Mcgraw Hill, Dictionary Of Engineering (2003) Episode 1 ppsx

wireway means of cooling, and feed and take-up spools banded with wire, metal collars, and inserted for the wire; used to coat wire with resin. joints, used largely for municipal water supply, { wı ¯ r tra ¯ n} outfall sewers, and mining irrigation. { wu ˙ d wireway [ ENG ] A trough which is lined with sta ¯ v pı ¯ p} sheet metal and has hinged covers, designed to woofer [ ENG ACOUS ] A large loudspeaker de- house electrical conductors or cables. signed to reproduce low audio frequencies at { wı ¯ rwa ¯ } relatively high power levels; usually used in com- wire weight gage [ ENG ] A river gage in which a bination with a crossover network and a high- weight suspended on a wire is lowered to the frequency loudspeaker called a tweeter. water surface from a bridge or other overhead { wu ˙ fиər} structure to measure the distance from a point word concatenation system [ ENG ACOUS ] The of known elevation on the bridge to the water simplest form of voice response system, which surface; the distance is usually measured by retrieves previously spoken versions of words or counting the number of revolutions of a drum phrases and carefully forms them into a se- required to lower the weight, and a counter is quence without pauses, to approximate normally provided which reads the water stage directly. spoken word sequences. { wo ˙ rd kənkatиəna ¯ и { wı ¯ r wa ¯ t ga ¯ j} shən sisиtəm} wiring [ ELEC ] The installation and utilization of work [ ELEC ] See load. [ IND ENG ] The physi- a system of wire for conduction of electricity. cal or mental effort expended in the performance Also known as electric wiring. [ ENG ] A form- of a task. [ MECH ] The transference of energy ing process in which the edge of a sheet-metal that occurs when a force is applied to a body part is rolled over a wire to produce a tubular that is moving in such a way that the force has rim containing the wire. { wı ¯ rиiŋ } a component in the direction of the body’s wiring diagram See circuit diagram. { wı ¯ rиiŋdı ¯ и motion; it is equal to the line integral of the əgram } force over the path taken by the body. { wərk } wiring harness [ ELEC ] An array of insulated work breakdown structure [ IND ENG ] A hierar- conductors bound together by lacing cord, metal chy designed to organize, define, and display all bands, or other binding, in an arrangement suit- the work that must be performed in order to able for use only in specific equipment for which accomplish the objectives of a project. { ¦wərk the harness was designed; it may include termi- ¦bra ¯ kdau ˙ n strəkиchər} nations. { wı ¯ rиiŋha ¨ rиnəs} work cycle [ IND ENG ] A sequence of tasks, op- Wobbe index [ THERMO ] A measure of the erations, and processes, or a pattern of manual amount of heat released by a gas burner with a motions, elements, and activities that is re- constant orifice, equal to the gross calorific value peated for each unit of work. { wərk sı ¯ иkəl} of the gas in British thermal units per cubic foot work design See job design. { wərk dizı ¯ n} at standard temperature and pressure divided worked penetration [ ENG ] Penetration of a by the square root of the specific gravity of the sample of lubricating grease immediately after gas. { wa ¨ иbəindeks } it has been brought to a specified temperature wobble friction [ ENG ] A force that occurs in pre- and subjected to strokes in a standard grease stressed concrete when the prestressing tendon worker. { wərkt penиətra ¯ иshən} deviates from its specified profile. { wa ¨ bиəl work element [ IND ENG ] In planning amanufac- frikиshən} turing process, a single task that cannot be sub- wobble wheel roller [ MECH ENG ] A roller with divided. { wərk elиəиmənt } freely suspended pneumatic tires used in soil work function See free energy. { wərk fəŋkиshən} stabilization. { wa ¨ bиəl ¦we ¯ l ro ¯ иlər} workhead See headstock. { wərkhed } Wollaston wire [ ENG ] An extremely fine plati- working area [ IND ENG ] A portion of the work- num wire,produced by enclosing a platinum wire place in which a worker moves about while fulfill- in a silver sheath, drawing them together, and ing work tasks. { wərkиiŋerиe ¯ иə } using acid to dissolve away the silver; used in working envelope [ MECH ENG ] The surface electroscopes, microfuses, and hot-wire instru- bounding the maximum extent and reach of a ments. { wu ˙ lиəиstən wı ¯ r} robot’s wrist, excluding the tool tip. Also wood-carving tools [ DES ENG ] The tools nor- known as working profile. { wərkиiŋenи mally used in wood carving; they consist of ad- vəlo ¯ p} zes, chisels, gouges, files, and rasps, all of which working life See work life. { wərkиiŋlı ¯ f} vary in size and shape. { wu ˙ d ¦ka ¨ rvиiŋtu ¨ lz } working load [ ENG ] The maximum load that Woodruff key [ DES ENG ] A self-aligning ma- any structural member is designed to support. chine key made by a side-milling cutter in the { wərkиiŋlo ¯ d} form of a segment of a disk. { wu ˙ иdrəf ke ¯ } working pressure [ ENG ] The allowable op- wood screw [ DES ENG ] A threaded fastener erating pressure in a pressurized vessel or con- with a pointed shank, a slotted or recessed head, duit, usually calculated by ASME (American and a sharp tapered thread of relatively coarse Society of Mechanical Engineers) or API (Ameri- pitch for use only in wood. { wu ˙ d skru ¨ } can Petroleum Institute) codes. { wərkиiŋ woodstave pipe [ DES ENG ] A pipe made of nar- row strips of wood placed side by side and preshиər} 618 wrench working profile See working envelope. { wərkиiŋ work stress [ IND ENG ] Any external force that acts on the body of a worker during the perfor- pro ¯ fı ¯ l} mance of a task. { wərk stres } working Q See loaded Q. { wərkиiŋkyu ¨ } work task [ IND ENG ] A specified amount of working space-volume [ MECH ENG ] The vol- work, set of responsibilities, or occupation as- ume enclosed by a robot’s working envelope. signed to an individual or to a group. { wərk { wərkиiŋspa ¯ s va ¨ lиyəm} task } working voltage See voltage rating. { wərkиiŋ work tolerance [ IND ENG ] A time period during vo ¯ lиtij } which a worker can effectively perform a task work-kinetic energy theorem [ MECH ] The theo- without a rest period while maintaining accept- rem that the change in the kinetic energy of a able levels of physiological and emotional well- particle during a displacement is equal to the being. { wərk ta ¨ lиəиrəns } work done by the resultant force on the particle work unit [ IND ENG ] An amount of work or the during this displacement. { wərk kinedиik ¦enи result of an amount of work that is treated as ərиje ¯ thirиəm} an integer (a single piece of information) when work life [ CHEM ENG ] The period of time a resin work is being characterized quantitatively. or anadhesive willremain usable afterit is mixed { wərk yu ¨ иnət} with a catalyst and other ingredients. Also world coordinates [ CONT SYS ] A roboticcoordi- known as pot life; working life. { wərk lı ¯ f} nate system that is fixed with respect to the work measurement [ IND ENG ] 1. Determina- Earth. { wərld ko ¯ o ˙ rdиənиəts } tion of the difficulty of a given task by using both world modeling [ CONT SYS ] Robot program- physiologic and biomechanical parameters to ming that allows the system to perform complex evaluate compatibility of available motions with tasks, based on stored data. { wərld ma ¨ dиəlи motions required to perform the task. 2. See iŋ } ergonometrics. { wərk mezhиərиmənt } worm [ DES ENG ] A shank having at least one work of adhesion See adhesional work. { wərk əv complete tooth (thread) around the pitch sur- adhe ¯ иzhən} face; the driver of a worm gear. { wərm } work package [ IND ENG ] The amount of work worm conveyor See screw conveyor. { wərm required to complete a given job that falls within kənva ¯ иər} the responsibility of a single unit of the organiza- worm gear [ DES ENG ] A gear with teeth cut on an angle to be driven by a worm; used to connect tion handling the project. { wərk pakиij } nonparallel, nonintersecting shafts. { wərm work physiology [ IND ENG ] An aspect of indus- gir } trial engineering that takes into account meta- worm wheel [ DES ENG ] A gear wheel with bolic cost, measurement and prevention of work curved teeth that meshes with a worm. strain, and other ergonomic factors in the design { wərm we ¯ l} of tasks and workplaces. { wərk fizиe ¯ a ¨ lиəиje ¯ } wow [ ENG ACOUS ] A low-frequency flutter; workpiece [ IND ENG ] An object that is being when caused by an off-center hole in a disk re- manufactured. { wərkpe ¯ s} cord, occurs once per revolution of the turnta- workpiece program [ CONT SYS ] A program that ble. { wau ˙ } directs the machining of a component under nu- wrap-around grasp [ IND ENG ] A basic grasp merical or computer control. { wərkpe ¯ s pro ¯ whereby an object is held against the palm by gram } the fingers wrapped around it, with the thumb work sampling [ IND ENG ] A technique to meas- opposing the index finger. { rapиərau ˙ nd ure work activity as related to delays consisting grasp } of intermittent observations of actual work and wrap forming See stretch forming. { rap fo ˙ rmи delays. Also known as activity sampling; fre- iŋ } quency study; ratio delay study. { wərk samи wrapper sheet [ MECH ENG ] 1. The outer plate pliŋ } enclosing the firebox in a fire-tube boiler. work standardization [ IND ENG ] The establish- 2. The thinner sheet of a boiler drum having two ment of uniformity of working conditions, tools, sheets. { rapиər she ¯ t} equipment, technical procedures, administrative wrecking ball See skull cracker. { rekиiŋbo ˙ l} procedures, workplace arrangements, motion se- wrecking bar See ripping bar. { rekиiŋba ¨ r} quences, materials, quality requirements, and wrecking strip [ CIV ENG ] A small section that similar factors which affect the performance of is fitted into a form for poured concrete and is work. { wərk stanиdərиdəza ¯ иshən} easily removed before the main panels to facili- work station [ IND ENG ] A workplace that is in- tate disassembly of the main components of the cluded in a production system or on a piece of form. { rekиiŋstrip } equipment at which an individual worker may wrench [ ENG ] A manual or power tool with spend only a portion of a working shift. { wərk adapted or adjustable jaws or sockets either at sta ¯ иshən} the endor between the ends of a lever forholding work station independence [ CONT SYS ] Prop- or turning a bolt, pipe, or other object. [ MECH ] erty of a numerical control or robot program The combination of a couple and a force which which does not depend on the nature of the work is parallel to the torque exerted by the couple. { rench }station. { wərksta ¯ иshən inиdəpenиdəns } 619 wrench-head bolt wrench-head bolt [ DES ENG ] A bolt with a plates are replaced by charged knife-edges. 2. An electrometer in which two conducting fi- square or hexagonal head designed to be bers are placed side by side, and their separation gripped between the jaws of a wrench. { rench upon charging is measured. { ¦wu ˙ lf ilektra ¨ mи ¦hed bo ¯ lt } ədиər} wringing fit [ DES ENG ] A fit of zero-to-negative Wulff process [ CHEM ENG ] A chemical process allowance. { riŋиiŋfit } to make acetylene and ethylene by cracking a wrist [ MECH ENG ] A set of rotary joints to which hydrocarbon gas (for example, butane) with the end effector of a robot is attached. Also high-temperature steam in a regenerative fur- known as wrist socket. { rist } nace. { wu ˙ lf pra ¨ иsəs} wrist pin See piston pin. { ris pin } Wurster process See air-suspension encapsula- write head [ ELECTR ] Device that stores digital tion. { wərиstər pra ¨ иsəs} information as coded electrical pulses on a mag- wye [ ELEC ] Polyphase circuit whose phase dif- netic drum, disk, or tape. { rı ¯ t hed } ferences are 120Њ and which when drawn resem- W-truss [ CIV ENG ] A truss having upper and bles the letter Y. [ ENG ] A pipe branching off lower chords joined by web members that form a straight main run at an angle of 45Њ. Also a shape resembling the letter W. { dəbиəlyu ¨ known as Y; yoke. { wı ¯ } trəs} wye branch See Y branch. { wı ¯ branch } Wulf electrometer [ ENG ] 1. A variant of the wye fitting See Y fitting. { wı ¯ fı ¯ dиiŋ } wye level See Y level. { wı ¯ levиəl}string electrometer in which charged metal 620 X x-radiation for chemical analysis and for magnifi- X engine [ MECH ENG ] An in-line engine with cation of 100–1000 diameters; it is based on the cylinder banks so arranged around the crank- contact or projection microradiography, reflec- shaft that they resemble the letter X when the tion x-ray microscopy, or x-ray image spectrogra- engine is viewed from the end. { eks enиjən} phy. { eks ra ¯ mı ¯ иkrəsko ¯ p} X frame [ DES ENG ] An automotive frame which x-ray monochromator [ ENG ] An instrument in either has side rails bent in at the center of the which x-rays are diffracted from a crystal to pro- vehicle, making the overall form that of an X, or duce a beam having a narrow range of wave- has an X-shaped member which joins the side lengths. { eks ra ¯ ¦ma ¨ nиə¦kro ¯ ma ¯ dиər} rails with diagonals for added strength and x-ray telescope [ ENG ] An instrument designed resistance to torsional stresses. { eks fra ¯ m} to detect x-rays emanating from a source outside x-ray diffractometer [ ENG ] An instrument used the earth’s atmosphere and to resolve the x-rays in x-ray analysis to measure the intensities of into an image; they are carried to high altitudes the diffracted beams at different angles. { eks by balloons, rockets, or space vehicles; although ra ¯ difrakta ¨ mиədиər} several types of x-ray detector, involving gas x-ray goniometer [ ENG ] A scale designed to counters, scintillation counters, and collimators, measure the angle between the incident and re- have been used, only one, making use of the fracted beams in x-ray diffraction analysis. phenomenon of total external reflection of x-rays { eks ra ¯ go ¯ иne ¯ a ¨ mиədиər} from a surface at grazing incidence, is strictly an x-ray machine [ ENG ] The x-ray tube, power sup- x-ray telescope. { eks ra ¯ telиəsko ¯ p} ply, and associated equipment required for pro- x-ray thickness gage [ ENG ] A thickness gage ducing x-ray photographs. { eks ra ¯ məshe ¯ n} used for measuring and indicating the thickness x-ray microscope [ ENG ] 1. A device in which of moving cold-rolled sheet steel during the roll- an ultra-fine-focus x-ray tube or electron gun ing process without making contact with the produces an electron beam focused to an ex- sheet; an x-ray beam directed through the sheet tremely small image on a transmission-type is absorbed in proportion to the thickness of the x-ray target that serves as a vacuum seal; the material and its atomic number. { eks ra ¯ thikи magnification is by projection; specimens being nəs ga ¯ j} examined can thus be in air, as also can the XY recorder [ ENG ] A recorder that traces on a photographic film that records the magnified im- chart the relation of two variables, neither of which is time. { ¦eks¦wı ¯ riko ˙ rdиər}age. 2. Any of several instruments which utilize Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. This page intentionally left blank. Y subdivided to form two openings, usually at a yard [ CIV ENG ] A facility for building and re- 45Њ angle to the run of the pipe. Also known pairing ships. [ MECH ] A unit of length in com- as wye fitting. { wı ¯ fidиiŋ } mon use in the United States and United King- yield [ ENG ] Product of a reaction or process as dom, equal to 0.9144 meter, or 3 feet. Abbrevi- in chemical reactions or food processing. ated yd. { ya ¨ rd } [ MECH ] That stress in a material at which plastic yardage [ MECH ] An amount expressed in yards. deformation occurs. { ye ¯ ld } { ya ¨ rdиij } yield factor [ IND ENG ] The ratio of the amount yard crane See crane truck. { ya ¨ rd kra ¯ n} of material that results from an industrial proc- yard drain [ CIV ENG ] A drain for clearing an ess to the amount of material that went into it. open area of surface water. { ya ¨ rd dra ¯ n} { ye ¯ ld fakиtər} yard lumber [ BUILD ] A category of lumber up yield point [ MECH ] The lowest stress at which to 5 inches (12.5 centimeters) thick. { ya ¨ rd strain increases without increase in stress. ləmиbər} { ye ¯ ld po ˙ int } yard maintenance [ ENG ] A category of mainte- yield rate [ IND ENG ] The amount of satisfactory nance that includes the complete rebuilding of material available after the completion of a given parts, subassemblies, or components. { ya ¨ rd manufacturing process expressed as a percent- maintиənиəns } age of the total amount produced. { ye ¯ ld ra ¯ t} yaw [ MECH ] 1. The rotational or oscillatory yield strength [ MECH ] The stress at which a ma- movement of a ship, aircraft, rocket, or the like terial exhibits a specified deviation from propor- about a vertical axis. Also known as yawing. tionality of stress and strain. { ye ¯ ld streŋkth } 2. The amount of this movement, that is, the yield stress [ MECH ] The lowest stress at which angle of yaw. 3. To rotate or oscillate about a extension of the tensile test piece increases with- vertical axis. { yo ˙ } out increase in load. { ye ¯ ld stres } yaw acceleration [ MECH ] The angular accelera- yield temperature [ ENG ] The temperature at tion of an aircraft or missile about its normal or which a fusible plug device melts and is dis- Z axis. { yo ˙ akselиəra ¯ иshən} lodged by its holder and thus relieves pressure yaw axis [ MECH ] A vertical axis through an air- in a pressure vessel; it is caused by the melting craft, rocket, or similar body, about which the of the fusible material, which is then forced from body yaws; it may be a body, wind, or stability its holder. { ye ¯ ld temиprəиchər} axis. Also known as yawing axis. { yo ˙ akи yig device [ ELECTR ] A filter, oscillator, paramet- səs} ric amplifier, or other device that uses an yttrium- yawing See yaw. { yo ˙ иiŋ } iron-garnet crystal in combination with a vari- yawing axis See yaw axis. { yo ˙ иiŋakиsəs} able magnetic field to achieve wide-band tuning yaw simulator [ CONT SYS ] A test instrument in microwave circuits. Derived from yttrium-iron- used to derive and thereby permit study of prob- garnet device. { yig divı ¯ s} able aerodynamic behavior in controlled flight Y level [ ENG ] A surveyor’s level with Y-shaped under specific initial conditions; certain compo- rests to support the telescope. Also known as nents of the missile guidance system, such as wye level. { wı ¯ le ¯ vиəl} the receiver or servo loop, are connected into yoke [ DES ENG ] A clamp or similar device to the simulatorcircuitry; also, certain aerodynamic embrace and hold two other parts. [ ELECTR ] parameters of the specific missile mustbe known See deflection yoke. [ ENG ] 1. A bar of wood and set into the simulator; applicable to the yaw used to join the necks of draft animals for work- plane. { yo ˙ simиyəla ¯ dиər} ing together. 2. See wye. [ MECH ENG ] A slot- Y branch [ ENG ] A Y-shaped branch in a piping ted crosshead used instead of a connecting rod system. Also known as wye branch. { wı ¯ in some steam engines. { yo ¯ k} branch } York-Scheibel column See Scheibel extractor. yd See yard. { yo ˙ rk shı ¯ иbəl ka ¨ lиəm} Young-Helmholtz laws [ MECH ] Two laws de- Y fitting [ CIV ENG ] A pipe fitting with one end Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. Young’s modulus scribing the motion of bowed strings; the first sulting strain parallel to the tension. Also known as modulus of elasticity { yəŋz ma ¨ jиstates that no overtone with a node at the point of excitation can be present; the second states əиləs} y parameter [ ELECTR ] One of a set of four tran-that when the string is bowed at a distance of 1/n times the string’s length from one of the sistor equivalent-circuit parameters, used espe- cially with field-effect transistors, that conve-ends, where n is an integer, the string moves back and forth with two constant velocities, one niently specify performance for small voltage and current in an equivalent circuit; the equivalentof which has the same direction as that of the bow and is equal to it, while the other has the circuit is a current source with shunt impedance at both input and output. { wı ¯ pəramиədиər}opposite direction and is n Ϫ 1 times as large. { ¦yəŋ helmho ¯ lts lo ˙ z} yttrium-iron-garnet device See yig device. { ¦iиtre ¯ и əm ¦ı ¯ иərn ¦ga ¨ rиnətdivı ¯ s} Young’s modulus [ MECH ] The ratio of a simple tension stress applied to a material to the re- 624 Z same temperature. { ¦ziro ¯ th lo ˙ əv thərиmo ¯ и zee [ CIV ENG ] A metal member whose cross section has a modified Z shape; the internal dı ¯ namиiks } angles are slightly less than 90Њ.{ze ¯ } Ziegler process [ CHEM ENG ] A process for the Zener breakdown [ ELECTR ] Nondestructive low-pressure linear polymerization of ethylene breakdown in a semiconductor, occurring when and stereospecific polymerization of propylene; the electric field across the barrier region be- the product is a high-density polymer or elasto- comes high enough to produce a form of field mer. { ze ¯ иglər pra ¨ иsəs} emission that suddenly increases the number of zigzag rule [ ENG ] A folding ruler having pivoted carriers in this region. Also known as Zener sections that lock when the ruler is opened. effect. { ze ¯ иnər bra ¯ kdau ˙ n} { zigzag ru ¨ l} Zener diode [ ELECTR ] A semiconductor break- zipper [ ENG ] A generic name for slide fasteners down diode, usually constructed of silicon, in in which two sets of interlocking teeth of the which reverse-voltage breakdown is based on the same design provide sturdy and continuous clo- Zener effect. { ze ¯ иnər dı ¯ o ¯ d} sure for adjacent pieces of textile, leather, and Zener diode voltage regulator See diode voltage other materials. { zipиər} regulator. { ze ¯ иnər dı ¯ o ¯ d vo ¯ lиtij regиyəla ¯ dиər} zipper conveyor [ MECH ENG ] A type of con- Zener effect See Zener breakdown. veyor belt with zipperlike teeth that mesh to form zero adjuster [ ENG ] A device for adjusting the a closed tube; used to handle fragile materials. pointer position of an instrument or meter to { zipиərkənva ¯ иər} read zero when the measured quantity is zero. zirconium oxide-based oxygen transducer [ ENG ] { zirиo ¯ əjəsиtər} A device in which the concentration of oxygen zero bevel gear [ DES ENG ] A special form of in a mixture of gases is determined from the bevel gear having curved teeth witha zero-degree diffusion voltage across a heated, suitably doped spiral angle. { zirиo ¯ ¦bevиəl gir } zirconium oxide material placed between this zero bias [ ELECTR ] The condition in which the mixture and a reference gas. { zər¦ko ¯ nиe ¯ иəm control grid and cathode of an electron tube ¦a ¨ ksı ¯ d ba ¯ st ¦a ¨ ksиəиjən tranzdu ¨ sиər} are at the same direct-current voltage. { zirиo ¯ zone [ MECH ENG ] 1. In a heating or air-condi- bı ¯ иəs} tioning system, one or more spaces whose tem- zero defects [ IND ENG ] A program for improv- perature is regulated by a single control. 2. A ing product quality to the point of perfection, subdivision of a sprinkler, water-supply, or stand- so there will be no failures due to defects in pipe system. { zo ¯ n} construction. { zirиo ¯ de ¯ feks } zone control [ ENG ] The zoning of a process or zero gravity See weightlessness. { zirиo ¯ gravи building, and the independent heating or tem- ədиe ¯ } perature controls for each zone. { zo ¯ nkən zero level [ ENG ACOUS ] Reference level used tro ¯ l} for comparing sound or signal intensities; in zone heat [ CIV ENG ] A central heating system audio-frequency work, a power of 0.006 watt is arranged to allow different temperatures to be generally used as zero level; in sound, the thresh- maintained at the same time in two or more old of hearing is generally assumed as the zero areas of a building. { zo ¯ n he ¯ t} level. { zirиo ¯ levиəl} zone melting crystallization [ CHEM ENG ] A zero method See null method. { zirиo ¯ methиəd} method for purification of crystalline solids; the zero-order hold [ CONT SYS ] A device which sample, packed in a narrow column, is heated converts a sampled output into an output which so that a molten zone passes down through the is held constant between samples at the last sample, carrying impurities with it. { zo ¯ n ¦melи sampled value. { zirиo ¯ ¦o ˙ rdиər ho ¯ ld } tiŋkristиəlиəza ¯ иshən} zeroth lawof thermodynamics [ THERMO ] A law zone-position indicator [ ENG ] Auxiliary radar that if two systems are separately found to be set for indicating the general position of an ob- in thermal equilibrium with a third system, the ject to another radar set with a narrower field. first two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other, that is, all three systems are at the { zo ¯ npə¦zishиən inиdəka ¯ dиər} Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. zoning zoning [ CIV ENG ] Designation and reservation z-transfer function See pulsed transfer function. under a master plan of land use for light and { ze ¯ tranzиfər fəŋkиshən} heavy industry, dwellings, offices, and other Z variometer See vertical intensity variometer. buildings; use is enforced by restrictions on types of buildings in each zone. { zo ¯ nиiŋ } { ze ¯ verиe ¯ a ¨ mиədиər} zoom [ ENG ] To enlarge or reduce the size of an Zyglo method [ ENG ] A procedure for visualizing image in an optical system or electronic dis- incipient cracks caused by fatigue failure, in play. { zu ¨ m} Z parameter [ ELECTR ] One of a set of four tran- which the part is immersed in a special activated sistor equivalent-circuit parameters; they are penetrating oil and viewed under black light. the inverse of the Y parameters. { ze ¯ pəramи { zı ¯ иglo ¯ methиəd} ədиər} 626 Appendix Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. [...]... 6.324 210 ϫ 10 20 1. 218 579 ϫ 10 21 8.4623 51 ϫ 10 18 1. 675545 ϫ 10 25 2.246944 ϫ 10 25 6.58 514 1 ϫ 10 21 2. 613 195 ϫ 10 19 2. 611 448 ϫ 10 19 1. 60 217 6 1 ϫ 10 19 ϭ 1. 782662 ϫ 10 Ϫ33 1 eV 6.2 415 10 ϫ 10 18 1 195.2378 eV 5.609589 ϫ 10 32 ϭ 1. 112 650 ϫ 10 14 8.987552 ϫ 10 13 J 1J 1 g mass ϭ 1 (energy equiv) G Units of energy g mass Units (energy equiv) 2 .14 6640 ϫ 10 13 calIT 6 411 86.5 859845.2 2 51. 9958 1 0.9993 312 24. 217 26 46.66295... Units of area Units m 1. 609344 ϫ 10 3 0.3048 ϭ 2.54 1 in ϭ 1. 609344 ϫ 10 5 0.0254 ϭ 10 0 1m 1 mi 1 1 1 cm A Units of length Units cm ft2 yd2 mi2 3.228306 ϫ 10 Ϫ7 1 3.0976 ϫ 10 6 2.78784 ϫ 10 7 3.587007 ϫ 10 Ϫ8 2.490977 ϫ 10 10 3.8 610 22 ϫ 10 Ϫ7 3.8 610 22 ϫ 10 11 1 5.6 818 18 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 1. 893939 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 1. 578283 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 6. 213 712 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 6. 213 712 ϫ 10 Ϫ6 mi 1 0 .11 111 11 7. 716 049 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 1. 195990 1. 195990 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 17 60 1 0.3333333... ϫ 10 0.035 314 67 Ϫ5 3.5 314 67 ϫ 10 2.204623 ϫ 10 1 Ϫ3 35. 314 67 ϫ 10 ft3 Ϫ3 ton 3 .12 5 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 5 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 2.834952 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 4.535924 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 0.90 718 47 1 1 .10 2 311 1. 102 311 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 10 Ϫ3 1 1 .10 2 311 ϫ 10 Ϫ6 10 metric ton 1 0.25 7.480520 4.329004 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 0.26 417 21 2.6 417 21 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 264 .17 21 gal Ϫ6 4 1 2.992208 0. 017 316 02 1. 056688 1. 056688 ϫ 10 1. 056688 qt Appendix 1 ϭ 1. 729994 ϭ 27.679 91 1 oz и in.Ϫ3 Ϫ3 632 1 106 10 13250... 14 .69595 14 .50377 1. 450377 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 1. 450377 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 lbf и in.Ϫ2 0 .13 36806 2 31 14.4375 8.345403 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 8.345403 lb и gal 1 Appendix 633 4 .18 68 10 55.056 3600000 2384 519 1. 355 818 ϭ 4.658443 ϫ 10 14 ϭ 1. 173908 ϫ 10 11 ϭ 4.005540 ϫ 10 Ϫ8 ϭ 2.9869 31 ϫ 10 Ϫ8 ϭ 1. 5085 51 ϫ 10 14 ϭ 2 .17 2 313 ϫ 10 12 1 calIT 1 BtuIT 1 kWh 1 hp-h 1 ft-lbf 1 ft3 lbf и in.Ϫ2 1 liter-atm ϭ 1. 127393 ϫ 10 12 4 .18 4 ϭ 4.655328 ϫ 10 14 1 cal 10 1.325... 1. 333224 ϫ 10 3 0.980665 1. 013 25 1 10Ϫ6 10 Ϫ5 bar 11 9.8264 16 . 018 47 27679. 91 1729.994 1 1000 g и L 1, kg и mϪ3 1. 019 716 ϫ 10 Ϫ6 1. 019 716 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 1 1.033227 0.06804596 0.0334 210 5 0.07030696 0.0345 315 5 1. 359 510 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 1. 315 789 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 7.500 617 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 51. 714 93 25.4 1 735.5592 760 in Hg 2.0360 21 1 0.03937008 28.95903 29.9 212 6 29.52999 2.952999 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 2.952999 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 7.480 519 1 1728 10 8 0.06242795 7.500 617 ϫ 10 Ϫ3... 46.66295 24.2 010 6 46.6 317 4 0.3240483 0.3238 315 6 416 15.6 860420.7 252 .16 44 1. 000669 1 3.829293 3.826733 ϫ 10 Ϫ20 ϫ 10 Ϫ20 0.2390057 0.2388459 2 .14 8076 ϫ 10 3 cal 0.09603757 0 .18 50497 1. 285067 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 2544.33 3 412 .14 2 1 3.9683 21 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 3.965667 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 1. 518 570 ϫ 10 Ϫ22 9.47 817 2 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 8. 518 555 ϫ 10 10 BtuIT 2. 814 583 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 5.423272 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 3.76 616 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ7 0.7456998 1 2.930 711 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 1. 163 ϫ 10 Ϫ6 1. 1622222 ϫ 10 Ϫ6 4.450490... 10 Ϫ26 2.777777 ϫ 10 Ϫ7 2.496542 ϫ 10 7 kWh 3.774 419 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 7.272727 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 5.050505 ϫ 10 Ϫ7 1 1.3 410 22 3.93 014 8 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 1. 559609 ϫ 10 Ϫ6 1. 558562 ϫ 10 Ϫ6 5.968206 ϫ 10 Ϫ26 3.725062 3.347 918 ϫ 10 7 hp-h 4.603388 ϫ 10 11 74.73349 14 4 1 1980000 2655224 778 .16 93 3.088025 3.085960 0. 518 9825 1 6.944444 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 13 750 18 349.06 5.403953 2 .14 4462 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 2 .14 3028 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 1. 1 817 05 8.206283 ϫ 10 19 ϫ 10 Ϫ22 liter-atm 1. .. 946.3529 ϭ 9.463529 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 1 qt D Units of mass Units g 28 316 .85 16 .38706 10 00 1 10 6 cm3 ϭ 2.8 316 85 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 ϭ 1. 638706 ϫ 10 ϭ 10 Ϫ3 ϭ 10 1 m3 1 ft3 1 in 3 1 liter 1 cm 1m 3 C Units of volume Units Ϫ3 oz 2 31 57.75 17 28 1 61. 02374 0.0 610 2374 35.27396 32000 35273.96 16 1 in.3 4 6 .10 2374 ϫ 10 0.03527396 3.785 412 0.9463529 28. 316 85 0. 016 38706 1 10 10 3 liter lb Ϫ3 0 .13 36806 0.03342 014 1 0.0625 2.204623 2204.623... 0.00025 acre 1 1 1 1 Equivalents of commonly used units for the U.S Customary System and the metric system Appendix 0. 01 0. 914 4 ϭ 30.48 ϭ 91. 44 1 ft 1 yd 630 1 1296 4. 014 490 ϫ 10 9 6.4 516 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 0.09290304 0.83 612 73 2.589988 ϫ 10 6 ϭ 6.4 516 ϭ 929.0304 ϭ 83 61. 273 ϭ 2.589988 ϫ 10 10 1 in.2 1 ft2 1 yd2 1 mi2 14 4 15 50.003 1 ϭ 10 4 1 m2 0 .15 50003 in.2 10 Ϫ4 m2 1 cm2 6.336 ϫ 10 4 36 12 1 39.37008 0.3937008 in 1 cm2... 6964 3 Ί2 ϭ 1. 25992 10 50 3 Ί3 ϭ 1. 44224 9570 5 Ί2 ϭ 1. 14869 8355 5 Ί3 ϭ 1. 24573 0940 e␲ ϭ 23 .14 069 26327 79269 006 ␲ e ϭ 22.45 915 7 718 3 610 45 47342 715 e e ϭ 15 .15 426 22 414 79264 19 0 log10 2 ϭ 0.3 010 2 99956 639 81 195 21 37389 log10 3 ϭ 0.47 712 12 547 19 662 43729 50279 log10 e ϭ 0.43429 44 819 032 51 82765 log10 ␲ ϭ 0.49 714 98726 9 413 3 85435 12 683 loge 10 ϭ ln 10 ϭ 2.30258 . 0.0 413 2050 ϫ 10 14 ϫ 10 19 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 ϫ 10 Ϫ6 ϫ 10 Ϫ6 ϫ 10 Ϫ2 1 Btu IT ϭ 1. 173908 10 55.056 6.58 514 1 252 .16 44 2 51. 9958 1 2.930 711 3.93 014 8 778 .16 93 5.403953 10 . 412 59 ϫ 10 11 ϫ 10 21 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 1kWh ϭ. 10 4 35. 314 67 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 1. 056688 264 .17 21 1cm 3 ϭ 10 Ϫ6 11 0 Ϫ3 0.0 610 2374 3.5 314 67 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 1. 056688 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 2.6 417 21 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 1 liter ϭ 10 Ϫ3 10 00. 1 61. 02374 0.035 314 67 1. 056688 0.26 417 21 1 in. 3 ϭ 1. 638706 ϫ. Units of area Units cm 2 m 2 in. 2 ft 2 yd 2 mi 2 1cm 2 ϭ 11 0 Ϫ4 0 .15 50003 1. 0763 91 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 1. 195990 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 3.8 610 22 ϫ 10 11 1m 2 ϭ 10 4 1 1550.003 10 .763 91 1 .19 5990 3.8 610 22 ϫ 10 Ϫ7 1 in. 2 ϭ