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Keyboard events Keyboard-related events occur when a user presses a key while a Web page is loaded. In addition to capturing the overall keyPress event, you can separately capture (and respond to) the user’s pressing the key and then releasing the key. The following sample code ties a custom JavaScript function named disallowInput() to the onKeyPress event handler associated with the document object: <BODY onKeyPress=”disallowInput();”> For details on the other objects that support keyboard events, check out Table 13-5. Table 13-5 Keyboard-Related Event Handlers Event Supporting Objects Event (Event Handler Handler Triggered When . . .) onKeyDown Button, Checkbox, document, The user presses a key. FileUpload, Image, Link, Password, Radio, Reset, Select, Submit, Text, Textarea onKeyPress Button, Checkbox, document, The user presses and FileUpload, Image, Link, releases a key (which Password, Radio, Reset, Select, combines the onKeyDown Submit , Text, Textarea and onKeyUp event handlers). onKeyUp Button, Checkbox, document, The user releases a FileUpload, Image, Link, previously pressed key. Password, Radio, Reset, Select, Submit, Text, Textarea 247 Chapter 13: Handling User-Initiated Events Using window events for good, not evil Some folks think pop-up ads are inherently evil, and some think they’re a legitimate use of Web technology. Wherever you fall in the debate, be aware that pop-up-killer software exists, which some surfers download and install to avoid seeing pop-up ads. Know, too, that many surfers refuse to revisit sites which bombard them with pop-up ads. 20_576593 ch13.qxd 10/12/04 10:02 PM Page 247 248 Part IV: Interacting with Users 20_576593 ch13.qxd 10/12/04 10:02 PM Page 248 Chapter 14 Handling Runtime Errors In This Chapter ᮣ Getting familiar with runtime errors and exceptions ᮣ Taking a peek at the try, catch, and throw statements S upport for exception handling — a technique for anticipating and recov- ering gracefully from errors that has long been supported in languages like C++ — was finally implemented for JavaScript in Internet Explorer 5.x and Navigator 6.x. Exceptional Basics Technically, an exception is any unexpected condition, good or bad, that occurs during the processing of a script. Practically speaking, however, an exception is virtually always an error. Exceptions can result from ߜ A JavaScript error ߜ An unanticipated user-input error ߜ A problem with a user’s browser, operating system, or hardware configuration Trying to make your code access objects (such as array elements, properties, files, and so on) that don’t exist is a common source of exceptions that might occur while your JavaScript code is executing in someone’s browser. If you’re creating a commercial JavaScript application, you want to make lib- eral use of JavaScript’s exception-handling abilities. Allowing your users to view cryptic, system-generated errors such as File Not Found or No Such Object is unacceptable in a commercial environment. Although anticipating 21_576593 ch14.qxd 10/12/04 10:02 PM Page 249 and handling those errors by using try and catch blocks might not prevent the errors from occurring, it does give you the opportunity to ߜ Reassure users. You can use JavaScript’s exception-handling functions to display a message telling users that an error has occurred but is being handled appropriately. (This approach is much better than allowing a cryptic system message or blank screen to confuse and alarm users.) ߜ Provide users with helpful, appropriate suggestions. You can explain the cause of the error and provide users with tips for avoiding that error in the future. Handling Exceptions You handle exceptions by creating two special JavaScript functions, or blocks: a try block and a catch block. Then, in any statement that might generate an error, you use the keyword throw to throw an error to the catch block. The code in Listing 14-1 shows you how. Look for the code in Listing 14-1 in the file list1401.htm on the compan- ion CD. Listing 14-1: Handling Exceptions with try-catch and throw . . . <SCRIPT LANGUAGE=”JavaScript” TYPE=”text/javascript”> function getMonthName (monthNumber) { // JavaScript arrays begin with 0, not 1, so // subtract 1. monthNumber = monthNumber - 1 // Create an array and fill it with 12 values var months = new Array(“Jan”,”Feb”,”Mar”,”Apr”,”May”,”Jun”,”Jul”, “Aug”,”Sep”,”Oct”,”Nov”,”Dec”) // If the monthNumber passed in is somewhere // between 0 and 11, fine; return the corresponding // month name. if (months[monthNumber] != null) { return months[monthNumber] } // Otherwise, an exception occurred, so throw // an exception. 250 Part IV: Interacting with Users 21_576593 ch14.qxd 10/12/04 10:02 PM Page 250 else { // This statement throws an error // directly to the catch block. throw “InvalidMonthNumber” } } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // The try block wraps around the main JavaScript // processing code. Any JavaScript statement inside // the try block that generates an exception will // automatically throw that exception to the // exception handling code in the catch block. ////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // The try block try { // Call the getMonthName() function with an // invalid month # (there is no 13th month!) // and see what happens. alert(getMonthName(13)) alert(“We never get here if an exception is thrown.”) } // The catch block catch (error) { alert(“An “ + error + “ exception was encountered. Please contact the program vendor.”) // In a real-life situation, you might want // to include error-handling code here that // examines the exception and gives users specific // information (or even tries to fix the problem, // if possible.) } Take a look at Figure 14-1 to see the error that running the code in Listing 14-1 generates in Internet Explorer. Figure 14-1: Houston, we have an error. 251 Chapter 14: Handling Runtime Errors 21_576593 ch14.qxd 10/12/04 10:02 PM Page 251 The first code executed in Listing 14-1 is the code that you see defined in the try block: alert(getMonthName(13)) Because only 12 months are defined in the months array, passing a value of 13 to getMonthName() causes an exception (“InvalidMonthNumber”) to be thrown, as shown here: function getMonthName(monthNumber) { . . . throw “InvalidMonthNumber” All thrown exceptions are processed automatically by whatever code exists in the catch block, so the message that you see in Figure 14-1 (and defined in the catch block code shown in Listing 14-1) appears automatically when the exception is thrown. If you want to write truly airtight JavaScript code, you need to identify all the events that could possibly cause an exception in your particular script (such as actions the user could take, error conditions the operating system could generate, and so on), and implement a try-catch block for each. Depending on your application, you might want to include more processing code in the catch block than the simple pop-up message shown in Figure 14-1. For example, you might want to include JavaScript statements that examine the caught exception, determine what kind of exception it is, and process it appropriately. You aren’t limited to a string literal when it comes to identifying a thrown exception. Instead of InvalidMonthNumber, you can create and throw an elaborate custom exception object (by using the function and new opera- tors that I describe in Chapter 3). For more information on how Netscape implements exception handling (including examples), visit http://developer.netscape.com/docs/manuals/js/core/jsguide/stmtsov.htm#1011537 To see how Microsoft does the same for Internet Explorer, check out this page: http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en- us/jscript7/html/jsstmtrycatch.asp 252 Part IV: Interacting with Users 21_576593 ch14.qxd 10/12/04 10:02 PM Page 252 Part V The Part of Tens 22_576593 pt05.qxd 10/12/04 10:06 PM Page 253 In this part . . . P art V begins with a list of some great JavaScript-related Web sites that are full of useful information about all aspects of JavaScript. If you feel the need to communicate with real people about your JavaScript scripts, Chapter 15 even provides you with a list of some user groups that enable you to do just that. These online resources are followed by a chapter explain- ing the most common mistakes that people run into when implementing Web pages (along with tips on how to avoid them). And finally, no programming book worth its salt would be complete without at least a few handy debugging techniques. Chapter 17 provides you with lots of bug-related tips that make debugging at least entirely bearable, if not downright pleasant! 22_576593 pt05.qxd 10/12/04 10:06 PM Page 254 Chapter 15 Top Ten (Or So) Online JavaScript Resources In This Chapter ᮣ Finding and using JavaScript tutorials ᮣ Finding cool JavaScript examples online ᮣ Taking advantage of the essential JavaScript-related newsgroups G etting help on how to do something has never been easier than it is right now. Why? The Internet, of course! From its roots in government and university installations, the Internet remained a close-knit, mostly acade- mic community until as recently as a decade ago. Inevitably, commercialism reared its ugly head and has had a tremendous effect — and not all bad, either — on all things Net. (For example, the commercialism of the Internet is directly responsible for the proliferation of Web tools and languages such as JavaScript.) Although marketing and advertising have become common on the Internet, the spirit of sharing and intellectual collaboration hasn’t yet been snuffed out. Helping other people (and maybe showing off a little in the process) is a fundamental joy. And because access to the Internet is relatively cheap and easy, everybody and their dog indulges — as you see when you visit the URLs and newsgroups that I list in this chapter. Ten Web Sites to Check Out With no further ado, then, on to the good stuff: a list of irresistible JavaScript- related Web resources. You find tips, tricks, tutorials, examples, and up-to-the- minute documentation. The site’s URL follows a description of the goodies offered. 23_576593 ch15.qxd 10/12/04 10:14 PM Page 255 Netscape The Netscape DevEdge site contains a wealth of information on getting started with JavaScript, including a complete language reference, how-to articles, and sample code. It also offers a downloadable JavaScript debugger. http://devedge.netscape.com Microsoft Microsoft maintains an information-packed site devoted to its JavaScript- compatible language, JScript. Documentation, tutorials, sample code, and access to JScript-related newsgroups are just some of the great resources that you find here. http://msdn.microsoft.com/scripting/jscript/default.htm Builder.com The JavaScript section at CNET Builder.com features tips and tutorials in addition to copy-and-paste JavaScript code. http://builder.com.com/1200-31-5084860.html Webmonkey Webmonkey maintains a killer JavaScript code library containing not just a wealth of scripts but a handy browser reference chart, cheat sheets on HTML and CSS, and more — all free for the taking. http://hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/reference/javascript_code_library Project Cool’s JavaScript QuickStarts Project Cool’s JavaScript QuickStarts offer hands-on JavaScript (and DHTML) tutorials. From basic to advanced, all are organized into neat, bite-sized chunks perfect for beginning JavaScript programmers. www.devx.com/projectcool 256 Part V: The Part of Tens 23_576593 ch15.qxd 10/12/04 10:14 PM Page 256 [...]... ask for permission before using it If in doubt, don’t copy a file line for line; instead, take a look at how the programmer solved the problem and base your solution on the overall approach EarthWeb.com The EarthWeb.com JavaScript site offers a huge repository of cut-and-paste scripts — scripts for everything from navigation to multimedia http://webdeveloper.earthweb.com/webjs About.com The Focus on JavaScript. .. conceivable JavaScript- related topic — including my personal favorite, troubleshooting http:/ /javascript. about.com/compute /javascript IRT.org Internet Related Technologies’ JavaScript section offers an exhaustive knowledge base of frequently asked (and answered) script-related questions http://developer.irt.org/script/script.htm 257 2 58 Part V: The Part of Tens WebReference.com WebReference.com’s homegrown JavaScript. .. development: ߜ If you follow only one user group, make it the following one This group is very well attended and is currently the premier JavaScript information group for newbies and advanced scripters alike: comp.lang .javascript (The it.comp.lang .javascript and de.comp.lang .javascript newsgroups are high-traffic Italian- and German-language versions.) ߜ Get answers to HTML questions answered here: comp.infosystems.www.authoring.html... good HTML reference such as HTML For Dummies, 4th Edition, by Ed Tittel and Natanya Pitts (Wiley Publishing, Inc.) Typing-in-a-Hurry Errors Spelling and capitalization errors easily take first prize for being the most common mistakes that all JavaScripters make, from the greenest beginner to the most highly seasoned veteran The JavaScript interpreter is a stickler for correct spelling: You simply can’t... that describes how a user might reasonably interact with your pages For an educational site, for example, your test cases might include • A student searching for a specific piece of information • A teacher posting lesson plans • A parent interested in school grading policies Chapter 17: Ten (Or So) Tips for Debugging Your Scripts 2 For each test case (make sure you have several), load your pages and... So) Online JavaScript Resources Stop, thief! Most of the sites that I describe in this chapter are commercial sites, and without exception, the JavaScript source code they offer is clearly marked for free download.” (You might have to register your e-mail address before you can download, though, so these companies can stick you on their electronic mailing lists.) But if you’re looking for scripts,... links to online JavaScript magazines, script archives, and much more www.webreference.com/programming /javascript/ index.html ScriptSearch.com ScriptSearch.com maintains a giant database of JavaScript scripts, from ad banners to visual effects http://scriptsearch.internet.com /JavaScript/ Not-to-Be-Missed Newsgroups The Web sites listed in the preceding sections are a great source of information Sometimes,... figure out whether your code comes close to 269 270 Part V: The Part of Tens accomplishing some reasonable task JavaScript just skims your code for syntax errors If you want to give your users the option to submit a form but then not actually submit the form when they indicate Yes — that’s up to you JavaScript is not your mother! The only way to track down logic errors is the old-fashioned way: by studying... multiple browsers before publishing them Documentation can be wrong, and browser-detection code can malfunction So before you actually post your JavaScript- enabled pages to your Web server (thereby exposing them for all the world to see), always test them yourself in as many browsers as possible Although the America Online browser has a fairly large market share, it’s often overlooked by JavaScript developers... as it were, to help them clarify whether a potential bug lies in their JavaScript code or in their programming logic Pseudocode is a shorthand combination of JavaScript and the programmer’s natural language Because this tool is designed to be as easy and natural for programmers as possible, no hard-and-fast rules define precisely how to write pseudocode Say, for example, that your goal is to calculate . and is currently the premier JavaScript information group for newbies and advanced scripters alike: comp.lang .javascript (The it.comp.lang .javascript and de.comp.lang .javascript newsgroups are high-traffic. of some great JavaScript- related Web sites that are full of useful information about all aspects of JavaScript. If you feel the need to communicate with real people about your JavaScript scripts,. Ten (Or So) Online JavaScript Resources In This Chapter ᮣ Finding and using JavaScript tutorials ᮣ Finding cool JavaScript examples online ᮣ Taking advantage of the essential JavaScript- related
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