Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies Episode 1 ppsx

Edited by -I - Timothy D. Burchell * Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies Edited by Timothy D. Burchell Oak Ridge, National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN 37831 -6088 U.S.A. 1999 PERGAMON An Imprint of Elsevier Science Amsterdam - Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Singapore - Tokyo ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford 0x5 IGB, UK @ 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier science, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Slngle photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. 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Contents Gon~ibutors xi Acknowledgments xiii pref~ce xv 1 Structure and Bonding in Carbon Materials P Brian Me E naney 1 Introduction 1 2 Crystalline Forms of Carbon 3 3 The Phase and Transition Diagram for Carbon 12 4 CarbonFilms 14 5 Carbon Nanoparticles 18 6 Engineering Carbons 20 7 ConcludingRemarks 28 8 Acknowledgments 29 9 References 29 2 Fullerenes and Nanotubes 39 Mildred S . Dresselhaus . Peter C . Eklund and Gene Dresselhaus 1 Introduction 35 2 4 Applications 84 5 Acknowledgments 87 6 References 87 Fullerenes and Fullerene-based Solids 37 3 Carbon Nanotubes 61 3 Active Carbon Fibers 95 Timothy J. Mays 1 Introduction 95 2 Background 96 3 5 Acknowledgments 111 6 References 111 Applications of Active Carbon Fibers 101 4 ConcludingRemarks 110 vi 4 High Performance Carbon Fibers 119 Dan D . Edie and John J . McHugh Introduction 119 Processing Carbon Fibers from Polyacrylonitrile 119 High Performance Carbon Fibers from Novel Precursors 133 Carbon Fiber Property Comparison 133 Current Areas for High Performance Carbon Fiber Research 134 Summary and Conclusions 135 References 135 Carbon Fibers from Mesophase Pitch 123 5 Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber Composites 139 Max L . Lake and Jyh-Ming Ting Introduction 139 CurrentForms 142 Fiberproperties 144 Composite Properties 146 Potential Applications 158 Manufacturing Issues 160 Conclusions 164 References 165 6 Porous Carbon Fiber-Carbon Binder Composites 169 Timothy D . Burchell Introduction 169 Manufacture 169 Carbon Bonded Carbon Fiber 173 Damage Tolerant Light Absorbing Materials 181 Summary and Conclusions 200 Acknowledgments 201 References 201 Carbon Fiber Composite Molecular Sieves 183 7 Coal-DerivedCarbons 205 Peter G . Stansberry. John W . Zondlo and Alfred H . Stiller 1 Review of Coal Derived Carbons 205 2 SolventExtractionofCoal 211 3 Preparation and Characteristics of Cokes Produced from Solvent Extraction 223 4 Preparation and Evaluation of Graphite from Coal-Derived Feedstocks 229 5 Summary 233 6 Acknowledgments 233 7 References 233 8 Activated Carbon for Automotive Applications 235 Philip J. Johnson. David J. Setsuda and Roger S . Williams Background 235 Activated Carbon 239 Vehicle Fuel Vapor Systems 244 Adsorption 246 Carbon Canister Design 252 Application of Canisters in Running Loss Emission Control 257 Application of Canisters in ORVR Control 263 Summary and Conclusions 265 References 266 9 Adsorbent Storage for Natural Gas Vehicles 269 Terv L . Cook. Costa Komodromos. David F . Quinn and Steve Ragun 1 Introduction 269 2 Storage of Natural Gas 274 3 Adsorbents 280 4 Adsorbent Fill-Empty Testing 293 5 GuardBeds 294 6 Summary 298 7 References 299 [...]... a-carbyne P-carbyne Structurea hex hex hex a, /Pm 895 894 824 c /Pm , 14 08 15 36 768 Densityb 3.43 2.68 3 .13 Ref ~ 7 1 E 8 ,19 1 1 [18 ,19 1 carbon VI rhomb 923 12 24 2.90 [20-2 21 Carbolite 1 hex 1I92 10 62 1. 46 [24] a- hex = hexagonal, rhomb =rhombohedral; b, g.crn-’ The hfferent forms of carbynes were assumed to be polytypes with different numbers of carbon atoms in the chains lying parallel to the hexagonal axis... close to the carbon solubility limit for the excitation temperatures used to activate the gas Supersaturation occurs on cooling towards the substrate temperature, so creating conditions for carbon deposition C 0.2 A 08 H/[C No carbon growth H 1 1 0.2 1 1 0.4 O/[H+O] 1 1 06 1 0.8 1 0 ~ L Fig 7 Bachmann diagram for CVD diamond film growth (adapted from [go].) 19 carbon; however, methods for producing... engineers for may years to come References 1 Donnet, J-B and Bansal, R.C Carbon Fibers, 2nd Edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 19 90 2 Thomas, C.R., ed Essentials o Carbon- Carbon Composites,Royal Society of f Chemistry, UK 19 93 3 Buckley, J.D and Edie, D.D Carbon- Carbon Materials and Composites, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ 19 93 4 Savage, G Carbon- Carbon Composites, Chapman & Hall, London, 19 93... recently, well-graphitised carbons have been formed by heat-treatment of compacted polyimide films [ 15 1 2.3 Carbynes Carbynes are a form of carbon with chains of carbon atoms formed from conjugated C(sp')=C(sp') bonds (polyynes): -c-=C - C=C - or polycumulene C(sp2)=C(spz) double bonds From X-ray diffraction studies of short chain (C,-C,) polyynes [16 1 C=C bond lengths ranged from 11 9 -12 1 pm while C-C bond... known of their properties Table 4 Some properties of crystallineforms of carbon property Bond IengtWpm Density/(g.cm" ) Bulk moduludGPa Young's moduiudGPa Melting pointK Thermal conductivitvd diamond a (cubic) I54 3.52 442 10 54 4500 15 000 e graphite (hexagonal) 14 2,335 2.26 286 10 20,36.3 4450 2800.5 * ca = 6 (fee) 14 6 ,14 4 1. 72 6.8 16 11 80 0.4 g a data fiom [ 5 ] ;b, data from [SI,anisotropic pmperties:... 11 Applications of Carbon in Lithium-Ion Batteries Tao Zheng and Jeff Dahn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 303 303 306 313 319 322 339 339 3 41 Introduction 3 41 Useful Characterization Methods 347 GraphiticCarbons 353 Hydrogen-Containing Carbons from Pyrolyzed Organic Precursors 358 Microporous Carbons from Pyrolyzed Hard -Carbon. .. measured directly using nmr spectroscopy [ 71] The classification of amorphous carbon films according to carbon bond type and hydrogen content can be represented in a triangular diagram, Fig 6 [e.g., 7 01 The comers at the base of the triangle correspond to graphite (10 0% sp 2carbon) and diamond (10 0% sp3 carbon) The apex represents 10 0% H, but the upper limit for formation of solid films is defined by the... studies [65] inhcate that a metallic form of carbon, BC8, is stable at very high pressures (above -1 TPa) However, other theoretical [66-6 81 studies suggest that cubic diamond is more stable than possible metallic forms up to 1. 3-2.3 TPa The high pressure-high temperature (up to -2 TPa, 14 000 K) phase and transformation diagram for carbon has been reviewed by Sekine [69] 15 XANES, and in a-C:H films the... showing that the hexagonal form is more stable The density of both forms of graphite is 2.26 g ~ m - ~ - For both forms of graphite the in-plane C-C distance is 14 2 pm, i.e., intermediate between Csp3-Csp3and Csp*spz bond lengths, 15 3 and 13 2 pm respectively, Table 1 Consideration of the resonance structures between carbon atoms in the plane show that each C-C bond in the carbon layer plane has about... graphite lies between the d-g -1 triple point and the graphite-liquid-vapour triple point at -0. 01 1 GPa, 5000 K and it passes through a temperature maximum at -5 GPa, 5200 K Transitions between the different forms of carbon are characterised by high activation energies so that metastable forms of carbon can persist for long periods under conditions where another form of carbon is thermodynamically stable . Mays 1 Introduction 95 2 Background 96 3 5 Acknowledgments 11 1 6 References 11 1 Applications of Active Carbon Fibers 10 1 4 ConcludingRemarks 11 0 vi 4 High Performance. Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies Edited by Timothy D. Burchell Oak Ridge, National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN 378 31 -6088. 1 Structure and Bonding in Carbon Materials P Brian Me E naney 1 Introduction 1 2 Crystalline Forms of Carbon 3 3 The Phase and Transition Diagram for Carbon 12