Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles Episode 1 ppt

Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles Corn bined STlG Steam - Exhaust 4 1i li qL t Air Water PERGAMON ADVANCED GAS TURBINE CYCLES ADVANCED GAS TURBINE CYCLES J. H. Horlock F.R.Eng., F.R.S. Whittle Laboratory Cambridge, U.K. 2003 An imprint of Elsevier Science AMSTERDAM * BOSTON . HEIDELBERG . LONDON . NEW YORK OXFORD . PARIS * SAN DEGO * SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY . TOKYO ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 lGB, UK 0 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. 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Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury andor damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. First edition 2003 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for. ISBN 0-08-044273-0 @ The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands To W.R.H. Preface Notation Chapter 1 . A brief review of power generation thermodynamics 1.1. 1.2. 1.2.1. 1.2.2. 1.2.3. 1.2.4. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. Introduction Criteria for the performance of power plants Efficiency of a closed circuit gas turbine plant Efficiency of an open circuit gas turbine plant Heatrate Energy utilisation factor Ideal (Carnot) power plant performance Limitations of other cycles Modifications of gas turbine cycles to achieve higher thermalefficiency References Chapter 2 . Reversibility and availability 2.1. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. Introduction Reversibility. availability and exergy Flow in the presence of an environment at To (not involving chemical reaction) Flow with heat transfer at temperature T Exergy flux Application of the exergy flux equation to a closed cycle The relationships between 6. (+and ZCR. ZQ The maximum work output in a chemical reaction at To The adiabatic combustion process The work output and rational efficiency of an open circuit gas turbine A final comment on the use of exergy References Chapter 3 Basic gas turbine cycles 3.1. Introduction xiii xvii 1 9 11 13 13 14 14 16 19 20 20 22 23 24 26 26 27 27 vii [...]... various cycles Complete combustion in a conventional open circuit plant Thermo-chemical recuperation using steam (steam.TCR) Partial oxidation 13 1 13 2 13 2 6.6 6.7 7.4 7.4 .1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.5 7.5 .1 7.5.2 7.6 7.7 7.8 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.2.5 8.3 8.3 .1 8.3.2 8.4 8.5 8.5 .1 8.5.2 8.5.3 11 0 11 1 11 2 11 4 11 6 11 7 11 8 12 2 12 3 12 6 12 8 12 9 13 3 13 3 13 5 13 5 13 6 13 6 13 6 13 9... IGCC cycles with C02 removal (Cycles E) Summary References 8.5.5 8.6 8.6 .1 8.6 .1. 1 8.6 .1. 2 8.6.2 8.6.2 .1 8.6.2.2 8.6.3 8.6.4 8.6.4 .1 8.6.4.2 8.7 8.8 x i 14 3 14 4 14 4 14 4 14 4 14 6 14 7 14 9 15 0 15 2 15 4 15 5 15 8 16 0 16 2 16 4 CHAPTER 9 The gas turbine as a cogeneration (combined heat and power) plant 16 7 9 .1. .. Publishing Company, Melbourne, Florida, USA Figs 1. 4, 1. 7, 1. 8, 2 .1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6, 9.5 American Society of Mechanical Engineers: Figs 4 .1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4 .11 , 4 .12 ,5.4,5.6,5.9,5 .10 ,5 .11 ,6 .1, 6.8,6.9,6 .10 ,6 .12 ,6 .14 ,6 .18 ,6 .19 ,6.20,7.4,7.7,7 .11 , 8 .1, 8.2, 8.6, 8.7, 8 .13 , 8 .14 , 8 .16 , 8 .17 , 8 .18 , 8 .19 , 8.20, 8.24, 8.25, 8.26, 8.27, 8.28,A .1, B.l, B.2, B.3 Council of the Institution...Confenrs viii 3.2 3.2 .1 3.2 .1. 1 3.2 .1. 2 3 213 3 214 3.2 .1. 5 322 3.2.2 .1 3.2.2.2 3.2.2.3 323 3.3 34 3 41 342 3.5 Chapter 4 41 42 4.2 .1 4.2,l.l 4.2 .1. 2 4.2 .1. 3 4.2 .1. 4 4.2.2 42 21 4222 4.2.2.3 4.2.2.4 4.2.2.5 4.3 4.3 .1 4.3.2 4.3.2 .1 4.3.2.2 4.3.3 Air standard cycles (uncooled) Reversible cycles The reversible simple... cycle Simpler direct water injection cycles 85 85 85 90 91 6.3.2 6.4 6.4 .1 6.4 .1 1 6.4 .1. 2 6.4 .1. 3 6.4.2 6.4.2 .1 6.4.2.2 6.4.2.3 6.4.2.4 6.4.2.5 6.4.3 91 93 97 97 97 99 99 99 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 1 10 1 10 3 Contents X 6.5 A discussion of the basic thermodynamics of these developments Some detailed parametric studies of wet cycles Conclusions ... 2nd edn [14 ] Cumpsty, N.A (19 97), Jet Propulsion Cambridge University Press [15 1 Whittle, Sir Frank (19 81) G s Turbine Aero-Themodynamics Pergamon Press, Oxford a [16 ] Hawthorne W R.,and Davis, G de V. (19 56) Calculating gas turbine performance Engng 18 1,3 61- 367 The author is grateful to the following for permission to reproduce the figures listed below Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK Figs 1. 2, 1. 3, 9.7... Design of gas turbines as cogeneration (CHP) plants Some practical gas turbine cogeneration plants The Beilen CHP plant The Liverpool University CHP plant References 16 7 16 8 16 8 17 0 17 0 17 3 17 4 17 7 17 7 17 7 18 0 18 1 APPENDIX A Derivation of required cooling flows A.l A.2 A.3 A.4... 18 9 18 9 19 0 19 1 19 2 19 4 19 5 xiv Prefwe output of 4MW Here the objective of the engineering designer was to develop as much power as possible in the turbine, discharging the final gas at low temperature and velocity; as opposed to the objective in the Whittle patent of 19 30, in which any excess energy in the gases at exhaust from the gas generator-the turbine driving the compressor-would... 10 9 10 9 Chapter 8 Novel gas turbine cycles 13 1 8 .1 8.2 8.2 .1 Introduction Classification of gas- fired plants using novel cycles Plants (A) with addition of equipment to remove the carbon dioxide produced in combustion Plants (B) with modification of the fuel in combustion-chemically reformed gas turbine. .. (19 24) Steam and G s Turbines McGraw Hill, New Yo& a [ 51 Eckardt, D and Rufli,P (2000) ABBlBBC G s Turbines - A Record of Historic Firsts, ASME Turbo-Expo a 2000 Paper TE00 A10 [ 61 Hodge, J (19 55), Cycles and performance Estimation Buttenvaths, London a [ 71 Cohen, H., Rogers, G.F.C and Saravanamuttoo,H.I.H (19 96) G s Turbine Theory Longman, 4th edn [8] Kerrebrock, J (19 92) Aircraft Engines and G s Turbines . 10 3 10 5 10 7 10 7 10 9 10 9 10 9 11 0 11 1 11 2 11 4 11 6 11 7 11 8 12 2 12 3 12 6 12 8 12 9 13 1 13 1 13 2 13 2 13 3 13 3 13 5 13 5 13 6 13 6 13 6 13 9 14 0 14 0 14 1 Partial oxidation 14 3. Figs. 4 .1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4 .11 , 4 .12 ,5.4,5.6,5.9,5 .10 ,5 .11 ,6 .1, 6.8,6.9,6 .10 ,6 .12 ,6 .14 ,6 .18 ,6 .19 ,6.20,7.4,7.7,7 .11 , 8 .1, 8.2, 8.6, 8.7, 8 .13 , 8 .14 , 8 .16 , 8 .17 , 8 .18 , 8 .19 , 8.20,. Descriptions of cycles 14 4 dioxide sequestration 14 4 semi-closed gas turbine cycle concept The steam/TCR cycle 14 9 14 4 14 4 14 6 14 7 15 0 15 2 15 4 Partial oxidation cycles 15 5 Plants