. .. Meanwhile,  legacy  collections  remain  an  underutilized  resource  in archaeological   research  today   At Angel Mounds, a  large  portion of  material  that  was  excavated  during   the   era   of   Works   Project   Administration   (WPA)   archaeology   in   the   late   1930’s   until   World   War   II   remains   largely   unanalyzed   (Baumann,   et   al   2011)     Although   the. ..  chronology  based  mainly  upon a  decorative  variety of  ceramics  known   as   Angel  Negative  Painted”  by  Sherri  Hilgeman  for  her  Ph.D  dissertation,  as  well  as a   monograph   entitled   Pottery   and   Chronology   at   Angel   (Hilgeman   2000)     Other   dissertations  incorporating  data  from Angel Mounds  include  Stephen  Ball’s The  Practical   Application   of   Geophysical   . e6.7! -3 (! ! ! Q! < ;-6 7 +-/ /! 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