Methyl formate * Methyl glycol * Methyl glycol acetate * Methyl heptanone * Methyl iodide * Methyl isobutylketone 130–15 600 ppm Methyl mercaptan 0.1–20 ppm 2–1000 ppm Methyl methacrylate 15–700 ppm n -Methyl morpholine * 1-Methylpropanol * 2-Methylpropan-2-ol 50–500 ppm Methyl propyl ketone 130–15 600 ppm N -Methylpyrolidone * α-Methyl styrene 10–50 ppm Methyl styrene 10–100 ppm Methyl- tert -butylether * Methyl vinyl ketone * Morpholine * Naphthalene * Natural gas * Nickel carbonyl 0.1–1 ppm Nickel chloride 0.1–1 mg/m 3 Nickel tetracarbonyl 0.1–1 ppm Nitric acid 1–50 ppm Nitroglycerine * Nitrogen dioxide 0.5–25 ppm 2–100 ppm Nitroglycol * 2-Nitropropane * Nitrous fumes 0.025–10 ppm 2–150 ppm 20–500 ppm 50–2000 ppm 100–5000 ppm n -Nonane 12–360 ppm 500–1000 ppm iso-Octane 10–200 ppm 10–1500 ppm n -Octane 1–300 ppm 10–2500 ppm Octene 20–1000 ppm Oil 1–10 mg/m 3 2.5–10 mg/m 3 Oil (mist and vapour) 2.5–10 mg/m 3 Olefins (general) 1–55 mg/l Organic arsenic compounds and arsine * Organic basic nitrogen compounds * Oxirane 1–15 ppm 25–500 ppm Oxygen 5–23 vol % Ozone 0.05–1.4 ppm 10–300 ppm 2,4-Pentadione * Pentane 100 –1500 ppm Pentan-2-one 130–15 600 ppm Pentyl acetate 200–1000 ppm Table 10.18(a) Cont’d Substance Measuring range TOXIC PARTICULATES 349 350 MONITORING TECHNIQUES Perchloroethylene 0.1 –4 ppm 0.7–300 ppm 10–500 ppm Petroleum hydrocarbons (general) 10–300 ppm 100–2500 ppm Phenol 1–20 ppm Phenylhydrazine * Phenyl mercaptan 2–100 ppm Phosgene 0.02–1 ppm 0.25–25 ppm Phosphine 0.01–1 ppm 0.1–40 ppm 1–100 ppm 25–10 000 ppm 15–3000 ppm Phosphoric acid ester 0.05 ppm α-Pinene 10–200 ppm Polytest * Potassium dichromate * Propanal * Propane 0.5–1.3 vol % Propan-1-ol 100–3000 ppm Propan-2-ol 15–40 ppm 50–4000 ppm 100–3000 ppm Propargyl alcohol * Propionic acid 1–15 ppm n -Propyl benzene 5–300 ppm Propylene glycol * Propylene oxide 4–60 ppm 50–2000 ppm Pyridine 5 ppm Pyrrolidine * Shellsol * Sodium chromate 0.1–0.5 mg/m 3 Strontium chromate 0.2 –1 mg/m 3 Styrene 10–250 ppm 50–400 ppm Sulphur dioxide 0.1 –3 ppm 0.5–25 ppm 1–25 ppm 20–2000 ppm 50–8000 ppm Sulphuric acid 1–5 mg/m 3 Tar from brown coal * Tar vapours * Tetrabromoethane * 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 0.5–3 ppm 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane * 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane * 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane * Tetrafluoroethane * Tetrafluoromethane * Tetrahydrofuran * Tetrahydrothiophene 1–16 ppm Thioether * Thionyl chloride 1 –30 ppm Table 10.18(a) Cont’d Substance Measuring range Thiophene * Toluene 5–300 ppm 50–400 ppm 100–1800 ppm Toluene diisocyanate 0.02–0.2 ppm o -Tolidine 1 –30 ppm Tributylamine 2.5–50 ppm 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene * Trichlorotoluene * Trichloroethane 50–600 ppm Trichloroethylene 2 –250 ppm 50–500 ppm Trichlorofluoromethane 100–1400 ppm Trichloronitromethane 1 –15 ppm 1,2,3-Trichloropropane * 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane * Triethylamine 5 –60 ppm Triethylene diamine * Triethylene tetratriamine * Trifluorobromomethane * Trimethylamine 0.25–3 ppm 5–60 ppm Trimethyl benzene 10–100 ppm Trimethyl phosphate * Turpentine oil * Undecane 10–200 ppm Vinyl acetate * Vinyl bromide 0.7 –300 ppm Vinyl chloride 0.5–30 ppm 1–50 ppm 100–3000 ppm Vinyl ethyl ether 20–300 ppm Vinylidene chloride 2.5–25 ppm Vinyl trimethoxy silane 100–1000 ppm Water vapour 0.05–1 mg/l 0.5–18 mg/l 1–40 mg/l White spirit 30–200 ppm 100–1600 ppm Xylene (all isomers) 10–400 ppm Zinc chromate 0.2 –1 mg/m 3 * Consult with supplier. Table 10.18(a) Cont’d Substance Measuring range TOXIC PARTICULATES 351 352 MONITORING TECHNIQUES Table 10.18(b) Dräger tubes for long-term measurements – with pump Dräger tube Range of measurement for maximum period of use Acetic acid 5/a-L 1.25 –40 ppm (4 hr) Acetone 500/a-L 63–10 000 ppm (8 hr) Ammonia 10/a-L 2.5–100 ppm (4 hr) Benzene 20/a-L 5 –200 ppm (4 hr) Carbon dioxide 1000/a-L 250–6000 ppm (4 hr) Carbon disulphide 10/a-L 1.3–100 ppm (8 hr) Carbon monoxide 10/a-L 2.5–100 ppm (4 hr) Carbon monoxide 50/a-L 6.3–500 ppm (8 hr) Chlorine 1/a-L 0.13 –20 ppm (8 hr) Ethanol 500/a-L 63–8000 ppm (8 hr) Hydrocarbon 100/a-L 25–3000 ppm (4 hr) Hydrochloric acid 10/a-L 1.3–50 ppm (8 hr) Hydrocyanic acid 10/a-L 1.3–120 ppm (8 hr) Hydrogen sulphide 5/a-L 0.63–60 ppm (8 hr) Methylene chloride 50/a-L 13–800 ppm (4 hr) Nitrogen dioxide 10/a-L 1.3 –100 ppm (8 hr) Oxides of nitrogen 5/a-L (NO + NO 2 ) 1.3–50 ppm (4 hr) Oxides of nitrogen 50/a-L (NO + NO 2 )13–350 ppm (2 hr) Perchloroethylene 50/a-L 13–300 ppm (4 hr) Sulphur dioxide 5/a-L 1.25–50 ppm (4 hr) Sulphur dioxide 2/a-L 0.5 –20 ppm (4 hr) Toluene 200/a-L 25 –4000 ppm (8 hr) Trichloroethylene 10/a-L 2.5–200 ppm (4 hr) Vinyl chloride 10/a-L 1–50 ppm (10 hr) Table 10.20 Examples of chemicals for which paper-tape colorimetric instruments are available Ammonia Hydrogen selenide Arsine Hydrogen sulphide Chlorine Isocyanates Diborane Nitrogen dioxide Germane p -Phenylene diamine Hydrazines Phosgene Hydrogen chloride Phosphine Hydrogen cyanide Silane Hydrogen fluoride Sulphur dioxide Table 10.19 Selected sources of inaccuracy in use of colour detector tubes Failure to break both ends of the sealed tube before insertion of the tube into the pump housing. Insertion of the tube incorrectly into the pumphousing (the correct direction is indicated on the tube). Reuse of previously used tubes. It is advisable not to reuse tubes even if previous use indicated zero. Leaks in sample lines, or insufficient time allowed to lapse between pump strokes when extensions are used. Use of tubes beyond expiry of the shelf-life. Tubes should be stored under refrigerated conditions but allowed to warm to ambient temperature prior to use. III-defined stain format because it is irregular, diffuse or has failed, i.e. not at right angles to tube wall. (This can be caused by poor quality of granular support medium used by manufacturer.) It is advisable to read the maximum value indicated. Use of tubes under conditions of temperature, pressure or humidity outside the range of calibration. Blockages or faulty pumps. Pumps should be checked periodically as instructed by the manufacturer. They can be calibrated using rotameters or bubble flowmeters. Unless pumps possess a limiting orifice they should be calibrated with the air indicator tube in position. Misuse of the pump, e.g. incomplete stroke or wrong number of strokes. Mismatch of tubes with type of pump. Interference due to the presence of other contaminants capable of reacting with the tube reagent. This can result in over- or under-estimation of concentrations. The former is the more likely and hence errs on the side of safety. Tube blockage caused by airborne dusts, affecting the flow rate. Table 10.18(c) Direct-indicating Dräger diffusion tubes – no pump required Substance Measuring range Max. operating time (hours) Acetic acid 10/a-D 10–200 ppm × hr 8 Ammonia 20/1-D 20–1500 ppm × hr 8 Butadiene 10/a-D 10–300 ppm × hr 8 Carbon dioxide 500/a-D 500–20 000 ppm × hr 8 (1%/a-1) 1–30 vol % × hr 360 Carbon monoxide 50/a-D 50–600 ppm × hr 360 Ethanol 1000/a-D 1000–25 000 ppm × hr 8 Ethyl acetate 500/a-D 500–10 000 ppm × hr 8 Hydrochloric acid 10/a-D 10–200 ppm × hr 8 Hydrocyanic acid 20/a-D 20–200 ppm × hr 8 Hydrogen sulphide 10/a-D 10–300 ppm × hr 72 Nitrogen dioxide 10/a-D 10–2000 ppm × hr 24 Olefines 100/a-D 100–2000 ppm × hr 8 Perchloroethylene 200/a-D 200–1500 ppm × hr 8 Sulphur dioxide 5/a-D 5–150 ppm × hr 10 Toluene 100/a-D 100–3000 ppm × hr 8 Trichloroethylene 200/a-D 200–1000 ppm × hr 8 Water vapour 5/a-D 5–100 mg/l × hr 8 TOXIC PARTICULATES 353 354 MONITORING TECHNIQUES particles of respirable dimensions from non-respirable fractions include horizontal elutriation and centrifugation. Equipment for personal monitoring comprises a lapel-mounted filter holder connected to a portable pump with a flow rate of about 3 litres/min. Respirable matter can be separated by use of a small cyclone. In order to ensure uniformity of fractionation, smooth and constant flow rates are essential. The dust collection and analytical stages are separate operations. For background monitoring, miniaturization is unimportant and as a consequence equipment incorporates pumps of higher flow rates, typically ≤100 1/min. This enables sampling times to be short and larger samples to be obtained (e.g. for laboratory analysis). Both direct-reading and absolute methods are available. The main principles of instrument design are summarized in Table 10.23. In filtration, e.g. for gravimetric analysis, selection of filter material (Table 10.22) requires careful consideration in terms of application, strength, collection efficiency, compatibility with pump, water uptake, etc. Humidity-controlled balance rooms, microbalances and careful handling techniques may be required. Table 10.22 Examples of filter material for collection of particulates Filter Material Application Characteristics • Cellulose Washing of samples to High flowrates, low pressure determine water soluble fraction drop, low impurity levels or for ashing to determine organic content • Glass fibre High-flow samplers for High efficiencies, high flowrates, gravimetric assessment high wet strength, good temperature stability, low pressure drop • Mixed celluloses, e.g. nitrate, Microscopy (asbestos); metal Low levels of metal impurities; ester content (by atomic absorption, oxidizable during digestion atomic emission, fluorescence and infra-red spectrometry) • Polycarbonate Optical microscopy; organic Transparent grades available, content non-hygroscopic, low ash content, solvent resistant • PTFE Sampling for HPLC or UV Inert, hydrophobic analysis. PAHs • PVC Gravimetric analysis, carbon Acid and alkali resistant; low black, quartz, silica water pick-up • Silver membrane Crystalline materials for X-ray Costly. High collection diffraction efficiency. Uniform pore size Table 10.21 Considerations when using instruments with catalytic detection Portable instrument should be of explosion-proof design; fixed point systems may rely on remote sensing heads For zero adjustment, place instrument in uncontaminated air or use activated charcoal filters to remove flammable vapours Sources of error include: Inadequate calibration Drift due to age Design not fail-safe (i.e. no indication of component failure) Poisoning of Pellistor by, e.g., silicones, halocarbons, leaded petrol Too high a sampling rate (causing cooling of the elements) Sampling lines and couplings not airtight Condensation of high-boiling-point components in the line between sample head and sensor Hostile environment Table 10.23 Particulates monitoring – principles of apparatus Principle Examples Collection Sampling Collection Analysis Advantages / disadvantages rate efficiency (l/min) (%) Impinger Midget impinger By bubbling Microscopy Aggregates broken up; only particles >1 µm collected. In wet through liquid impingers particles must be water insoluble. phase Impactor 1. Konimeter Impaction on 60–100 Built-in Underestimates small particles, gel-coated microscope overestimates large particles. Particles disc Microscopy between 0.5 and 5.0 µm collected. 2. Cascade Impaction on 1–37 impactor 4 stages on (depending glass disc on type) 3. Andersen Impaction in sampler 8 stages onto Gravimetric or Instrument inflexible. glass or metal chemical discs Electrostatic Casella thermal Deposition on 1–85 90–100 Microscopy Poor for large particles. Collection or thermal precipitator glass slides or efficiency increases as particle size precipitation discs decreases. Filtration 1. Fibrous filter 1–50 85–100 Gravimetric or Fibrous filter good for gravimetric analysis Depends on chemical for a range of particle sizes particle size (fast and relatively easy). values stated 2. Membrane for those Microscopy, Membrane filter good for microscopy filter usually gravimetric or identification of particles and counting encountered chemical where required. Respirable 1. Hexhlet Fibrous filter 1–50 60–100 Gravimetric or Instrument must be kept horizontal for dust (horizontal chemical sampling; relatively large quantities of separation elutriator) dust collected in short period. 2. Casella Fibrous or Gravimetric, The only instrument for carrying out cyclone membrane microscopy or personal respirable dust sampling. filter chemical 3. Anderson Selective inlet 16.7 Gravimetric Can be used for unattended operations sampler 2 dust fractions (<10 µm and <2.5 µm) Beta Impaction on Attenuation of Provides short- or long-term TWA (e.g. up attenuation disc or beta radiation to 8 hr, depending on model) of dust or filtration Direct reading fume mass concentration. Suitable for unattended automated continuous methods. Photometry 1. Number Light scattered Gives automatic particle sizing but accuracy concentration, on to a only guaranteed if calibrated for e.g. Royco photomultiplier particulate of interest. Direct reading 2. Mass Light scattered Very versatile – only accurate continuous concentration onto a long-term mass monitoring instrument; e.g. Simslin photomultiplier sample may also be collected on a filter. Direct reading Suitable for automated operations. Piezoelectric Electrostatic frequency of Change in Unsuitable for ambient air monitoring. crystal. Direct resonant reading frequency Table 10.23 Cont’d Principle Examples Collection Sampling Collection Analysis Advantages / disadvantages rate efficiency (l/min) (%) Table 10.24 Selected British Standards relating to ambient air pollution measurements British Standard Subject Method BS 893 Particulate matter in ducts BS 1747 Deposit gauges Particulate matter Sulphur dioxide Thorin spectrophotometry Directional dust gauges Sampling equipment for determination of gaseous sulphur Nitrogen dioxide in ambient air Modified Griess–Salzman method Nitrogen oxides in ambient air Chemiluminescence Sulphur dioxide in ambient air Tetrachloromercurate/pararosaline Black smoke index in ambient air Ozone Chemiluminescence Particulate lead in aerosol Collected on filter with atomic absorption spectrometry BS 1756 Flue gases General methods BS 2811, 2742 Smoke monitoring BS 3048 Flue gases Continuous and automatic BS 3405 Particulate matter including grit and dust BS 3406 Particle size distribution Various including microscopy BS 4995 Gas mixtures Preparation BS 5243 Airborne radioactive gases and Various particulates BS 5343 Long-term gas detector tubes BS ISO 6768 Nitrogen dioxide Modified Griess–Salzman BS ISO 10312 Asbestos Direct-transfer transmission Electron microscopy BS ISO 10498 Sulphur dioxide Ultra-violet fluorescence BS ISO 10473 Particulate mass on filters Beta-ray absorption BS ISO 12884 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Collection of filters with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry BS ISO 13794 Asbestos Indirect-transfer transmission Electron microscopy BS ISO 13964 Ozone Ultra-violet photometry BS ISO 14965 Non-methane organics Flame ionization BS ISO 16000 Indoor formaldehyde and other carbonyl Active and diffusive sampling compounds BS EN 12341 Suspended matter Reference and field methods BS EN 13528 Gases and vapours Diffusive samplers Official methods Regulatory and advisory bodies publish methods for ambient air analysis such as those issued by the British Standards Institute and the US Environment Protection Agency (Tables 10.24 and 10.25, respectively). Methods for assessment of workplace air are published by the Health and Safety Executive. Some of these are generic methods (Table 10.26) whilst others are compound specific (Table 10.27). Examples of other official methods for monitoring workplace air quality are those published by the British Standards Institute (Table 10.28), and the US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (Table 10.29). Table 10.30 provides additional guidance on analytical techniques for a selection of substances. OFFICIAL METHODS 357 358 MONITORING TECHNIQUES Table 10.25 Selected EPA standard methods for air monitoring (Code of Federal register-protection of the environment section, 40) Subject Method reference (see original reference) Part 60 Appendix A • Various measurement techniques for sample and velocity 1, 1A, 2, 2A, 2B, 2C from stationary sources, stacks, ducts, pipes • CO 2 oxygen, excess air, dry molecular weight 3 • O 2 and CO 2 3A • Moisture from stacks 4 • Particulate 5 – stationary sources 5A – asphalt 5B – non-sulphuric acid matter 5D – from positive pressure fabric filters 5E – wool fibre-glass 5F – non-sulphate matter 5G – wood heaters 5H – in-stack filtration method 17 • SO 2 from stationary sources 6 – fossil fuel 6A, 6B – stationary sources 6C • NO x from stationary sources 7 (various methods 7A–7E) • Sulphuric acid mist and SO 2 from stationary sources 8 • Visual opacity 9 • CO from stationary sources 10, 10A, 10B • H 2 S (refineries) 11 • Inorganic lead 12 • Total fluoride 13A, 13B • Fluoride (aluminium plants) 14 • H 2 S, COS, CS 2 15 • Total reduced sulphur (sulphur recovery plants) 15A • Sulphur 16 • Total reduced sulphur (stationary sources) 16A, 16B • Gaseous organics 18 • SO 2 , particulates and NO x emission rates 19, 20 • Volatile organic leaks 21 • Visual assesssment of fugitive emissions from material sources 22 and smoke from flares • Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans 23 • Volatile content, water, density, volume and weight of surface coatings 24, 24A • Total gaseous organics 25, 25A, 25B • HCl 26 • Vapour tightness of gasoline delivery tanks 27 Part 61 Appendix B (Hazardous air pollutants) • Particulate and gaseous Hg 101, 101A, 102 • Beryllium 103,104 • Vinyl choride 106 • Gaseous and particulate arsenic 108 • Benzene 110 • Polonium-210 111 • Radionuclide 114 • Radon-222 115 [...]... MCEF) CT OT F (0.8 µm MCEF) 180 12 2 480 1500 20 0 4000 AAS GLC LDDT C 30 100 0 C CT F (0.8 µm MCEF) 10 27 0 20 0 1500 CT F (0.8 µm MCEF) F (2 µm PVC) F+I I I CT CT 30 100 60 30 45 15 10 1 20 0 1500 100 0 25 00 100 0 25 00 20 0 50 GLC AAS (30 min allowed at 0. 025 mg/m3 GLC AAS G C C ISE GLC GLC CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT I 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 100 0 GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC... Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene dichloride, see 1 ,2- Dichloroethylene Acetylene tetrabromide Acrolein F (5 µm PVC) I I I CT CT 25 0 10 100 100 2 10 20 00 20 00 25 00 100 0 20 0 20 0 G C Titration C GLC GLC ST I AT I CT CT F + I (GF) CT CT CT CT F (5 µm PVC) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 10 6 GLC C GLC 10 20 180 10 100 10 10 25 0 540 100 0 1500 20 0 100 0 20 0 20 0 100 0 20 0 100 0 50 100 0 20 00 4000 I OT P F (0.8 µm MCEF) F (5 µm PVC)... ST CT CT CT CT 20 10 10 6 10 1 30 10 10 4 10 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 50 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC CT CT OT CT I 3 10 9 20 30 20 0 20 0 50 20 0 100 0 GLC GLC GLC GLC C OT 15 100 0 CT 20 20 0 GLC (Tenax tube, 5 min sample) GLC CT 5 50 CT 10 20 0 G (use cyclone but no Tenite holders) G (nuisance dust) GLC GLC GLC GLC (use 2 back-toback large tubes) GLC Table 10. 30 Cont’d Substance... CT 15 100 0 GLC (use 2 large charcoal tubes back-to-back) GLC (15 min sample) 3 100 180 50 30 100 50 100 0 1500 100 0 100 0 1500 GLC GLC GLC GLC C C F (0.8 µm MCEF) CT CT 30 10 15 100 0 20 0 100 0 GLC GLC GLC CT I ST ST 12 15 50 50 20 0 20 0 100 0 20 0 GLC C GLC GLC CT ST 20 5 20 0 20 0 GLC ST 50 100 0 GLC I CT 100 20 100 0 20 0 C GLC I CT 100 60 100 0 20 0 C GLC Dimethylbenzene, see Xylene Dimethyl-1 ,2- dibromo -2- dichloroethyl... (0.8 µm MCEF) CT CT CT CT I I I F + I (0.5 µm MCEF) OT I I I OT G (nuisance dust) 720 100 4 1500 100 0 20 0 G (nuisance dust) AAS GLC GLC 10 30 4 10 10 10 20 0 100 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 GLC GLC (100 0 cc/min only) GLC GLC GLC GLC 100 100 15 10 1 45 100 30 1 100 0 100 0 100 0 20 00 20 1500 100 0 20 00 20 C ISE (100 0 cc/min only) ISE (100 0 cc/min only) ISE LDDT ISE (1500 cc/min only) AAS C LDDT Hydroquinone Indium and... MCEF) 100 1500 C ISE C ISE GLC I F F (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 100 0 720 1500 GLC G (nuisance dust) AAS 30 10 10 70 10 10 5 20 0 20 0 20 0 100 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 see Fluoride procedure GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC I CT I F (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 100 100 150 100 0 100 0 100 0 1500 GLC GLC C UV F (0.8 µm MCEF) F (0.8 µm MCEF) I I 720 370 100 25 1500 1500 100 0 100 0 AAS AAS GLC C I F F (0.8 µm MCEF) I 60 100 0 360 60 1500 100 0 UV... (GF) I F (0.8 µm F (0.8 µm F OT CT MCEF) MCEF) MCEF) MCEF) MCEF) MCEF) MCEF) MCEF) MCEF) 75 300 15 30 175 4 10 10 10 10 12 9 3 100 3 10 1000 1500 100 0 1500 1500 1500 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 100 0 50 20 0 50 100 100 0 4000 90 1500 720 1500 direct reading combustible gas meter 150 120 22 .5 25 1500 100 0 1500 1500 C C C AAS AAS AAS GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC GLC G (nuisance dust) C AAS G (nuisance... Cu) Corundum (Al2O3) Cotton dust (raw) Crag® herbicide Cresol, all isomers Crotonaldehyde Cumene Cyanides (as CN) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 90 1500 AAS F (0.8 µm MCEF) 720 1500 AAS F (0.8 µm MCEF) F (0.8 µm MCEF) F F (5 µm PVC) F ST CT I CT F + 1 (0.8 µm MCEF) 720 90 1500 1500 540 100 20 20 100 10 90 1 15 2. 5 10 40 5 10 10 100 90 1500 20 00 20 0 20 0 20 00 20 0 1500 20 500 20 0 20 0 100 0 20 0 20 00 20 0 100 0 1500 AAS AAS... (nuisance dust) G (nuisance dust) 45 1500 350 100 0 100 20 0 3 360 1 20 0 1500 20 0 C (for titration) G (nuisance dust) AAS C GLC UV GLC F OT F + I (0.8 µm MCEF) P I F (0.8 µm MCEF) I I I F (0.8 µm MCEF) I 1 100 20 20 00 15 10 15 15 100 720 100 100 0 1500 100 0 100 0 100 0 1500 100 0 F (0.8 µm MCEF) CT I F (0.8 µm MCEF) CT CT CT 670 360 100 15 2 2 10 1500 100 0 100 0 100 0 35 50 20 0 G (nuisance dust) LDDT C (titration)... MCEF) 5 l 100 0 100 CT F (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 25 0 10 10 20 15 360 300 90 30 10 100 20 00 20 00 20 0 20 0 20 0 20 0 1500 1500 20 00 1700 20 0 1500 F (2 µm PVC) I 25 0 100 20 00 100 0 C LDDT PC C G GLC GLC GLC GLC AAS GLC AAS C AAS (microscopic fibre count) G GLC Acrylamide Acrylonitrile Aldrin Allyl alcohol Allyl chloride Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) Allyl propyl disulphide Alundum® (Al2O3) 4-Aminodiphenyl 2- Aminoethanol, . dioxide 0.5 25 ppm 2 100 ppm Nitroglycol * 2- Nitropropane * Nitrous fumes 0. 025 10 ppm 2 150 ppm 20 –500 ppm 50 20 00 ppm 100 –5000 ppm n -Nonane 12 360 ppm 500 100 0 ppm iso-Octane 10 20 0 ppm 10 1500. 500 10 000 ppm × hr 8 Hydrochloric acid 10/ a-D 10 20 0 ppm × hr 8 Hydrocyanic acid 20 /a-D 20 20 0 ppm × hr 8 Hydrogen sulphide 10/ a-D 10 300 ppm × hr 72 Nitrogen dioxide 10/ a-D 10 20 00 ppm × hr 24 Olefines. Appendix B (Hazardous air pollutants) • Particulate and gaseous Hg 101 , 101 A, 1 02 • Beryllium 103 ,104 • Vinyl choride 106 • Gaseous and particulate arsenic 108 • Benzene 110 • Polonium -21 0 111 •