Radio network planning and optimisation for umts 2nd edition phần 2 pptx

Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS 33 The meaning of the CCHs can be summarised as follows: . Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), for broadcasting system control information in the downlink. . Paging Control Channel (PCCH), for transferring paging information in the downlink (used when the network does not know the cell location of the UE, or when the UE is in cell-connected state). . Common Control Channel (CCCH), for transmitting control information between the network and UEs in both directions (commonly used by UEs having no RRC connection with the network and by UEs using common transport channels when accessing a new cell after cell reselection ). . Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH), a point-to-point bidirectional channel for transmitting dedicated control information between the network and a UE (established through the RRC connection setup procedure). The TCHs can be described as: . Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH), a point-to-point channel dedicated to one UE for transfer of user information (a DTCH can exist in both uplink and downlink directions). . Common Traffic Channel (CTCH), a point-to-multi-point unidirectional channel for transfer of dedicated user information for all or a group of specified UEs. The mapping between logical and transport channels is depicted in Figure 2.15. FACHRACH BCCH CCCHPCCH Logical Channels MAC SAPs CPCH (FDD only) CTCH DCH CCCH DTCH/DCCH DTCH/DCCH Transport Channels Uplink Downlink BCCH Broadcast Control Channel BCH Broadcast Channel CCCH Common Control Channel CCH Control Channel CPCH Common Packet Channel CTCH Common Traffic Channel DCCH Dedicated Control Channel DCH Dedicated Channel DSCH Downlink Shared Channel DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel FACH Forward Access Channel HS-DSCH High Speed DSCH PCCH Paging Control Channel PCH Paging Channel RACH Random Access Channel BCH PCH DSCHDCH HS-DSCH Transport Channels RACH CPCH DCH (FDD only) BCH PCH FACH DSCHDCH HS-DSCH (y) BCCH Broadcast Control Channel BCH Broadcast Channel CCCH Common Control Channel CCH Control Channel CPCH Common Packet Channel CTCH Common Traffic Channel DCCH Dedicated Control Channel DCH Dedicated Channel DSCH Downlink Shared Channel DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel FACH Forward Access Channel HS-DSCH High Speed DSCH PCCH Paging Control Channel PCH Paging Channel RACH Random Access Channel High-speed DSCH Figure 2.15 Mapping between logical channels and transport channels in uplink and downlink directions (for UTRA FDD only – i.e., without TDD channels). 2.4.2.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol The RLC protocol provides segmentation/reassemble (Payloads Units, PU) and retransmission services for both user (RB) and control data (Signalling RB) [6]. Each RLC instance is configured by RRC to operate in one of three modes. These are Transparent Mode (TM), where no protocol overhead is added to higher layer data; Unacknowledged Mode (UM), where no retransmission protocol is in use and data delivery is not guaranteed; and Acknowledged Mode (AM), where the Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) mechanism is used for error correction. For all RLC modes, Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) error detection is performed at the physical layer and the result of the CRC is delivered to the RLC together with the actual data. Some of the most important functions of the RLC protocol are segmentation and reassembly of variable length higher layer PDUs into/from smaller RLC PUs; error correction, by means of retransmission in the acknowledged da ta transfer mode; in- sequence delivery of uppe r layer PDUs; flow control – i.e., rate control at which the peer RLC transmitting entity may send information; protocol error detection and recovery; Service Data Unit (SDU) discard, polling, ciphering and maintenance of the QoS as defined by upper layers. As shown in Table 2.1, the RLC transfer mode indicates the data transfer mode supported by the RLC entity configured for that particular RB. The transfer mode for a RB is the same in both uplink and downlink directions, and is determined by the admission control in the SRNC from the RAB attributes and CN domain information. The RLC transfer mode affects the configuration parameters of the outer-loop power control in the RNC and the user bit rate. The quality target is not affected if TM or UM RLC is used, while the numb er of retransmissions should be taken into account during 34 Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS Table 2.1 RLC transfer modes for UMTS Quality of Service classes. UMTS QoS class a Domain Source statistics Service type RLC transfer descriptor mode Conversational CS Speech CS speech TM Unknown CS T data TM PS Speech PS speech UM Unknown PS RT data UM Streaming CS Speech CS speech N/A Unknown CS NRT data TM PS Speech PS speech N/A Unknown PS RT data AM or UM b Interactive CS N/A — N/A PS N/A PS NRT data AM Background CS N/A — N/A PS N/A PS NRT data AM a Type of application for which the UMTS bearer service is optimised [10]. b Transfer mode depends on the value of RAB attribute Transfer delay. radio network planning if AM RLC is employed. The user bit rate is affected by the transfer mode of the RLC protocol, since the length of the L2 headers is 16 bits for AM, 8 bits for UM and 0 bits for TM. Hence, the user bit rate for radio network dimension- ing is given by the L1 bit rate reduced by the L2 header bit rate. 2.4.2.4 Packet Data Convergence Protocol This protocol exists only in the U-plane and only for services from the Packet Switched (PS) domain. The main PDCP functions are compression of redundant protocol control information (e.g., TCP/IP and RTP/UDP/IP headers) at the transmitting entity and decompression at the receiving entity; transfer of user data – i.e., receiving a PDCP_SDU from NAS and forwarding it to the appropriate RLC entity and vice versa; and multiplexing RBs into one RLC entity [7]. 2.4.2.5 Broadcast Multicast Control Protocol Like the PDCP, the BMC protocol exists only in the U-plane. This protocol provides a broadcast/multi-cast transmission service on the radio interface for common user data in TM or UM. It utilises UM RLC using the CTCH LoCH mapped onto the Forward Access Channel (FACH). The CTCH has to be configured and the TrCH used by the network has to be indicated to all UEs via RRC system information broadcast on the BCH [8]. 2.4.2.6 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol RRC signalling is used to control the mobility of the UE in Connected Mode; to broadcast the information related to the NAS and AS; and to establish, reconfigure and release RBs. The RRC protocol is further used for setting up and controlling UE measurement-reporting criteria and the downlink outer-loop power control. Paging, control of ciphering, initial cell selection and cell reselection are also part of RRC connection management procedures. RRC messages carry all parameters requ ired to set up, modify and release L2 and L1 protocol entities [9]. After power on, UEs stay in Idle Mode until a request to establish an RRC connection is transmitted to the network. In Idle Mode the connection of the UE is closed on all layers of the AS. In Idle Mode the UE is identifi ed by NAS identities such as International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) and Packet-TMSI. The RNC has no information about any individual UE, and it can only address, for example, all UEs in a cell or all UEs monitoring a paging oc casion [9]. The transitions between Idle Mode and UTRA Connected Mode are shown in Figure 2.16. The UTRA Connected Mode is entered when an RRC connection is established. The RRC connection is defined as a point-to-point bidirectional connection between RRC peer entities in the UE and in the UTRAN. A UE has either none or a single RRC connection. The RRC connection establishment procedure can only be initiated by the UE sending an RRC connection request message to the RAN. The event is triggered either by a paging request from the network or by a request from upper layers in the Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS 35 UE. When the RRC connection is established, the UE is assigned a Radio Network Temporary Identity (RNTI) to be used as its own identity on CTCHs. When the network releases the RRC connection, the signalling link and all RBs between the UE and the UTRAN are released [9]. As depicted in Figure 2.16, the RRC states are as follows: . Cell_DCH. In this state the Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH), plus eventually the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), is allocated to the UE. It is entered from Idle Mode or by establishing a DTCH from the Cell_FACH state. In this state the terminal performs measurements according to the RRC MEASUREMENT CONTROL message. The transition from Cell_DCH to Cell_FACH can occur via explicit signalling – e.g., through expiration of an inactivity timer. . Cell_FACH. In this state no DPCH is allocated to the UE; the Random Access transport Channel (RACH) and the FACH are used for transmitting signalling and a small amount of user data instead. The UE listens to the BCH system information and moves to the Cell_PCH substate via explicit signalling when the inactivity timer on the FACH expire s. . Cell_PCH. In this state the UE location is known by the SRNC on a cell level, but it can only be reached via a paging message. This state allows low battery consumption. The UE may use Discontinuous Reception (DRX), reads the BCH to acquire valid system information and moves to Cell_FACH if paged by the network or through any uplink access – e.g., initiated by the terminal for cell reselection (cell update procedure). . URA_PCH. This state is similar to Cell_PCH, except that the UE executes the cell update procedure only if the UTRAN Registration Area (URA) is changed. One cell can belong to one or several URAs in order to avoid ping-pong effects. When the 36 Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS GSM Connected Mode GSM - UTRA intersystem handover UTRA Connected Mode (Allowed transitions) Establish RRC connection Release RRC connection Initiation of temporary block flow Release of temporary block flow Cell reselection Release RRC connection Only by paging Establish RRC connection Release RRC connection Camping on a UTRAN cell Idle Mode Camping on a GSM / GPRS cell GPRS Packet Idle Mode GPRS Packet Transfer Mode URA_PCH CELL_XXX CELL_XXX CELL_XXX Establish RR C connection Only by paging Cell_XXX URA_PCH Cell_XXX Cell_XXX Figure 2.16 Radio resource control states and state transitions, including GSM Connected Mode for PSTN/ISDN domain services and GSM/GPRS Packet Modes for IP domain services. number of cell updates exceeds a certain limit, the UE may be moved to the URA_PCH state via explicit signalling. The DCCH cannot be used in this state, and any activity can be initiated by the network via a paging request on PCCH or through uplink access by the terminal using RACH. The understanding of RRC functions and signalling procedures is essential for radio network tuning and optimisation. Through RRC protocol analysis, it is possible to monitor the system information broadcast in the cell, paging messages, cell selection and reselection pro cedures, the establishment, maintenance and release of the RRC connection between the UE and UTRAN, the UE measurement reporting criteria and their control, and downlink open-loop and outer-loop power control. 2.4.3 Transport Channels In UTRAN, data generated at higher layers is carried over the air interface using TrCHs mapped onto different physical channels. The physical layer has been designed to support variable bit rate transport channels, to offer bandwidth-on- demand services, and to be able to multiplex several services within the same RRC connection into one Coded Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCH). A CCTrCH is carried by one physical CCH and one or more physical data channels. There can be more than one downlink CCTrCH, but only one physical CCH is transmitted on a given connection [4]. In 3GPP all TrCHs are defined as unidirectional – i.e., uplink, downlink or relay link. Depending on services and state, the UE can have simultaneously one or several TrCHs in the downlink, and one or more TrCHs in the uplink. As shown in Figure 2.17, for each TrCH, at any Transmission Time Interval (TTI) the physical layer receives from higher layers a TBS and the corresponding Transport Format Indicator (TFI). Then L1 combines the TFI information received from different TrCHs into one Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI). The TFCI is transmit ted in the physical CCH to inform the receiver about what TrCHs Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS 37 Transport Block Transport Block TFI Physical Control CHannel Physical Data CHannel Higher Layers Physical Layer Physical Control CHannel Physical Data CHannel TB & Error Indication TFI TB & Error IndicationTransport Block Transport Block TFI TB & Error Indication TFI TB & Error Indication TFCI Coding & Multiplexing TFCI Decoding Demultiplexing & Decoding TrCH 1 TrCH 2 TrCH 1 TrCH 2 Figure 2.17 Interface between higher layers and the physical layer [19]. 38 Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS are simultaneously active in the current radio frame. In the downlink, in the case of limited TFCSs the TFCI signalling may be omitted and Blind Transport Format Detection (BTFD) can be employed, where decoding of TrCHs can be done so as to verify which position of the output block is matched with the CRC results [4]. Two types of TrCHs exist: dedicated channels and common channels. A common channel is a resource divided between all users or a group of users in a cell, wher eas a dedicated channel is by definition reserved for a single user. The connections and mapping between transpo rt channels and physical channels are depicted in Figure 2.18. 2.4.3.1 Dedicated Transport Channels The only dedicated TrCH specified in 3GPP is the Dedicated Channel (DCH), which supports variable bit rate and service multiplexing. It carries all user information coming from higher layers, including data for the actual service (speech frames, data, etc.) and control information (measurement control commands, UE measurement reports, etc.). It is mapped onto the Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH). The DPCH is characterised by closed-loop power control and fast data rate change on a frame-by-frame basis; it can be transmitted to part of the cell and supports soft/ softer handover [4]. Physical Channels Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) Synchronisation Channel (SCH) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH) Collision-Detection/Channel-Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH) Transport Channels DCH RACH CPCH BCH FACH PCH DSCH HS-DSCH High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) HS-DSCH - related Shared Control Channel (HS-SSCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink) for HS-DSCH (HS-DPCCH) High-speed Figure 2.18 Mapping of transport channels onto physical channels. Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS 39 2.4.3.2 Common Transport Channels The common TrCHs are a resourc e divided between all users or a group of users in a cell (an in-band identifier is needed). They do not support soft/softer handover, but some of them can have fast power control – for example, the Common Packet Channel (CPCH) and Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH). As depicted in Figures 2.15 and 2.18, the common TrCHs are as follows ([4], [2]): . Broadcast Channel (BCH). This is used to transmit information (e.g., random access cod es, cell access slots, cell-type transmit diversity methods, etc.) specific to the UTRA network or to a given cell; it is mapped onto the Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH), which is a downlink data channel only. . Forward Access Channel (FACH). This carries downlink control information to terminals known to be located in the given cell. It is further used to transmit a small amount of downlink packet data. There can be more than one FACH in a cell, even multiplexed onto the same Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH). The S-CCPCH may use different offsets between the control and data field at different symbol rates and may support slow power control. . Paging Channel (PCH). This carries data relevant to the paging procedure. The paging message can be transmitted in a single cell or several cells, according to the system configuration. It is mapped onto the S-CCPCH. . Random Access Channel (RACH). This carries uplink control information, such as a request to set up an RRC connection. It is further used to send small amounts of uplink packet data. It is mapped onto the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). . Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH). This carries uplink packet-based user data. It supports uplink inn er-loop power control, with the aid of a downlink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH). Its transmission may span over several radio frames and it is mapped onto the Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH). . Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH). This carries dedicated user data and/or control information and can be shared in time between several users. As a pure data channel, it is always associated with a downlink DCH. It supports the use of downlink inner- loop power control, based on the associated uplink DPCCH. It is mapped onto the Physical DL Shared Channel (PDSC H). . High-speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH). This downlink channel is shared between UEs by allocation of individual codes from a common pool of codes reserved for the HS-DSCH. The HS-DSCH is defined as an extension to DCH transmission. Physical channel signalling is used for indicating to a UE when it has been scheduled including the necessary signalling information for the UE to decode the High-speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) as well. The common TrCHs needed for basic cell operation are RACH, FACH and PCH, while the DSCH, CPCH and HS-DSCH may or may not be used by the operator. 2.4.3.3 Formats and Config urations In order to describe how the mapping of TrCHs is performed and controlled by L1, some generic definitions and terms valid for all types of TrCH are introduced in this section. Further information can be found in [4]. . Transport Block (TB) is the basic unit exchanged between L1 and MAC for L1 processing; a TB typically corresponds to an RLC PDU or corresponding unit. L1 adds a CRC to each TB. . Transport Block Set (TBS) is defined as a set of TBs that are exchanged between L1 and MAC at the same time instant using the same TrCH. . Transport Block Size is defined as the number of bits in a TB and is always fixed within a given TBS – i.e., all TBs within a TBS are equally sized. . Transport Block Set Size is defined as the number of bits in a TBS. . Transmission Time Interval (TTI) is defined as the inter-arrival time of TBSs, and is equal to the periodicity at which a TBS is transferred by the physical layer on the radio interface. It is always a multiple of the minimum interleaving period (i.e., 10 ms, the length of one radio frame, an exception is HS-DSCH with TTI ¼2ms as discussed in Section 2.4.5). MAC delivers one TBS to the physical layer every TTI. . Transport Format (TF) is the format offered by L1 to MAC (and vice versa) for the delivery of a TBS during a TTI on a given TrCH. It consists of one dynamic part (TB Size, TBS Size) and one semi-static part (TTI, type of error protection– i.e., turbo code, convolutional code or no channel coding – coding rate, static Rate Matching parameter, size of CR C). An empty TF is defined as a TF that has a TBS size equal to zero. . Transport Format Set (TFS) is a set of TFs associated with a TrCH. The semi-static parts of all TFs are the same within a TFS. TB size, TBS size and TTI define the TrCH bit rate before L1 processing. As an example, for a DCH, assuming a TB size of 336 bits (320 bits payload þ16 bits RLC header), a TBS size of 2 TBs per TTI, and a TTI of 10 ms, the DCH bit rate is given by 336 Ã2/10 ¼67.2 kbps, whereas the DCH user bit rate, which is defined as the DCH bit rate reduced by the RLC headers, is given by 320 Ã 2/10 ¼64 kbps. Depending on the type of service carried by the TrCH, the variable bit rate may be achieved by changing between TTIs either the TBS size only, or both the TBS and TBS size. . Transport Format Combination (TFC) is an authorised combination of the currently valid TFs that can be simultaneou sly submitted to L1 on a CCTrCH of a UE – i.e., containing one TF from each TrCH that is part of the combination. An empty TFC is defined as a TFC that is only made up of empty TFs. . Transport Format Combination Set (TFCS) is defined as a set of TFCs on a CCTrC H and is produced by a proprietary algori thm in the RNC. The TFCS is what is given to MAC by L3 for control. When mapping data onto L1, MAC chooses between the different TFCs specified in the TFCS. MAC has only control over the dynamic part of the TFC, since the semi-static part corresponds to the service attributes (quality, transfer delay) set by the admission control in the RNC. The selection of TFCs can be seen as the fast part of the RRC dedicated to MAC, close to L1. Thereby the bit rate can be changed very quickly and with no need of L3 signalling. An example of 40 Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS data exchange between MAC and the physical layer when two DCHs are multiplexed in the connection is illustrated in Figure 2.19. . Transport Format Indicator (TFI) is a label for a specific TF within a TFS. It is used in the inter-layer communication between MAC and L1 each time a TBS is exchanged between the two layers on a TrCH. . Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI) is used to inform the receiving side of the currently valid TFC, and hence how to decode, demultiplex and transfer the received data to MAC on the appropriate TrCHs. MAC indicates the TFI to L1 at each delivery of TBSs on each TrCH. L1 then builds the TFCI from the TFIs of all parallel TrCHs of the UE, processes the TBs appropriately and appends the TFCI to the physical control signalling (DPCCH). Through the de tection of the TFCI the receiving side is able to identify the TFC. The TFCS may be produced as shown in Figure 2.20 – i.e., as a Cartesian product between TFSs of the TrCHs that are multiplexed onto a CCTrCH, each considered as a vector. In theory every TrCH can have any TF in the TFC, but in practice only a limited number of possible combinations are selected. Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS 41 Transport Block Set (TBS) DCH2 T T I DCH1 T T I T B T B T B T B Transport Block Transport Block Transport Block T B T B Transmission Time Interval T T I T T I T T I Transport Format (TF) Transport Format Set (TFS) Transport Format Combination (TFC) Transport Format Combination Set (TFCS) Transport Format Set (TFS) Transport Format Combination Set (TFCS) Transport Format Combination (TFC) Transport Format (TF) Transport Block Set (TBS) Figure 2.19 Example of data exchange between Medium Access Control and the physical layer when two Dedicated Channels are employed. TrCH1 TrCH2 TrCHn Transport format set Transport format Transport Format Combination x Transport Format Combination x+1 Figure 2.20 Relations of transport format, transport format set and transport format combination. 2.4.3.4 Functions of the Physical Layer One UE can transmit only one CCTrCH at a time, but multiple CCTrCHs can be simultaneously received in the downlink direction. In the uplink one TFCI represents the current TFs of all DCHs of the CCTrCH. RACHs are always mapped one-to-one onto physical channels (PRACHs) – i.e., there is no physical layer multiplexing of RACHs. Further, only a single CPCH of a CPCH set is mapped onto a PCPCH, which employs a subset of the TFCs derived by the TFS of the CPCH set. A CPCH set is characterised by a set-specific scrambling code for access preamble and collision detection, and is assigned to the terminal when a service is configured for CPCH transmission [4]. In the downlink the mapping between DCHs and physical channel data streams works in the same way as in the uplink direction. The current configuration of the coding and multiplexing unit is either signalled (TFCI) to the UE, or optionally blindly (BTFD) detected. Each CCTrCH has only zero or one corresponding TFCI mapped (each 10 ms radio frame) on the same DPCCH used in the connection. A PCH and one or several FACHs can be encod ed and multiplexed together forming a CCTrCH, one TFCI indicates the TFs used on each FACH and PCH carried by the same S-C CPCH. The PCH is always associated with the Paging Indicator Channel (PICH), which is used to trigger off the UE reception of S-CCPCH where the PCH is mapped. A FACH or a PCH can also be individually mapped onto a separate physical channel. The BCH is always mapped onto the P-CCPCH, with no multiplexing with other TrCHs [4]. The main functions of the physical layer are Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoding and decoding of TrCHs, measurements and indication to higher layers (e.g., BER, SIR, interference power, transmission power, etc.), macro-diversity distribution/combining and softer handover execution, error detection on TrCH s (CRC), multiplexing of transport channels and demultiplexing of CCTrCHs, rate matching, mapping of CCTrCHs onto physical channels, modulation/ demodulation and spreading/despreading of physical channels, frequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronisation, closed-loop (inner-loop) power control, power weighting, combining of physical channels and RF pro cessing. The multiplexing and channel coding chain is depict ed in Figures 2.21 and 2.22 for the uplink and downlink direction, respectively. As shown in these figures, data arrive at the coding/multiplexing unit in the form of TBSs once every TTI. The TTI is TrCH- specific from the set (10 ms, 20 ms, 40 ms, 80 ms) [12]. Error detection is provided on transport blocks through a CRC. The CRC length is determined by the admission control in the RNC and can be 24, 16, 12, 8 or 0 bits [12]. Regardless of the result of the CRC, all TBs are delivered to L2 along with the associated error indications. This estimation is then used as quality information for UL macro-diversity selection/combining in the RNC, and may also be used directly as an error indication to L2 for each erroneous TB in TM, UM and AM RLC, provided that RLC PDUs are mapped one-to-one onto TBs. Depending on whether the TB fits in the available code block size (channel coding method), the TBs in a TTI are either concatenated or segmented to coding blocks of suitable size. 42 Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS [...]... 1/3), SRB (as above) 16 24 0 ( 12. 2) þ 128 þ 3.4 (AMR speech 12. 2 kbps), packet data 128 kbps, DCCH 3.4 kbps Packet data 128 kbps (TTI 20 ms, turbo coding 1/3), AMR and SRB (as above) 16 24 0 ( 12. 2) þ 144 þ 3.4 (AMR speech 12. 2 kbps), packet data 144 kbps, DCCH 3.4 kbps Packet data 144 kbps (TTI 20 ms, turbo coding 1/3), AMR and SRB (as above) 8 480 c ( 12. 2) þ 384 þ 3.4 (AMR speech 12. 2 kbps), packet data... coding 1/3) and SRB (as above) 8 480 ( 12. 2) þ 128 þ 3.4 (AMR speech 12. 2 kbps), packet data 128 kbps, DCCH 3.4 kbps Packet data 128 kbps (TTI 20 ms, turbo coding 1/3), AMR and SRB (as above) 8 480 ( 12. 2) þ 144 þ 3.4 (AMR speech 12. 2 kbps), packet data 144 kbps, DCCH 3.4 kbps Packet data 144 kbps (TTI 20 ms, turbo coding 1/3), AMR and SRB (as above) 4 960 ( 12. 2) þ 384 þ 3.4 (AMR speech 12. 2 kbps), packet... rates and examples of services multiplexing SF Channel symbol rate [ksps] a User bit rate Example of services multiplexing Transport format (semi-static part) [kbps] 25 6 15 3.4 Standalone mapping of DCCH 3.4 kbps SRB (TTI 40 ms, CC coding rate 1/3) 128 30 — — — 64 60 12. 2 þ 3.4 AMR speech 12. 2 kbps, DCCH 3.4 kbps AMR (TTI 20 ms, CC 1/3 for TrCH dA and dB; CC 1 /2 for TrCH dC) and SRB (as above) 32 120 28 .8... rates and examples of services multiplexing SF 5 12 Channel symbol rate [ksps] a 7.5 User bit rate Transport format (semi-static part) [kbps] Example of services multiplexing (RBs and SRB) — — — 25 6 15 3.4 Standalone mapping of DCCH 3.4 kbps SRB (TTI 40 ms, CC coding rate 1/3) 128 30 12. 2 þ 3.4 AMR speech 12. 2 kbps, DCCH 3.4 kbps AMR (TTI 20 ms, CC 1/3 for TrCH dA and dB; CC 1 /2 for TrCH dC) and SRB... (seven values, from 0 to 1 for ASC 2- 7) set during radio network planning  52 Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS and randomly selects a signature from the set of available signatures within the given ASC The UE transmits the first preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature and preamble transmission power, calculated as explained in Section 4 .2. 1.1 If no positive or negative... (as above) 64 60 28 .8 þ 3.4 Modem 28 .8 kbps, DCCH 3.4 kbps CS data (TTI 40 ms, turbo coding 1/3) and SRB (as above) 32 120 57.6 þ 3.4 Fax 57.6 kbps, DCCH 3.4 kbps CS data (TTI 40 ms, turbo coding 1/3) and SRB (as above) 32 120 ( 12. 2) b þ 64 þ 3.4 (AMR speech 12. 2 kbps), packet data 64 kbps, DCCH 3.4 kbps Packet data 64 kbps (TTI 20 ms, turbo coding 1/3), AMR and SRB (as above) 32 120 64 þ 3.4 ISDN... like the HS-PDSCH Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS 55 Radio frame (10 ms) #0 #1 Slot (25 60 chips) #0 Any CPICH #1 #14 15 ksps; SF = 25 6 Cch ,25 6,0 (P-CPICH) Pre-defined pilot sequence 20 bits 25 6 chips P-CCPCH (Tx OFF) 15 ksps; SF = 25 6 Cch ,25 6,1 Data only (18 bits) 20 bits S-CCPCH TFCI Data 20 x 2k bits (k = 0, …, 6) Pilots 15-960 ksps; SF = 25 6-4 Figure 2. 32 Slot structure of the Common Pilot Channel,... timing Radio interface synchronisation relates to the timing of the radio frame transmission in the DL direction In radio network planning, understanding of timing and synchronisation in UTRAN is essential for synchronisation of DCH and CCH measurements – i.e., for the evaluation of the link-level performance of the UMTS network 2. 4.6.1 Timing Relationship between Physical Channels The radio frame and. .. computed by the SRNC and provided to the BS when the radio link is set up, where the mapping between L2 and L1 is performed as follows: SFN mod 25 6 ¼ (CFN þ Frame Offset) mod 25 6 (from L2 to L1); and CFN ¼ (SFN À Frame Offset) mod 25 6 (from L1 to L2) The TrCH synchronisation mechanism is valid for all DL TrCHs In case of soft handover – i.e., only for DCHs belonging to radio links of different radio link sets... Figure 2. 28 Physical Random Access Channel ramping and message transmission Introduction to WCDMA for UMTS 51 Data Control Data Pilot TFCI Tslot = 25 60 chips Figure 2. 29 Structure of the random access message part radio frame comprises 4096 chips, being made up of 25 6 repetitions of a signature of length 16 chips (25 6 Ã 16 ¼ 4096) [14] The slot structure of the PRACH message is illustrated in Figure 2. 29 . SRB (as above) 16 24 0 ( 12. 2) þ 128 þ3.4 (AMR speech 12. 2 kbps), Packet data 128 kbps packet data 128 kbps, (TTI 20 ms, turbo DCCH 3.4 kbps coding 1/3), AMR and SRB (as above) 16 24 0 ( 12. 2) þ144 þ3.4. — — 64 60 12. 2 þ3.4 AMR speech 12. 2 kbps, AMR (TTI 20 ms, DCCH 3.4 kbps CC 1/3 for TrCH dA and dB; CC 1 /2 for TrCH dC) and SRB (as above) 32 120 28 .8 þ3.4 Modem 28 .8 kbps, CS data (TTI 40 ms, DCCH. Standalone mapping of SRB (TTI 40 ms, DCCH 3.4 kbps CC coding rate 1/3) 128 30 12. 2 þ3.4 AMR speech 12. 2 kbps, AMR (TTI 20 ms, DCCH 3.4 kbps CC 1/3 for TrCH dA and dB; CC 1 /2 for TrCH dC) and