Human action a treatise on economics phần 1 docx

PLEASE READ THIS PAGE BEFORE PROCEEDING This is a searchable file which reproduces, almost perfectly, the whole of the fourth edition of Ludwig von Mises’s masterpiece Human Action. Below is a meta- contents, as it were, which shows how to reach both the book’s contents proper and also items not listed in the Contents, such as the front and back covers and two Forewords. Front Cover 2 Spine 3 Back Cover 4 Half-Title Page 5 Portrait of von Mises 6 Title Page 7 Publication Facts 8 Foreword to 4 th Edition 9 Foreword to 3 rd Edition 11 Contents 13 Index 911 Three points to remember: 1) This book is fully searchable. That means all you have to do is press “Control F,” which is the standard Windows search button, type in the word or words you’re looking for, in the window that pops up, and press the “Enter” key. That will bring you to the first instance of that word. Thereafter, you can either click on the “Find Again” button that appears or press “Alt F.” In this way, you could locate each and every instance of the word “praxeology,” say, or the words “state of affairs,” or whatever word or series of words you might want to find. 2) The Contents in the book, like these “meta-contents,” above, are interactive, in the sense that if you rest your mouse pointer on an entry and click the left-key of your mouse, you will immediately be taken to the page where that entry appears. To return, right-click on the mouse. You may have to right-click more than once, in order to return. If you browse to any extent after reaching the entry you want, your best bet to get back to the Contents may be to return to the page you’re now on—the very first page in the whole document, and then click on Contents, above. Or, after reading the very next point to remember, you could enter the specific page in the contents that you wanted to reach, which would be a page with a number from 13 to 24. 3) To reach any page referred to in the index to Human Action, add 24, in order to compensate for the pages through and including the book’s two Forewords and the Contents, and then type that number in the little box near the lower left-hand corner of the screen. This is the box which tells you now, for example, that you’re on 1 of 930— i.e., page 1 of 930 pages. Simply replace that information with the page number you want to go to, and press the “Enter” key. Voila! You’ll be transported to that page. But remember, to get to the page you actually want to go to, say, page 810, you have to add 24, so you’ll enter 834 in this case. Enjoy the book! G EORGE REISMAN [...]... PART ONE HUMAN ACTION Chapter I Acting Man 1 Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction 11 2 The Prerequisites of Human Action 13 On Happiness On Instincts and Impulses 3 Human Action as an Ultimate Given 4 Rationality and Irrationality; Subjectivism and Objectivity of Praxeological Research 5 Causality as a Requirement of Action. .. dealt with as such Part One Human Action I ACTING MAN 1 Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction H action is purposeful behavior Or we may say: Action is will put into operation and transformed into an agency, is aiming at ends and goals, is the ego’s meaningful response to stimuli and to the conditions of its environment, is a person’s conscious adjustment to the state of the universe that determines... Stabilization The Root of the Stabilization Idea 212 214 217 219 223 Chapter XIII Monetary Calculation as a Tool of Action 1 Monetary Calculation as a Method of Thinking 229 2 Economic Calculation and the Science of Human 2 31 PART FOUR CATALLATICS OR ECONOMICS OF THE MARKET SOCIETY Chapter XIV The Scope and Method of Catallactics... 19 1 Chapter X Exchange Within Society 1 Autistic Exchange and Interpersonal Exchange 19 4 2 Contractual Bonds and Hegemonic Bonds 19 5 3 Calculative Action 19 8 PART THREE ECONOMIC CALCULATION Chapter XI Valuation Without Calculation 1 The Gradation of the Means 200 xi 2 The Barter-Fiction of the Elementary Theory of Value... revolt against economics Thomas Carlyle branded economics a “dismal science,” and Karl Marx stigmatized the economists as “the sycophants of the bourgeoisie.” Quacks—praising their patent medicines and short cuts to an earthly paradise—take pleasure in scorning economics as “orthodox” and “reactionary.” Demagogues pride themselves on what they call their victories over economics The “practical” man boasts... remained a science of the “economic” aspects of human action, a theory of wealth and selfishness It dealt with human action only to the extent that it is actuated by what was —very unsatisfactorily—described as the profit motive, and it asserted that there is in addition other human action whose treatment is the task of other disciplines The transformation of thought which the classical economists had... this treatise places economic problems within the broad frame of a general theory of human action At the present stage both of economic thinking and of political discussions concerning the fundamental issues of social organization, it is no longer feasible to isolate the treatment of catallactic problems proper These problems are only a segment of a general science of human action and must be dealt... Numerical Evaluation of Case Probability Betting, Gambling, and Playing Games Praxeological Prediction 10 5 10 6 10 7 11 0 11 3 11 5 11 7 Chapter VII Action Within the World 1 The Law of Marginal Utility 11 9 2 The Law of Returns 12 7 x 3 Human Labor as a Means 13 1 Immediately... such This also settles the relation of praxeology to the psychoanalytical concept of the subconscious Psychoanalysis too is psychology and does not investigate action but the forces and factors that impel a man toward a definite action The psychoanalytical subconscious is a psychological and not a praxeological category Whether an action stems from clear deliberation, or from forgotten memories and suppressed... 19 59; and a Spanish-language translation by Mr Joaquin Reig Albiol under the title La Accion Humana (Tratado de Econo mia), published in two volumes by Fundacion Ignacio Villalonga in Valencia (Spain) in 19 60 I feel indebted to many good friends for help and advice in the preparation of this book vii First of all I want to remember two deceased scholars, Paul Mantoux and William E Rappard, who by giving . . . . . . . . . . 10 PART ONE HUMAN ACTION Chapter I. Acting Man 1 Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 The Prerequisites of Human Action . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 5 The Root of the Stabilization Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Chapter XIII. Monetary Calculation as a Tool of Action 1 Monetary Calculation as a Method of. Professor at the Universita Bocconi in Milano, under the title L’Azione Umana, Trattato di economia, published by the Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese in 19 59; and a Spanish-language translation