AutoCAD Basics 2004 bible phần 5 pps

486 Part II ✦ Drawing in Two Dimensions Figure 16-17: The Boundary Creation dialog box Follow these steps: 1. The Object Type drop-down list determines the type of object BOUNDARY cre- ates. Choose either Region or Polyline. 2. Choose the boundary set, which is the area AutoCAD analyzes to create the boundary. Usually, you can accept the default of Current Viewport. However, if you have a very complex drawing, choose New to temporarily return to your drawing. Specify a window around the area you want for the boundary set. AutoCAD returns you to the dialog box. 3. To specify the enclosed area for the boundary, choose Pick Points. AutoCAD returns you to your drawing with the Select internal point: prompt. 4. Pick any point inside the closed area you want for your boundary. AutoCAD starts to think as follows: Selecting everything Selecting everything visible Analyzing the selected data Analyzing internal islands 5. AutoCAD then prompts you for another internal point. If you want to create other boundaries, continue to pick internal points. Press Enter to end point selection. AutoCAD informs you how many regions or polylines it created and ends the command. By default, island detection is on. BOUNDARY detects enclosed areas that are totally inside the boundary area and creates polylines or regions of those enclosed areas as well. Note 19 539922 ch16.qxd 5/2/03 9:38 AM Page 486 487 Chapter 16 ✦ Drawing Complex Objects When BOUNDARY creates a region or polyline, the original objects are not deleted. You end up with a region or polyline on top of your original objects. The drawing used in the following Step-by-Step exercise on creating boundaries, ab16-e.dwg, is in the Drawings folder of the AutoCAD 2004 Bible CD-ROM. Step-by-Step: Creating Boundaries 1. Open ab16-e.dwg from your CD-ROM. 2. Save the file as ab16-06.dwg in your AutoCAD Bible folder. This is a bushing, shown in Figure 16-18. Figure 16-18: A bushing 3. Choose Draw ➪ Boundary. In the Boundary Creation dialog box, choose Region as the Object type. 4. Choose Pick Points. 5. At the Select internal point: prompt, choose 1 in Figure 16-18. 6. Press Enter to end internal point selection. AutoCAD responds: 4 loops extracted. 4 Regions created. BOUNDARY created 4 regions 7. To see the new region, start the MOVE command. At the Select objects: prompt, pick 2. Move the region to the right —the exact distance is not important. You see both the new region and the original objects. 8. Save your drawing. 2 1 On the CD-ROM 19 539922 ch16.qxd 5/2/03 9:38 AM Page 487 488 Part II ✦ Drawing in Two Dimensions Creating Hatches with Solid, Gradient, or Patterned Fills Hatches are patterns that fill in an area. Most types of drafting make use of hatch- ing. In architectural drafting, hatched areas are used to indicate materials, such as insulation or grass. In mechanical drafting, hatching often indicates hidden areas or certain materials. AutoCAD provides a large number of hatch patterns. Hatches are created from repeating patterns of lines. You can also create solid fills in the same way you create hatch patterns. AutoCAD 2004 introduces gradient hatch fills that fill any area with a one or two- color gradient. You can choose from a number of gradient styles and angles. Chapter 31 explains how to create your own hatch patterns. Figure 16-19 shows a drawing with a simple hatch pattern. Here the cross section shows solid metal hatched to distinguish it from the holes. Understanding hatch patterns Hatch patterns have two qualities that are similar to dimensions: ✦ They are blocks. This means that all the lines that fill in an area are one object. Blocks are covered in Chapter 18. ✦ They are associative. If you edit the object that is hatched, the hatch automat- ically adjusts to fit the new shape of the object. Figure 16-19: Hatch patterns help you distinguish between different materials or textures. Thanks to Jerry Bottenfield of Clow Valve Company, Oskaloosa, Iowa, for this drawing. Cross- Reference New Feature 19 539922 ch16.qxd 5/2/03 9:38 AM Page 488 489 Chapter 16 ✦ Drawing Complex Objects You have several ways to specify exactly what area you want to hatch. In order to properly hatch an area, AutoCAD tries to find closed boundaries. Often, the key to successful hatching lies in how you construct the area you want to hatch. You can use the BOUNDARY and REGION commands covered in previous sections of this chapter to create complex closed areas that AutoCAD can easily find and hatch. AutoCAD stores hatch pattern definitions in the acad.pat file. If you create your own hatch patterns, you can put them in another file with the file name extension .pat. Create a separate layer for hatch patterns. You may want to turn off or freeze your hatch layer to reduce visual clutter or assist in selecting objects. Hatches are also typically a different color than the model you are hatching. Defining a hatch To hatch an area, choose Hatch from the Draw toolbar. This starts the BHATCH command. AutoCAD opens the Boundary Hatch and Fill dialog box, shown in Figure 16-20. Figure 16-20: The Boundary Hatch and Fill dialog box with the Hatch tab on top Use this dialog box to define your hatch. From the Type drop-down box, choose one of the three options: ✦ Predefined: Enables you to select one of AutoCAD’s hatch patterns. ✦ User-defined: Enables you to define your own hatch pattern by specifying the angle and spacing, using the current linetype. ✦ Custom: Enables you to choose a pattern you have created in your own .pat file. Tip 19 539922 ch16.qxd 5/2/03 9:38 AM Page 489 490 Part II ✦ Drawing in Two Dimensions Click the Pattern drop-down box to choose the hatch patterns from a list. Or click the box marked with an ellipsis to open the Hatch Pattern Palette and choose from the image tiles, as shown in Figure 16-21. Figure 16-21: The Hatch Pattern Palette, shown with the Other Predefined tab on top In the palette, click the tabs to see the different types of hatches. Click the image tile to choose a hatch pattern and click OK. The palette is simply another method of choosing the hatch pattern —you can also choose the pattern by using the Pattern drop-down list. The swatch shows you how your chosen hatch will look. You can also insert hatches from the tools palette. See Chapter 26 for a description of the tools palette. The Custom pattern drop-down box is available only if you have chosen Custom as the pattern type. Here you choose the name of your custom hatch pattern. Use the Angle text box to rotate the angle of the hatch pattern. You can choose from the drop-down list or type an angle. Watch out here —many of the patterns are already defined at an angle. The hatch pattern in Figure 16-22 uses a 0-degree angle because ANSI31 is defined as diagonal lines. The Scale box determines the scale of the hatch pattern. You can choose from the drop-down list or type a scale. AutoCAD scales the hatch pattern proportionately to its definition. A scale of 1 (the default) creates the hatch as defined. A scale of 0.5 shrinks it by one-half. Figure 16-22 shows two hatch patterns using the ANSI31 pat- tern. The left one uses a scale of 1, and the right one uses a scale of 0.5. Cross- Reference 19 539922 ch16.qxd 5/2/03 9:38 AM Page 490 491 Chapter 16 ✦ Drawing Complex Objects Figure 16-22: You can scale the hatch pattern to your needs. The Spacing box and the Double check box are available if you choose a user-defined hatch pattern. A user-defined hatch uses the current linetype and creates a hatch based on the spacing and angle you specify. Figure 16-23 shows a user-defined double hatch with an angle of 45 degrees and 0.1 unit spacing. Figure 16-23: A user-defined hatch To define a user-defined hatch pattern: 1. Choose Hatch from the Draw toolbar to open the Boundary Hatch and Fill dialog box. 2. In the Type drop-down box, choose User-defined. Scale = 1 Scale = 5 19 539922 ch16.qxd 5/2/03 9:38 AM Page 491 492 Part II ✦ Drawing in Two Dimensions 3. In the Angle box, type an angle or choose one from the drop-down list. When creating a user-defined hatch, you need to specify the actual angle that you want to see. 4. In the Spacing box, enter the spacing between the lines. If you type .5, AutoCAD creates a hatch pattern with lines 0.5 units apart. 5. If you want to cross-hatch so that the parallel lines are crossed by an equal number of perpendicular lines, check Double. The ISO pen width box is available only for ISO predefined hatch patterns. AutoCAD adjusts the scale of the pattern according to the pen width you specify. When you choose a pen width from the drop-down box, the scale shown in the Scale box auto- matically changes to be equal to the pen width. Note that you still have to separately set the width of your plotter pens when you plot your drawing. In the next section I explain how to place the hatch. The Express Tools SUPERHATCH command creates a hatch pattern from an image, block, xref, or wipeout. Choose Express ➪ Draw ➪ Super Hatch. For information on installing Express Tools, see Appendix A on the CD-ROM. Determining the hatch boundary The hardest part of hatching is placing the hatch, not defining it. Hatching an entire object is the simplest way to place a hatch. But often the area you want to hatch is fairly complex, and AutoCAD needs to do some calculations to determine it. The Boundary Hatch and Fill dialog box offers two ways to specify the hatch bound- ary— you can pick points inside an area and let AutoCAD try to find an enclosed boundary, or you can select objects. If you want to hatch an entire object: 1. Choose Select Objects. AutoCAD returns you temporarily to your drawing. 2. Select all the objects you want to hatch. You can use all the standard object selection options to select objects. Remove and Add are especially helpful. 3. Press Enter to end object selection and return to the dialog box. If the area you want to hatch does not neatly fit into one or more objects, choose Pick Points. AutoCAD handles this task in the same way it handles the BOUNDARY command, also covered in this chapter. AutoCAD temporarily returns you to your drawing and displays the following: Select internal point: Selecting everything Selecting everything visible Analyzing the selected data Select internal point: New Feature 19 539922 ch16.qxd 5/2/03 9:38 AM Page 492 493 Chapter 16 ✦ Drawing Complex Objects AutoCAD is determining the boundary set, which is simply everything visible on the screen. At the Select internal point: prompt, pick a point that is inside the boundary that you want to hatch. You can continue to pick internal points to hatch adjoining areas. AutoCAD helpfully highlights the boundaries it finds. Press Enter to return to the dialog box. While you are in your drawing, either before or after picking points or selecting objects, you can right-click to open a very useful shortcut menu. Choose from the following options on the shortcut menu: ✦ Enter: Returns you to the dialog box. ✦ Undo Last Select/Pick: Undoes your most recent object selection or point pick. ✦ Clear All: Undoes all your picks/object selections. ✦ Pick Internal Point: Switches to picking of internal points. ✦ Select Objects: Switches to selection of objects. ✦ Normal Island Detection: Sets island detection to normal mode. ✦ Outer Island Detection: Sets island detection to outer mode. ✦ Ignore Island Detection: Sets island detection to ignore mode. ✦ Preview: Previews the hatch. This shortcut menu enables you to manage the hatch boundary without returning to the dialog box. Previewing the hatch before applying it is always a good idea. After previewing a hatch, right-click or press Enter to accept the preview and place the hatch. Press Esc or left-click to return to the Boundary Hatch and Fill dialog box. Click OK to create the hatch. AutoCAD creates the hatch and closes the dialog box. The dialog box has several other options: ✦ Click Preview if you want to try it before you apply it. ✦ Click View Selection if you want to temporarily return to your drawing and check which objects you have selected. ✦ Choose Inherit Properties to use the hatch type, pattern, angle, scale, and/or spacing of an existing hatch. AutoCAD returns you to your drawing, and you pick a hatch pattern. You then return to the Boundary Hatch and Fill dialog box. ✦ Click Nonassociative if you want to create a hatch that is not associated with its object. The Remove Islands option is discussed in the next section. New Feature Tip 19 539922 ch16.qxd 5/2/03 9:38 AM Page 493 494 Part II ✦ Drawing in Two Dimensions Islands Islands are enclosed areas entirely inside a hatch boundary. Islands make hatching more difficult because sometimes you don’t want to hatch the inside of the island. Figure 16-24 shows a top view of a 3-inch operating nut, which is a good example of enclosed areas with islands. Text is counted as an island, enabling you to hatch areas that contain text without hatching over the words. Figure 16-24: A model that includes islands can be more challenging to hatch. Thanks to Jerry Bottenfield of Clow Valve Company, Oskaloosa, Iowa, for this drawing. Managing islands when you select objects to hatch When you choose the hatching boundary by selecting objects, you must also select the islands. If you can select the entire area by window, you automatically include the internal islands. If you need to pick individual objects, you must also pick the islands individually. If you later erase an island, AutoCAD retains hatch associativity and regenerates the hatch so it covers the entire outer boundary. The resulting hatch depends on the boundary style. To specify the boundary style, in the Boundary Hatch and Fill dialog box, click the Advanced tab, shown in Figure 16-25. Note 19 539922 ch16.qxd 5/2/03 9:38 AM Page 494 495 Chapter 16 ✦ Drawing Complex Objects Figure 16-25: The Advanced tab is used to refine the hatching process. Three boundary styles affect how islands are hatched: ✦ Normal: Hatches alternating areas so that the outer area is hatched, the next inner island is not hatched, the next inner island is hatched, and so on. ✦ Outer: Hatches only the outer area and does not hatch any inner islands. ✦ Ignore: Ignores islands and hatches everything from the outside in. Figure 16-26 shows three copies of the nut hatched in the three styles. To hatch this model, I selected the entire model, except the spout at the bottom, with a window. Figure 16-26: Hatching islands using the three boundary styles Outer Normal Ignore 19 539922 ch16.qxd 5/2/03 9:38 AM Page 495 [...]... in the Drawings folder of the AutoCAD 2004 Bible CD-ROM 19 53 9922 ch16.qxd 5/ 2/03 9:38 AM Page 51 3 Chapter 16 ✦ Drawing Complex Objects Step-by-Step: Editing a Multiline 1 Open ab16-h.dwg from your CD-ROM 2 Save the file as ab16-09.dwg in your AutoCAD Bible folder This is a simple layout of two rooms using the Standard multiline style, as shown in Figure 16-46 6 7 2 4 5 3 1 Figure 16-46: A layout of... of the AutoCAD 2004 Bible CD-ROM On the CD-ROM Step-by-Step: Creating and Editing Hatches 1 Open ab16-f.dwg from your CD-ROM 2 Save the file as ab16-07.dwg in your AutoCAD Bible folder 3 Choose Hatch from the Draw toolbar On the Hatch tab of the Boundary Hatch and Fill dialog box, choose ANSI 35 from the Pattern drop-down list From the Scale drop-down list, choose 0 .5 Click Select Objects 4 AutoCAD. .. command, creating either lines or polylines ✦ Using a digitizer in Tablet mode, when you need to copy a paper drawing into AutoCAD In the next chapter, I explain how to lay out and plot a drawing ✦ ✦ ✦ 51 9 19 53 9922 ch16.qxd 5/ 2/03 9:38 AM Page 52 0 20 53 9922 ch17.qxd 5/ 2/03 9:38 AM Page 52 1 17 C H A P T E R Plotting and Printing Your Drawing M ost drawing jobs are not complete until you see the final result... of using the corner edit Figure 16-44: Creating a corner 51 1 19 53 9922 ch16.qxd 51 2 5/ 2/03 9:38 AM Page 51 2 Part II ✦ Drawing in Two Dimensions The second tile adds a vertex, and the third deletes a vertex Choose the edit you want and click OK AutoCAD prompts you to select a multiline Be careful — the point you pick is the location at which AutoCAD adds or deletes the vertex To see the current vertices,... AutoCAD saves multiline styles in a file with the file name extension mln After you click Save, AutoCAD opens the Save Multiline Style dialog box 19 53 9922 ch16.qxd 5/ 2/03 9:38 AM Page 50 5 Chapter 16 ✦ Drawing Complex Objects Figure 16- 35: The Multiline Properties dialog box Display joints Line-90o Line-45o Outer arc Inner arc Figure 16-36: The results of choosing the various options in the Multiline... ab16-11.dwg in your AutoCAD Bible folder This is a sheet metal template as shown in Figure 16 -50 3 Make a photocopy of Figure 16 -50 and tape it to the active area of your digitizer 4 Choose Tools ➪ Tablet ➪ Calibrate Follow the prompts: Digitize point #1: Pick 1 in Figure 16 -50 Enter coordinates for point #1: 0,0 ↵ Digitize point #2: Pick 2 in Figure 16 -50 Enter coordinates for point #2: 7 ,5 ↵ Digitize point... Choose Load to open the Load Multiline Styles dialog box, shown in Figure 16-37 Choose the style you created from the list and click OK 50 5 19 53 9922 ch16.qxd 50 6 5/ 2/03 9:38 AM Page 50 6 Part II ✦ Drawing in Two Dimensions Figure 16-37: The Load Multiline Styles dialog box AutoCAD returns you to the Multiline Styles dialog box You are now ready to use the multiline style Click OK to return to your drawing... the Select second point: prompt, type @0,–3' ↵ Press Enter to end multiline selection 9 Save your drawing It should look like Figure 16-47 51 3 19 53 9922 ch16.qxd 51 4 5/ 2/03 9:38 AM Page 51 4 Part II ✦ Drawing in Two Dimensions Figure 16-47: The edited multilines AutoCAD also has an old command, TRACE, that draws lines with width In general, you can use polylines or multilines instead to create the same... temporary lines ✦ Connect: Enables you to continue drawing from the end of the last sketch Use this when the pen is up Type c and move to the endpoint of the last temporary sketch 51 5 19 53 9922 ch16.qxd 51 6 5/ 2/03 9:38 AM Page 51 6 Part II ✦ Drawing in Two Dimensions ✦ (Period): Enables you to draw straight line segments from the endpoint of the last sketch While the pen is up, type a period to add a... Save your drawing 1 Figure 16-49: A sketched path and contours 19 53 9922 ch16.qxd 5/ 2/03 9:38 AM Page 51 7 Chapter 16 ✦ Drawing Complex Objects Digitizing Drawings with AutoCAD s TABLET Command In Chapter 3, I explained how you can use a digitizer to execute AutoCAD commands One important use for a digitizer is to copy paper drawings into AutoCAD Many companies have used this technique to copy old drawings . Drawings folder of the AutoCAD 2004 Bible CD-ROM. Step-by-Step: Creating Boundaries 1. Open ab16-e.dwg from your CD-ROM. 2. Save the file as ab16-06.dwg in your AutoCAD Bible folder. This is. click the Advanced tab, shown in Figure 16- 25. Note 19 53 9922 ch16.qxd 5/ 2/03 9:38 AM Page 494 4 95 Chapter 16 ✦ Drawing Complex Objects Figure 16- 25: The Advanced tab is used to refine the hatching. Drawings folder of the AutoCAD 2004 Bible CD-ROM. Step-by-Step: Creating and Editing Hatches 1. Open ab16-f.dwg from your CD-ROM. 2. Save the file as ab16-07.dwg in your AutoCAD Bible folder. 3. Choose