Clinical Dermatology - part 1 pptx

[...]... cytokines, including IL -1 , IL-8 and interferon-γ, which promote inflammation (Fig 2 .13 ) TH0 TH1 TH2 IL-4 IL-2 INF-γ IL-2 Inhibit IL-5 TNF-α IL -1 0 Cell-mediated immunity Antibody-mediated immunity Fig 2 .13 Characteristics of TH -1 and TH-2 responses J, code for the variable domains of the receptor An analysis of rearrangements of the gene for the receptor is used to determine whether a T-cell infiltrate is... Intercellular adhesion molecule -1 (ICAM -1 ) Endothelial cells Keratinocytes Langerhans cells T lymphocytes Some NK cells Endothelial cells LFA -1 VLA-4 Very late activation proteins ( 1- VLA) T lymphocyte VCAM Leucocyte function antigen 1 (LFA -1 ) Macrophage activation antigen 1 (Mac -1 ) T lymphocyte ICAM -1 Macrophages Monocytes Granulocytes C3b component of complement Endothelial cells Slex (CD15) Cluster of differentiation... transduction, 12 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.2 Some cytokines produced by keratinocytes Designation Cytokine Function Interleukins IL -1 Interleukin 1 IL-3 IL-6 IL-8 Interleukin 3 Interleukin 6 Interleukin 8 IL -1 0 IL -1 2 Interleukin 10 Interleukin 12 Lymphocyte activation Langerhans cell activation Acute phase reactions Colony-stimulating factor B-cell differentiation Chemotaxis Angiogenesis Inhibition of TH -1 T cells... keratinocyte is injured (1) , it releases interleukin -1 (IL -1 ) (2) IL -1 activates endothelial cells causing them to express selectins that slow down lymphocytes passing over them Once lymphocytes stop on the endothelial cells lining the vessels, IL -1 acts as a chemotactic factor to draw lymphocytes into the epidermis (4) At the same time, IL -1 activates keratinocytes by binding to their IL -1 receptors Activated... Most T-cell receptors are composed of an α and β chain, each with a variable (antigen binding) and a constant domain, which are associated with the CD3 cell surface molecules (Fig 2 .12 ) Many different combinations of separate gene segments, termed V, D and 20 CHAPTER 2 T-cell Augmentation Signal 1 β LFA -1 Jβ T-cell β α TCR CD2 Signal 2 TCR CD4 CD2 CD28 Jα LFA -1 LFA-3 Jβ CD4 Jα Vβ Vα ICAM -1 LFA-3 B7... Nursing problems handling patients particularly with toxic epidermal necrolysis (p 11 5) and pemphigus (p 10 8) Usually none needed Regrow spontaneously Nurse as for burns 6 CHAPTER 1 Finlay, A.Y (19 97) Quality of life measurement in dermatology: a practical guide British Journal of Dermatology, 13 6, 305– 314 Grob, J.J., Stern, R.S., Mackie, R.M & Weinstock, W.A eds (19 97) Epidemiology, Causes and Prevention... Chemotaxis Angiogenesis Inhibition of TH -1 T cells Induction of TH-2 T cells Colony stimulating factors GM-CSF Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor G-CSF Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor M-CSF Macrophage colony-stimulating factor Others TGF TNF Transforming growth factors Tumour necrosis factors IFN-α IFN-γ Interferon-α Interferon-γ involving protein kinase C or inositol phosphate Catecholamines,... Prevention of Skin Diseases Blackwell Science, Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners (19 95) Morbidity Statistics from General Practice: Fourth National Study 19 91 92 HMSO, London Savin, J.A (19 93) The hidden face of dermatology Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 18 , 393–395 Williams, H.C (19 97) Dermatology In: Stevens, A., Raftery, J (eds) Health Care Needs Assessment Series 2 Radcliffe... place between the antigen, MHC Class II and T-cell receptor (TCR) provides signal 1, which is enhanced by the coupling of CD4 with the MHC molecule A second signal for T-cell activation is provided by the interaction between the costimulatory molecules CD28 (T cell) and B7 (Langerhans cell) CD2/LFA-3 and LFA -1 / ICAM -1 adhesion augment the response to signals 1 and 2 Superantigen interacts with the TCR... distinct Secrete extracellular matrix Blood vessel Helper T cells are divided into type 1 (TH -1 ) and type 2 lymphocytes (TH-2) according to the main cytokines that they produce (Fig 2 .13 ) Some skin diseases display a predominantly TH -1 response (e.g psoriasis), others a mainly TH-2 response (e.g atopic dermatitis) T-cytotoxic (TC) cells These lymphocytes are capable of destroying allogeneic and virally .