P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 21, 2001 12:26 Char Count= 282 means of assigning the correct SGSN to the UE depending on its location. Its functions are similar to those of GMSC but for packet services only. As shown in Figure 8.1, connections to external networks include those with switched-circuit services, such as PLMN, PSTN, ISDN, and those with packet-switched services, such as the Internet. The internal functionalities of the UMTS logical network elements are not specified in detail. On the other hand, the various interfaces between these elements are defined; the main open interfaces are the Cu interface, Uu interface, Iu interface, Iur interface, and Iub interface, [3] as shown in Figure 8.1. The open interfaces allow the operators to set up their equipment with elements acquired from different manufacturers. r Cu Interface. This is the interface between USIM and ME and is defined in terms of physical specifications including size, contacts, electrical specifications, protocols, and others. This interface follows the stan- dard format for smartcards. r Uu Interface. This is the radio interface between ME and UTRAN, which is the main subject of this chapter. r Iu Interface. This is the interface between UTRAN and CN. It is pre- sented in two instances, namely, Iu circuit switched (Iu CS) and Iu packet switched(Iu PS).Iu CSconnects UTRANto thecircuit-switched domain of the CN, whereas the Iu PS connects UTRAN to the packet- switched domain of the CN. Some of the functions supported by Iu include: Relocation of SRNS functionality from one RNS to another without changing the radio resources and without interrupting the user data flow Relocation of SRNS from one RNS to another with a change of radio resources for hard handover purposes Setup, modification, and clearing of radio access bearer Release of allresources from a given Iu instance related to thespecified UE, this including the RAN-initiated case Report of unsuccessfully transmitted data Paging Management of the activities related to a specificUE–UTRAN con- nection Transparent transfer of UE–CN signaling messages Implementation of the ciphering or integrity feature for any given data transfer © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 21, 2001 12:26 Char Count= 282 Management of overload Reset of the UTRAN side and/or CN side of Iu Reporting of the location of a given UE Framing of data into segments of predefined sizes according to the adaptive multirate codec speech frames or to the frame sizes de- rived from the data rate of a circuit-switched data call. r Iur Interface. This is the interface between RNCs of different RNSs. It can be conveyed over physical direct connection between RNCs or via any suitable transport network. Iur was initially designed to support inter-RNC soft handover. More features, however, have been added and four distinct functions are provided. These functions are defined in terms of four modules as follows: support of the basic inter-RNC mobility (Iur1); support of dedicated channel traffic (Iur2); support of common channel traffic (Iur3); and support of global resource man- agement (Iur4). [3] Iur1. The functions offered in Iur1 include support of SRNC relo- cation; support of inter-RNC cell and UTRAN registration area update; support of inter-RNC packet paging; and reporting of pro- tocol errors. Iur2. The functions offered in Iur2 include establishment, modifica- tion, and release of the dedicated channel in DRNC due to hard handover and soft handover in the dedicated channel state; setup and release of dedicated transport connections across Iur; trans- fer of dedicated channel traffic transport blocks between SRNC and DRNC; management of the radio links in DRNS via dedicated measurement report and power setting procedures. Iur3. The functions offered in Iur3 include setup and release of the transport connection across Iur for common channel data streams separation of the MAC layer between SRNC and DRNC; flow con- trol between the separated MAC layers. Iur4. The functions offered in Iur4 include transfer of cell measure- ments between two RNCs; transfer of Node B timing information between two RNCs. r Iub Interface. This is the interface between Node B and RNC. This interface supports all the procedures for the logical operation and maintenance (O&M) of Node B, such as configuration and fault man- agement. It also supports all the signaling through dedicated control ports for the handling of a given UE context, after a radio link has been set up for this UE. More specifically, the following functions are performed: setup of the first radio link for one UE; cell configura- tion; initialization and reporting of cell or Node B specific measure- ments; fault management; handling of access channels and page © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 21, 2001 12:26 Char Count= 282 channels; addition, release, and configuration of radio links for one UE context; handling of dedicated and shared channels; handling of softer combining; initialization and reporting of radio link–specific measurement; radio link fault management. 8.3 Protocol Architecture A general protocol model, as depicted in Figure 8.2, is defined for all UTRAN terrestrial interfaces. The protocol architecture is modularly composed of lay- ers and planes that are logically independent of each other. Two main layers are defined, namely, radio network layer (RNL) and transport network layer (TNL). RNL contains all visible UTRAN-related issues, whereas TNL is com- posed of standard transport technology selected to be used for UTRAN. Four planes are defined: control plane (CP), user plane (UP), transport network control plane (TNCP), and transport network user plane (TNUP). CP isresponsible for all UMTS-specific controlsignaling, comprisingthe ap- plication protocol and the signaling bearer. UP is responsible for transmission and reception of all user-related information, such as coded voice, in a voice call, or packets, in an Internet connection, comprising the data stream and the data bearer. TNCP performs functions related to control signaling within TNL, with the corresponding transactions carried out between CP and UP. It isolates CP from UP sothat the communication between the application proto- col, in CP, and the data bearer, in UP, is intermediated by the access link control application part (ALCAP) in TNCP. ALCAP is specific for the particular UP technology. In such a case, the application protocol can be completely Radio Network Layer Application Protocol ALCAP Data Stream Data Bearer Signaling Bearer Signaling Bearer Transport Network User Plane Transport Network Layer Transport Network Control Plane Transport Network User Plane User Plane Control Plane Physical Layer FIGURE 8.2 Protocol architecture for UTRAN terrestrial interface. © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 21, 2001 12:26 Char Count= 282 independent of the technology selected for the data bearer. For preconfigured data bearers, however, no ALCAP signaling transactions are necessary, in which case TNCP becomes dispensable. It must be emphasized that ALCAP is not used for setting up the signaling bearer for the application protocol during real-time operations. In addition, the signaling bearer for ALCAP and for the application protocol may be of different types. The signaling bearer for ALCAP is always set up by O&M actions. TNUP is responsible for the trans- port of user-related signaling and information comprising the data bearer, in UP, and the signaling bearer, in CP. The data bearer is controlled by TNCP during real-time operations, whereas the signaling bearer, in UP, is set up for O&M actions. The protocols and functions within each layer and plane are shown in Table 8.1, where RNL User Plane in the second row refers to the Transport TABLE 8.1 Protocol for the Various Interfaces IuCS IuPS Iur Iub RNL RANAP RANAP RNSAP NBAP Control Plane IuUPP IuUPP DCHFP DCHFP CCHFP RNL User Plane RACHFP FACHFP PCHFP DSCHFP USCHFP TNL User Plane SCCP MTP3b SSCF-NNI SSCOP AAL5 ATM SCCP MTP3b M3UA SSCF-NNI SCTP SSCOP IP AAL5 ATM SCCP MTP3b M3UA SSCF-NNI SCTP SSCOP IP AAL5 ATM SSCF-NNI SSCOP AAL5 ATM TNL Control Plane Q.2630.1 Q.2150.1 MTP3b SSCF-NNI SSCOP AAL5 ATM — Q.2630.1 Q.2150.1 MTP3b M3UA SSCF-NNI SCTP SSCOP IP AAL5 ATM Q.2630.1 Q.2150.1 SSCF-NNI SSCOP AAL5 ATM TNL User Plane AAL2 ATM GTP-U UDP IP AAL5 ATM AAL2 ATM AAL2 ATM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 21, 2001 12:26 Char Count= 282 Network User Plane indicated in the left side of Figure 8.2, and RNL User Plane in the fourth row refers to the Transport Network User Plane indicated in the right side of Figure 8.2. The protocols in Table 8.1 are explained next. 8.3.1 Radio Network Layer As mentionedbefore, theradio network layer contains application protocol, in CP, and data stream, in UP. Note that the application protocol is RANAP (RAN application part) for IuCS and IuPS, RNSAP (RNS application part) for Iur, and NBAP (Node B application part) for Iub. RANAP, RNSAP, and NBAP are signaling protocols whose functions are basically those already mentioned in the description of IuCS, IuPS, Iur, and Iub. The data stream comprises the IuUPP (Iu User plane protocol) for IuCS and IuPS, DCHFP (dedicated channel frame protocol) and CCHFP (control channel frame protocol) for Iur, and DCHFP (dedicated channel frame protocol), RACHFP (random-access channel frame protocol), FACHFP (forward access channel frame protocol), PCHFP (paging channel frame protocol), DSCHFP (downlink shared channel frame protocol), and USCHFP (uplink channel frame protocol) for Iub. IuUPP conveys user data related to radio-access bearer (RAB). It may operate either in the support mode or in the transparent mode. In the first case, the protocol frames the user data into segment data units of predefined size and performs control procedures for initialization and rate control. In the second case, the protocol performs neither framing nor con- trol and is applied to RABs not requiring such features. The various frame protocols, namely, DCHFP, CCHFP, RACHFP, FACHFP, PCHFP, DSCHFP, and USCHFP, handle the respective channels DCH (dedicated channel), CCH (control channel), RACH (random-access channel), FACH (forward-access channel), PCH (paging channel), DSCH (downlink shared common channel), and USCH (uplink shared common channel), which are described later in this chapter. 8.3.2 Transport Network Layer As mentioned before, the RNL comprises the signaling bearer and the data bearer, in TNUP, ALCAP, and signaling bearer, in TNCP. In TNCP, ALCAP is implemented by means of Q.2630.1, and the adaptation is carried out by Q.2150.1. A number of broadband signaling system 7 (BB SS7) protocols are selected to implement the lower layers in CP and UP: SCCP (signaling connec- tion control part), MTP3b (message transfer part), and SAAL-NNI (signaling ATM adaptation layer for network-to-network interfaces). SAAL-NNI is, in fact, split into SSCF (service-specific coordination function), SSCOP (service- specific oriented protocol), and AAL 5 (ATM adaptation layer type 5) lay- ers. SSCF and SSCOP layers respond for the signaling transport in ATM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 21, 2001 12:26 Char Count= 282 networks, whereas AAL5 is responsible for the segmentation of data to com- pose the ATM cells. AAL2 (ATM adaptation layer type 2) deals with transfer of a service data unit with variable bit rate, transfer of timing information, and indication of lost or errored information not recovered by type 2. As an alternative to some BB SS7-based signaling bearers, an IP-based signaling bearer is specified. They consist of M3UA (SS7 MTP3—user adaptation layer), SCTP (simple control transmission protocol), and IP (Internet protocol), and they are shown side-by-side with MTP3b, SSCF-NNI, and SSCOP in Table 8.1. The multiplexing of packets on one or several AAL5 predefined virtual con- nections (PVC) is provided by GTP-U (user plane part of the GPRS tunneling protocol), which is responsible for identifying individual data flows. The data flow uses UDP (user datagram protocol) connectionless transport and IP ad- dressing. Note that all planes share a common ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) transport. The physical layer constitutes the interface to the physical medium (optical fiber, radio link, copper cable) and can be implemented with standard off-the-shelf transmission technologies (SONET, STM1, E1). 8.4 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture The handling of the radio bearer services is performed by the radio interface protocols. Generally speaking, the UTRA radio interface protocol architec- ture follows very closely the ITU-R protocol architecture as described in Ref- erence 4. The basic radio interface architecture encompassing the blocks and protocols that are visible in UTRAN is illustrated in Figure 8.3. Only three lay- ers, specifically, Layer 3, network layer, represented by its lowest sublayer; Layer 2, data link layer; and Layer 1, physical layer, are of interest. The higher- layer signaling, namely, mobility management and call control, belong to the CN and are not described here. Note that Layer 3 and part of Layer 2 are partitioned into CP and UP. The blocks in Figure 8.3 represent the instances of the respective protocol and peer-to-peer communication are provided by service access points (SAPs); some are shown in this figure in the form of ellipses. Layer 3 contains no elements in this radio interface for UP. In its CP, on the other hand, it encompasses the radio resource control (RRC) that offers services to the nonaccess stratum (higher layers) through SAPs, with these SAPs used by the higher-layer protocols in the UE side and by Iu RANAP in the UTRAN side. RRC encapsulates higher-layer signaling (mobility man- agement, call control, session management, etc.) into RRC messages to be transmitted over the radio interface. The control interfaces between RRC and the lower layers are used to convey information and commands to perform © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 21, 2001 12:26 Char Count= 282 Signaling RRC Information Control PDCP BMC InformationSignaling RLC RLC Logical Channels MAC PHY Transport Channels Physical Channels Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Control Plane User Plane FIGURE 8.3 The basic radio interface architecture encompassing the blocks and protocols that are visible in UTRAN. configuration of the lower-layer protocol entities (logical channels, transport channels, physical channels), to perform measurements, to report results of measurements, and others. Layer 2 is split into several sublayers, such as packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), broadcast/multicast control (BMC), radio link control (RLC), and medium access control (MAC). BMC is used to convey messages © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 21, 2001 12:26 Char Count= 282 originated from the cell broadcast center, including messages related to the short message services. PDCP is responsible for header compression and is specific to the packet-switched domain only. RLC provides services to RRC, on the CP side, and (radio bearers) to PDCP, BMC, and other higher layers, on the UP. These services are provided by means of SAPs and are called signaling radio bearers in the CP and radio bearers for services that do not use either PDCP or BMC in the UP. MAC offers services to RLC by means of SAPs. Layer 1 contains the physical layer (PHY), which provides services to MAC by means of SAPs. The main SAPs shown in Figure 8.3 are logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels. (The physical channels are not usually shown as SAPs in the ITU documents; however, here they are described as such only for didactic purposes.) The logical channels constitute the SAPs between RLC and MAC and are characterized by the type of information transferred. They are grouped into control channels and traffic channels. The transport channels constitute the SAPs between MAC and PHY and are characterized by how the information is transferred over the radio interface. The SAPs generated by PHY are the physical channels to be transmitted over the air. They may be defined in terms of carrier frequency, scrambling code, channelization code, relative phase, time slot, frame, and multiframe. Figure 8.4 illustrates how higher-layer service data units (SDUs) and pro- tocol data units (PDUs) are segmented and multiplexed to transport blocks RLC RLC HL PDU HL PDU RLC SDU RLC SDU MAC MAC SDU MAC MAC SDU CRC CRC (RLC Segments) (MAC PDU s or Transport Blocks) Layer 1 Blocks Segmentation Reassembly Higher Layer (HL) Layer 2 RLC Layer 2 MAC Layer 1 FIGURE 8.4 Data flow for a given service (nontransparent RLC and nontransparent MAC). © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 21, 2001 12:26 Char Count= 282 from Layer 3 through Layer 2 to be further treated by Layer 1. In Figure 8.4, Layer 2 is assumed to operate in the nontransparent mode, in which case protocol overhead is added to higher-layer PDUs. Next, the several blocks are detailed. 8.4.1 Layer 3 As already mentioned, only the lowest sublayer of Layer 3, represented by the RRC protocol, is visible in UTRAN. Radio Resource Control RRC is responsible for the CP signaling of Layer 3 between the UEs and the radio interface. It interacts with the upper layers, such as those for the CN, and performs functions as described next. (The last four functions are performed in UTRA TDD only.) r Broadcast of System Information. RRC performs system information broadcasting from the network to all UEs. Such information is pro- vided by both the nonaccess stratum (CN) and the access stratum. In the first case, the information may be cell specific and is transmit- ted on a regular basis, whereas in the second case the information is typically cell specific. r Establishment, Maintenance, and Release of an RRC Connection between the UE and the RAN. An RRC connection is initiated, and then estab- lished, by a request from higher layers at the UE side whenever the first signaling connection for the UE is required. The RRC connec- tion includes an optional cell reselection, an admission control, and a Layer 2 signaling link connection. r Establishment, Reconfiguration, and Release of RABs. RRC establishes, reconfigures, and releases RABs of the UP on request of higher layers. The establishment and reconfiguration operations involve the real- ization of admission control and selection of parameters describing the RAB processing in Layer 2 and Layer 1. r Assignment, Reconfiguration, and Release of Radio Resources for the RRC Connection. RRC controls the assignment, reconfiguration, and release of the radio resources (e.g., codes) necessary for an RRC connection. r RRC Connection Mobility Functions. RRC is responsible for the evalu- ation, decision, and execution of functions related to RRC connection mobility during an established RRC connection. This includes han- dover, preparation of handover to other systems, cell reselection, and cell/paging area update procedures. These processes are based, for example, on measurements carried out by the UE. © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen P1: FDJ book CRC-Wireless November 21, 2001 12:26 Char Count= 282 r Paging/Notification. RRC is able to broadcast paging information from the network to selected UEs as well as to initiate paging during an established RRC connection. r Control of Requested QoS. RRC is responsible for the accomplishment of the requested QoS for the access bearers. This includes the allocation of the necessary radio resources for the specific purpose. r UE Measurement Reporting and Control of Reporting. RRC is responsi- ble for the control of the measurements (what and how to measure and how to report) performed by the UEs. It is also responsible for reporting the measurements from the UEs to the network. r Outer Loop Power Control. RRC controls the setting of the target signal- to-interference ratio of the closed-loop power control. r Control of Ciphering. RRC establishes procedures for setting (on/off) ciphering between the UE and the RAN. r Initial Cell Selection and Reselection in Idle Mode. RRC is responsible for the selection of the most suitable cell based on the idle mode measurements and cell selection criteria. r Arbitration of the Radio Resource Allocation between Cells. RRC pro- vides means of ensuring an optimal performance of the overall RAN capacity. r Contention Resolution (UTRA TDD). RRC reallocates and releases radio resources in the occurrence of collisions, as indicated by lower layers. r Slow DCA (UTRA TDD). RRC performs allocation of radio resources based on long-term decision criteria (slow dynamic channel alloca- tion, or slow DCA). r Timing Advance Control (UTRA TDD-3.84). RRC controls the operation of timing advance. r Active UE Positioning (UTRA TDD-1.28). RRC determines the posi- tion of the active UE according to the information received from the physical layer. 8.4.2 Layer 2 Layer 2 is split into several sublayers including PDCP, BMC, RLC, and MAC. Packet Data Convergence Protocol PDCP is responsible for the transmission and reception of network PDUs. It provides for the mapping from one network protocol to one RLC entity. In the same way, it provides for compression (in the transmitting entity) and decompression (in the receiving entity) of redundant network PDU control © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday, April 25, 2002 9:27:36 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen [...]... Rate (kbit/s) 512 256 1 28 64 32 16 8 4 10 20 40 80 160 320 640 1 280 2;4 4;6 ;8; 10;12;14;16 16;20;24;26; 28; 30;32;34 52;56;60;64 120;132;140 280 ; 288 576;600;6 08 1216;1240;12 48 8;6 16;14;12;10 ;8; 6;4 24;20;16;14;12;10 ;8; 6 28; 24;20;16 40; 28; 20 40;32 64;40;32 64;40;32 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 where the slot format assumes the values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 Table 8. 4 shows the DPDCH and DPCCH fields The... fast-setup and fast-release channel handled similarly to RACH reception by the physical layer at the base station r Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH) This is an uplink and downlink physical channel used to convey user information and control information 8. 8 Mapping of Channels Figure 8. 5 illustrates the possible mapping of logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels In Figure 8. 5, AP-CPCH... r to-interference ratio, interference power levels, direction of arrival (UTRA TDD-1. 28) and indication to higher layers Subframe segmentation (UTRA TDD-1. 28) Random-access process (UTRA TDD-1. 28) Dynamic channel allocation (UTRA TDD-1. 28) Handover measurements (UTRA TDD-1. 28) Uplink synchronization (UTRA TDD-1. 28) © 2002 by CRC Press LLC E:\Java for Engineers\VP Publication\Java for Engineers.vp Thursday,... similar to that shown in Figure 8. 10, but only the fields TPC, TFCI, pilot, and CCC (CPCH control commands) are present The CCC bits are used to support CPCH signaling such as Layer 1 command (start of a message indicator) and higher layer command (emergency stop command) The channel bit rate, the channel symbol rate, and the number of bits per slot are, respectively, 15, 7.5, and 10 bits Common Pilot Channel... 12:26 Char Count= 282 10 ms Slot Slot Slot Slot 0 1 i 14 Pilot TFCI 2560 chips Data FIGURE 8. 9 Frame structure of PRACH slots, each slot containing a data part and a control part The data part and the control part are code-multiplexed and transmitted in parallel The slot structure of Table 8. 2 applies for the data part and that of the power control preamble applies for the control part 8. 10.2 UTRA FDD... CPCH (FDD) CTCH FIGURE 8. 5 Mapping of logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels © 2002 by CRC Press LLC CPCH (FDD) DCCH DTCH Physical Channels DCH Transport Channels DCCH DTCH Logical Channels Color profile: Disabled Default screen Composite P1: FDJ book CRC -Wireless 8. 9 November 21, 2001 12:26 Char Count= 282 Physical Layer Transmission Chain Figures 8. 6 and 8. 7 illustrate the physical... dedicated type, corresponding to the result of coding and multiplexing of one or more DCHs; and CCTrCH of the common type, corresponding to the result of the coding and multiplexing of a common channel, namely, RACH and USCH in the uplink, and DSCH, BCH, FACH, or PCH in the downlink 8. 10 Channel and Frame Structures In this section, the frame structure and the channel structure of UTRA are described Special... services on the channel The radio frame is 10 ms long and contains 15 slots Given that the transmission rate is 3 .84 Mchip/s, the total number of chips is 38, 400 per radio frame and 2560 per slot A slot corresponds to one power control period and is 0.66666 ms long The frame structure of the uplink dedicated physical channels is shown in Figure 8. 8 The number of bits of the DPDCH Nbit/slot varies in... physical channels as described below are applicable to the two TDD technologies, UTRA TDD-3 .84 and UTRA TDD-1. 28 r Downlink Pilot Time Slot (DwPTS)—UTRA TDD-1. 28 The DwPTS is a downlink physical channel used as a phase reference for the other downlink physical channels r Uplink Pilot Time Slot (UpPTS)—UTRA TDD-1. 28 The UpPTS is an uplink physical channel used as a phase reference for the other uplink physical... (D) = D8 + D6 + D5 + D4 + 1 for output 0 (G 0 (D) = 561, in octal form), and G 1 (D) = D8 + D7 + D6 + D5 + D3 + D + 1 for output 1 (G 1 (D) = 753, in octal form) In the 1/3 rate case, the generator polynomials are G 0 (D) = D8 + D6 + D5 + D3 + D2 + D + 1 for output 0 (G 0 (D) = 557, in octal form), G 1 (D) = D8 + D7 + D5 + D4 + D + 1 for output 1 (G 1 (D) = 663, in octal form) and G 2 (D) = D8 + D7 . arrival (UTRA TDD-1. 28) and indication to higher layers r Subframe segmentation (UTRA TDD-1. 28) r Random-access process (UTRA TDD-1. 28) r Dynamic channel allocation (UTRA TDD-1. 28) r Handover measurements. FDJ book CRC -Wireless November 21, 2001 12:26 Char Count= 282 channels; addition, release, and configuration of radio links for one UE context; handling of dedicated and shared channels; handling of softer. information and control information. 8. 8 Mapping of Channels Figure 8. 5 illustrates the possible mapping of logical channels, transport chan- nels, and physical channels. In Figure 8. 5, AP-CPCH