TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, turn to the back of this book. Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks Toni Janevski Artech House Boston • London www.artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Janevski, Toni. Traffic analysis and design of wireless IP networks / Toni Janevski. p. cm. — (Artech House mobile communications series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58053-331-0 (alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Telecommunication—Traffic. 3. Mobile communication systems. I. Title II. Series. TK5103.2.J38 2003 621.382’15—dc21 2003041890 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Janevski, Toni Traffic analysis and design of wireless IP networks. — (Artech House mobile communications series) 1. Mobile communication systems—Design and construction 2. Wireless Internet 3. Telecommunication—Traffic I. Title 621.3’8456 ISBN 1-58053-331-0 Cover design by Igor Valdman © 2003 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-331-0 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003041890 10987654321 To my wonderful sons, Dario and Antonio, and to the woman of my life, Jasmina . Contents Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Evolution Process 1 1.2 Why Wireless IP Networks? 2 1.3 Traffic Issues 4 1.4 Design Issues 5 2 Third Generation Wireless Mobile Communications and Beyond 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Evolution of Wireless Communication 11 2.3 Second Generation Mobile Networks 12 2.3.1 GSM—State of the Art 15 2.4 Evolution from 2G to 3G 16 2.4.1 HSCSD 17 2.4.2 GPRS—Tracing the Way to Mobile Internet 17 2.4.3 EDGE 19 2.5 Third Generation Mobile Networks 20 2.5.1 Standardization 20 vii 2.5.2 UMTS 22 2.5.3 WCDMA 28 2.5.4 TD-CDMA 31 2.5.5 cdma2000 32 2.6 Third Generation Mobile Applications and Services 35 2.6.1 New Killer Applications 38 2.6.2 Real-Time Services 41 2.6.3 Nonreal-Time Services 43 2.7 Future Wireless Communication Networks Beyond 3G 44 2.7.1 All-IP Mobile Network 47 2.8 Discussion 49 References 49 3 Wireless Mobile Internet 53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 IP 54 3.2.1 IPv4 54 3.2.2 IP Version 6 56 3.3 Transport Control of IP Packets 57 3.3.1 TCP Mechanisms 58 3.3.2 TCP Implementations 61 3.3.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 62 3.4 QoS Provisioning in the Internet 63 3.4.1 MPLS 64 3.4.2 Integrated Services 66 3.4.3 Differentiated Services 69 3.5 Introduction of Mobility to the Internet 73 3.5.1 Mobile IP Protocol 74 3.5.2 Micromobility 76 3.6 QoS Specifics of Wireless Networks 83 3.6.1 Cellular Topology 83 3.6.2 Mobility 83 3.6.3 BER in the Wireless Link 85 viii Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks 3.7 Discussion 86 References 87 4 Teletraffic Theory 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Some Important Random Processes 92 4.3 Discrete Markov Chains 96 4.4 The Birth-Death Process 100 4.4.1 Stationary System 104 4.4.2 Birth-Death Queuing Systems in Equilibrium 106 4.5 Teletraffic Theory for Loss Systems with Full Accessibility 106 4.6 Teletraffic Theory for Loss Systems with Multiple Traffic Types 111 4.6.1 Loss Systems with Integrated Traffic 112 4.6.2 Phase-Type Distributions 114 4.6.3 Multidimensional Erlang Formula 117 4.6.4 Priority Queuing 120 4.6.5 Error Control Impact on Traffic 123 4.7 Teletraffic Modeling of Wireless Networks 126 4.8 Principles of Dimensioning 129 4.9 Discussion 132 References 133 5 Characterization and Classification of IP Traffic 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Characterization of IP Traffic 136 5.2.1 Aggregate Internet Traffic 136 5.2.2 Internet Traffic Components 137 5.3 QoS Classification of IP Traffic 139 5.4 Statistical Characteristics 143 5.4.1 Nature of IP Traffic 144 5.4.2 Self-Similar Processes 149 Contents ix [...]...x Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks Statistical Analysis of Nonreal-Time Traffic 15 2 5.4.4 5.4.5 Statistical Analysis of Real-Time Services Genesis of IP -Traffic Self-Similarity 15 5 15 8 5.5 Discussion 16 4 References 16 4 Architecture for Mobile IP Networks with Multiple Traffic Classes 16 7 6 .1 Introduction 16 7 6.2 6.2 .1 Architecture of Wireless IP Networks with Integrated... Agent Scheme 314 10 .7 Discussion References 319 320 11 QoS Provisioning in Wireless IP Networks Through Class-Based Queuing 323 11 .1 Introduction 323 11 .2 Wireless Network and Channel Model 325 11 .3 Design of Wireless Scheduling Algorithms 326 11 .3 .1 Wireline and Wireless Fluid Fair Queuing 326 11 .3.2 11 .3.3 WFQ Algorithms Service Differentiation Applied to Existing Systems 328 3 31 11. 4 Wireless Class-Based... Total Internet traffic, however, increases faster 9 10 Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks Number of users (millions) 10 00 800 600 400 200 0 19 92 19 94 19 96 19 98 2000 2002 19 98 2000 2002 Figure 2 .1 Growth of mobile users (a sketch) 18 0 16 0 Number of hosts (millions) 14 0 12 0 10 0 80 60 40 20 0 19 92 19 94 19 96 Figure 2.2 Growth of hosts on the Internet (a sketch) than the number of hosts The... networks Only end-to-end IP networks with wireless access can accomplish such a task, and that is the answer to the question of why wireless IP networks should be considered 4 Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks Definition of a Wireless IP Network A wireless IP network is an all -IP network with wireless access All data, signaling, and control information are carried using IP packets (Note:... Reservation 204 Analysis of Multimedia Mobile Networks with Statistical Local Admission Control 208 7.4 .1 7.4.2 Efficiency of the Mobile Network Optimization of Mobile Networks 211 215 7.5 Traffic Loss Analysis in Multiclass Mobile Networks 217 7.5 .1 Application of Multidimensional Erlang-B Formula in Mobile Networks 217 7.5.2 Multirate Traffic Analysis 220 7.6 Traffic Analysis of CDMA Networks 226 7.6 .1 7.6.2... Algorithm for Wireless IP Networks Who May Initiate a Handover? Handover Types on a Link Layer Handover Agents 300 300 3 01 302 10 .3 Routing in the Wireless Access Network 305 10 .4 Location Control and Paging 310 10 .5 10 .5 .1 Discovery of the Crossover Node Crossover Node Discovery for B Flows 312 312 10 .5.2 Crossover Node Discovery for A Flows 313 Contents xiii 10 .6 Performance Analysis of the Handover Agent... Architecture 16 8 16 9 6.2.2 Integrated Simulation Architecture 17 0 6.3 6.3 .1 Conceptual Model of Network Nodes Scheduling Schemes 17 1 17 3 6.4 Simulation Architecture for Performance Analysis 17 6 Wireless Link Model 17 7 6.6 6.6 .1 Traffic Modeling Call-Level Traffic Modeling 17 9 17 9 6.6.2 Packet-Level Traffic Modeling 18 0 6.7 6.7 .1 Mobility Modeling Macromobility Model 18 6 18 7 6.7.2 Micromobility Model 19 0 6.8... Simulation Analysis in Wireless IP Networks Handover Loss Analysis for CBR Flows Handover Loss Analysis for VBR Flows Handover Loss Analysis for Best-Effort Flows Performance Analysis of Different Traffic Types Under Location-Dependent Bit Errors 280 280 284 290 9.6 Discussion References 295 296 10 Handover Agents for QoS Support 299 293 10 .1 Introduction 299 10 .2 10 .2 .1 10.2.2 10 .2.3 Handover Agent... such as wireless LAN and 3G, as well as end-to-end IP connectivity (i.e., an all -IP network) The diversity of traffic services and access technologies creates new possibilities for both operators and users On the other hand, it raises new traffic and design issues This book provides traffic analysis, dimensioning, quality of service (QoS), and design aspects for wireless IP networks with multiple traffic. .. Parameters 19 0 6.8 .1 6.8.2 QoS Parameters on Call-Level QoS Parameters on Packet-Level 19 0 19 2 6.8.3 Capacity 19 3 6.9 Discussion References 19 5 19 6 7 Analytical Analysis of Multimedia Mobile Networks 19 9 7 .1 Introduction 19 9 7.2 7.2 .1 Analysis of Mobile Networks with Single Traffic Class Analytical Modeling 200 200 6.5 TE 6 AM FL Y 5.4.3 Team-Fly® Contents 7.3 xi Analysis of Multimedia Mobile Networks . Introduction 323 11 .2 Wireless Network and Channel Model 325 11 .3 Design of Wireless Scheduling Algorithms 326 11 .3 .1 Wireline and Wireless Fluid Fair Queuing 326 11 .3.2 WFQ Algorithms 328 11 .3.3 Service. Wireless IP Networks 10 .6 Performance Analysis of the Handover Agent Scheme 314 10 .7 Discussion 319 References 320 11 QoS Provisioning in Wireless IP Networks Through Class-Based Queuing 323 11 .1 Introduction. Dimensioning 12 9 4.9 Discussion 13 2 References 13 3 5 Characterization and Classification of IP Traffic 13 5 5 .1 Introduction 13 5 5.2 Characterization of IP Traffic 13 6 5.2 .1 Aggregate Internet Traffic 13 6 5.2.2