533 Appendix A Fuel and Combustion Properties © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 534 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE A.1 Physical Constants of Typical Gaseous Fuel Mixture Components Specific Heat Capacity, C p 60rF & 14.696 psia (Btu/Ib m /rF) Latent Heat of Vaporization 14.696 psia & Boiling Point (Btu/Ib m ) Heating Value Unit Volume per Unit Volume of Combustible Unit Mass per Unit Mass of Combustible Theoretical Air Required (Ib m /10,000 Btu) Flammbility Limits (vol% in air mixture) Boiling Point 14.696 psia (rF) Vapor Pressure 100rF (psia) Gas Density Ideal Gas, 14.696 psia, 60rF Btu/scf Btu/Ib m Required for Combustion Flue Gas Products Required for Combustion Flue Gas Products No. Fuel Gas Component Chemical Formula Molecular Weight Specific Gravity (Air = 1) Gas Density (Ib m /ft 3 ) Specific Volume (ft 3 /Ib m ) LHV (Net) HHV (Gross) LHV (Net) HHV (Gross) O 2 N 2 Air CO 2 H 2 ON 2 SO 2 O 2 N 2 Air CO 2 H 2 ON 2 SO 2 Lower Upper No. Paraffin (alkane) Series (C n H 2n2 ) 0HWKDQH &+ ³ ³ ³ (WKDQH & + ³ ³ ³ 3URSDQH & + ³ ³ Q%XWDQH & + ³ ³ ,VREXWDQH & + ³ ³ Q3HQWDQH & + ³ ³ ,VRSHQWDQH & + ³ ³ 1HRSHQWDQH & + ³ ³ Q+H[DQH & + ³ ³ Napthene (cycloalkane) Series (C n H 2n ) &\FORSHQWDQH & + ³ ³ ³ ³ &\FORKH[DQH & + ³ ³ Olefin Series (C n H 2n ) (WKHQH(WK\OHQH & + ³ ³ ³ 3URSHQH3URS\OHQH & + ³ ³ %XWHQH%XW\OHQH & + ³ ³ ,VREXWHQH & + ³ ³ ³ 3HQWHQH & + ³ ³ Aromatic Series (C n H 2n6 ) %HQ]HQH & + ³ ³ 7ROXHQH & + ³ ³ R;\OHQH & + ³ ³ P;\OHQH & + ³ ³ S;\OHQH & + ³ ³ Additional Fuel Gas Components $FHW\OHQH & + ³ ³ ³ ³ 0HWK\ODOFRKRO &+ 2+ ³ ³ (WK\ODOFRKRO & + 2+ ³ ³ $PPRQLD 1+ ³ ³ ³ ³ +\GURJHQ + ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ 2[\JHQ 2 ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ 1LWURJHQ 1 ³ ³³³³ ³³³³³³³ ³³³³³³³ ³ ³³ &DUERQPRQR[LGH &2 ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ &DUERQGLR[LGH &2 ³ ³³³³ ³³³³³³³ ³³³³³³³ ³ ³³ +\GURJHQVXOÀGH + 6 ³ ³ 6XOIXUGLR[LGH 62 ³³³³ ³³³³³³³³³³³³³³ ³ ³³ :DWHUYDSRU + 2 ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ ³ $LU ³ ³ ³³³³ ³³³ ³³³³³ ³³³³³³³ ³³ © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Fuel and Combustion Properties 535 TABLE A.2 Combustion Data for Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Formula Higher Heating Value (vapor) (Btu lb m −1 ) Theor. Air/Fuel Ratio, by Mass Max. Flame Speed, (ft s −1 ) Adiabatic Flame Temp. (in air) (°° °° F) Ignition Temp. (in air) (°° °° F) Flash Point (°° °° F) Flammability Limits (in air) (% by volume) Paraffins or Alkanes Methane CH 4 23875 17.195 1.1 3484 1301 Gas 5.0 15.0 Ethane C 2 H 6 22323 15.899 1.3 3540 968–1166 Gas 3.0 12.5 Propane C 3 H 8 21669 15.246 1.3 3573 871 Gas 2.1 10.1 n-Butane C 4 H 10 21321 14.984 1.2 3583 761 −76 1.86 8.41 iso-Butane C 4 H 10 21271 14.984 1.2 3583 864 −117 1.80 8.44 n-Pentane C 5 H 12 21095 15.323 1.3 4050 588 <−40 1.40 7.80 iso-Pentane C 5 H 12 21047 15.323 1.2 4055 788 <−60 1.32 9.16 Neopentane C 5 H 12 20978 15.323 1.1 4060 842 Gas 1.38 7.22 n-Hexane C 6 H 14 20966 15.238 1.3 4030 478 –7 1.25 7.0 Neohexane C 6 H 14 20931 15.238 1.2 4055 797 –54 1.19 7.58 n-Heptane C 7 H 16 20854 15.141 1.3 3985 433 25 1.00 6.00 Triptane C 7 H 16 20824 15.151 1.2 4035 849 — 1.08 6.69 n-Octane C 8 H 18 20796 15.093 — — 428 56 0.95 3.20 iso-Octane C 8 H 18 20770 15.093 1.1 — 837 10 0.79 5.94 Olefins or Alkenes Ethylene C 2 H 4 21636 14.807 2.2 4250 914 Gas 2.75 28.6 Propylene C 3 H 6 21048 14.807 1.4 4090 856 Gas 2.00 11.1 Butylene C 4 H 8 20854 14.807 1.4 4030 829 Gas 1.98 9.65 iso-Butene C 4 H 8 20737 14.807 1.2 — 869 Gas 1.8 9.0 n-Pentene C 5 H 10 20720 14.807 1.4 4165 569 — 1.65 7.70 (Continued) © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 536 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE A.2 (CONTINUED) Combustion Data for Hydrocarbons (Continued) Hydrocarbon Formula Higher Heating Value (vapor) (Btu lb m −1 ) Theor. Air/Fuel Ratio, by Mass Max. Flame Speed, (ft s −1 ) Adiabatic Flame Temp. (in air) (°° °° F) Ignition Temp. (in air) (°° °° F) Flash Point (°° °° F) Flammability Limits (in air) (% by volume) Aromatics Benzene C 6 H 6 18184 13.297 1.3 4110 1044 12 1.35 6.65 Toluene C 7 H 8 18501 13.503 1.2 4050 997 40 1.27 6.75 p-Xylene C 8 H 10 18663 13.663 — 4010 867 63 1.00 6.00 Other Hydrocarbons Acetylene C 2 H 2 21502 13.297 4.6 4770 763–824 Gas 2.50 81 Naphthalene C 10 H 8 17303 12.932 — 4100 959 174 0.90 5.9 Note: Based largely on: “Gas Engineers’ Handbook,” American Gas Association, Inc., Industrial Press, 1967. For heating value in J kg −1 , multiply the value in Btu lb m −1 by 2324. For flame speed in ms −1 , multiply the value in fts −1 by 0.3048. REFERENCES American Institute of Physics Handbook, 2nd ed., D.E. Gray, Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963. Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 4th ed., R.H. Perry, C.H. Chilton, and S.D. Kirkpatrick, Eds., McGraw-Hill Book Company , 1963. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 53rd ed., R.C. Weast, Ed., The Chemical Rubber Company , 1972; gives the heat of combustion of 500 organic compounds. Handbook of Laboratory Safety, 2nd ed., N.V. Steere, Ed., The Chemical Rubber Company , 1971. Physical Measurements in Gas Dynamics and Combustion, Princeton University Press, 1954. © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Fuel and Combustion Properties 537 TABLE A.3 Chemical, Physical, and Thermal Properties of Gases: Gases and Vapors, Including Fuels and Refrigerants, English and Metric Units N ote: The properties of pure gases are given at 25°C (77°F, 298 K) and atmospheric pressure (except as stated). From: Kreith, F. The CRC Press Handbook of Thermal Engineering, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000. © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 538 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE A.3 (CONTINUED) Chemical, Physical, and Thermal Properties of Gases: Gases and Vapors, Including Fuels and Refrigerants, English and Metric Units © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Fuel and Combustion Properties 539 TABLE A.3 (CONTINUED) Chemical, Physical, and Thermal Properties of Gases: Gases and Vapors, Including Fuels and Refrigerants, English and Metric Units © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 540 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE A.3 (CONTINUED) Chemical, Physical, and Thermal Properties of Gases: Gases and Vapors, Including Fuels and Refrigerants, English and Metric Units © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Fuel and Combustion Properties 541 TABLE A.3 (CONTINUED) Chemical, Physical, and Thermal Properties of Gases: Gases and Vapors, Including Fuels and Refrigerants, English and Metric Units © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 542 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE A.3 (CONTINUED) Chemical, Physical, and Thermal Properties of Gases: Gases and Vapors, Including Fuels and Refrigerants, English and Metric Units © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC [...]... 311 0 1. 10 10 3 71 7 91 1540 1. 24 10 402 794 16 94 1. 19 10 379 792 17 26 1. 19 10 322 787 15 79 1. 20 10 234 7 81 1538 1. 21 10 311 787 15 41 1.23 10 375 792 312 1. 33 9667 738 15 7 1. 38 8265 630 12 138 12 152 12 138 12 104 11 925 11 926 11 962 11 936 11 870 11 769 11 858 11 9 31 111 17 9505 923 920 907 907 910 908 903 895 902 907 845 723 11 1 41 10953 10 962 10 996 10 890 10 909 10 8 71 10847 10 911 10 904 11 722 13 517 876 863 870 874 8 61 864... Gas Component 17 .16 913 10 12 0.59 16 .1 905 10 05 0.56 18 . 51 799 886 0.64 18 .49 10 25 11 33 0.64 44 .1 2 316 2 517 1. 53 58 .12 3 010 3262 1. 1 22.76 12 47 13 69 0.79 28.62 15 42 16 86 0.99 30. 21 1622 17 69 1. 05 29 .18 14 59 15 87 1. 01 28.02 13 89 15 15 0.97 24. 61 1297 14 21 0.85 25.68 263 294 0.89 23.73 13 1 14 2 0.82 13 18 13 43 1. 30 1. 31 10554 10 567 805 806 11 08 1. 31 10554 805 14 16 1. 28 10 525 803 2035 1. 13 10 369 7 91 311 0... 90.93 10 8.60 98.37 11 1.40 10 6.47 11 0.49 11 4. 41 124.30 11 7.30 12 2.98 11 8.94 12 5.26 14 1 .14 14 2.37 32.52 49.52 30.85 51. 83 33.62 30.75 29.59 38.37 42 .15 50.46 52 .13 72.24 31. 74 51. 02 61. 48 83.09 10 5.66 10 4.96 10 3.55 12 9 .10 12 5. 71 152.64 12 5.50 14 8.08 14 4.07 14 8.33 15 2.06 17 1.75 16 7. 61 170.48 17 3.96 17 1.83 19 8.09 19 9.07 35.32 53.02 32.04 58.43 34.43 33.65 32.34 44.37 48.92 60.86 56 .13 79.88 33.49 57.89 81. 66... 862 985 11 03 13 415 13 163 12 788 12 757 12 935 12 862 12 7 71 12689 12 8 21 12902 14 198 15 585 923 924 10 983 10 956 865 862 13 257 13 258 973 9 71 984 968 957 958 958 957 952 948 864 957 11 02 12 01 3306 3308 3284 3 317 33 51 33 51 3342 3348 3359 33 71 3353 3345 30 01 2856 Note: All values calculated using 60°F fuel gas and 60°F, 50% relative humidity combustion air © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Modeling of Combustion. .. 5. 213 E–02 1. 566E– 01 1.781E– 01 1.977E– 01 1.864E– 01 3. 813 E– 01 2.343E– 01 3.063E– 01 2.841E– 01 2.744E– 01 2.381E– 01 2.724E– 01 3. 419 E– 01 3.532E– 01 2.953E– 01 2.564E– 01 5.025E– 01 2.804E– 01 3. 313 E– 01 3.847E– 01 9.747E–06 –2.081E–05 2.608E–05 –5.778E–05 1. 746E–05 1. 246E–05 1. 381E–05 1. 055E–05 2.432E–05 1. 707E–05 –4.961E–05 1. 176E–04 2.789E–05 –5.602E–05 1. 197E–05 –8.348E–05 –6.938E–05 1. 182E–04 1. 174E–04 –2.881E–04... 36 .13 38.54 44.34 48.45 66.30 30.28 46.72 50.93 69.44 86.34 89.63 89.05 10 5.67 10 4.04 12 5.28 10 9.23 12 5.48 12 0. 51 124.92 12 9.34 14 2.47 13 6 .13 14 0.54 14 0.59 14 2.63 16 2.44 16 3. 91 31. 86 47.62 30.27 50.03 32.77 30.28 29.46 37.22 40.34 47.47 50.52 69.70 30.99 49.08 56. 31 76.75 96.52 97. 91 96.82 11 8.44 11 5.59 13 9.90 11 8 .12 13 7.64 13 3. 01 137.47 14 1.76 15 8.20 15 2.90 15 6.39 15 8.72 15 8 .14 18 1.43 18 2.75 Based... Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 700 800 900 1, 000 1, 100 1, 200 1, 300 1, 400 1, 500 5 51 FIGURE A. 3 Heat capacity vs temperature for diatomic and other gases 600 552 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE A. 7 Adiabatic Flame Temperatures Air Fuel °F °C H2 CH4 C 2H 2 C 2H 4 C 2H 6 C 3H 6 C 3H 8 C4H10 CO 3807 3542 410 4 3790 3607 3742 3 610 3583 3826 2097 19 50 2262 2088 19 86 20 61 1988 19 73 210 8... — 3% — — — 17 % — — — — — — — 28% 10 % 44% . 12 5.26 14 2.63 15 8 .14 17 1.83 214 .97 220.94 C 4 H 10 n-Butane 91. 65 10 4.88 11 7.53 14 1 .14 16 2.44 18 1.43 19 8.09 245.86 232.84 C 4 H 10 Isobutane 90.50 10 4.62 11 7.96 14 2.37 16 3. 91 182.75 19 9.07 248. 91. 90.78 10 6.47 12 0. 51 133. 01 144.07 18 1.43 19 8.43 C 4 H 6 1, 2-Butadiene 75.28 84.94 94. 01 110 .49 12 4.92 13 7.47 14 8.33 18 3.80 204.87 C 4 H 6 1, 3-Butadiene 75.54 86. 51 96. 61 114 . 41 129.34 14 1.76 15 2.06. volume) Paraffins or Alkanes Methane CH 4 23875 17 .19 5 1. 1 3484 13 01 Gas 5.0 15 .0 Ethane C 2 H 6 22323 15 .899 1. 3 3540 968 11 66 Gas 3.0 12 .5 Propane C 3 H 8 216 69 15 .246 1. 3 3573 8 71 Gas 2 .1 10 .1 n-Butane