Remote_Sensing Episode 1 ppt

EM 1110-2-2907 1 October 2003 US Army Corps of Engineers ENGINEERING AND DESIGN Remote Sensing ENGINEER MANUAL [...]... clarity some authors add color in the visible spectrum to correspond to the appropriate wavelength 2-7 EM 11 10-2-2907 1 October 2003 Gamma Rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Light Wavelength 10 -19 m 10 -13 m 10 -9 m 0.4 µm 0.7 µm Infrared 10 0 µm Microwaves Television Waves (VHF and UHF) 1. 0 m 1. 0 m Radio Waves 10 0 m Figure 2-9 Electromagnetic spectrum on a vertical scale h Regions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum... those used for radio broadcasts Table 2-3 Wavelengths of various bands in the microwave range Band Ka K X C L P Frequency (MHz) 40,000–26,000 26,500 18 ,500 12 ,500–8000 8000–4000 2000 10 00 10 00–300 Wavelength (cm) 0.8 1. 1 1. 1 1. 7 2.4–3.8 3.8–7.5 15 .0–30.0 30.0 10 0.0 (a) Microwave remote sensing is used in the studies of meteorology, hydrology, oceans, geology, agriculture, forestry, and ice, and for topographic... in the form of thermal energy Thermal IR spans the 3.0to 10 0-µm range These wavelengths are useful for monitoring temperature variations in land, water, and ice (4) Microwave Beyond the infrared is the microwave region, ranging on the spectrum from 1 µm to 1 m (bands are listed in Table 2-3) Microwave radiation is the longest 2-9 EM 11 10-2-2907 1 October 2003 wavelength used for remote sensing This region... EM 11 10-2-2907 1 October 2003 P Figure 2-6 Frequency (ν) refers to the number of crests of waves of the same wavelength that pass by a point (P) in each second (3) Speed of electromagnetic radiation (or speed of light) Wavelength and frequency are inversely related to one another, in other words as one increases the other decreases Their relationship is expressed as: c = λν where (2 -1) c = 3.00 10 8... Table 2 -1 Different scales used to measure object temperature Conversion formulas are listed below Object Fahrenheit (oF) Absolute Zero –459.7 Frozen Water 32.0 Boiling Water 212 .0 Sun 99 81. 0 Earth 46.4 Human body 98.6 Conversion Formulas: Celsius to Fahrenheit: F° = (1. 8 x C°) + 32 Fahrenheit to Celsius: C° = (F°- 32) /1. 8 Celsius to Kelvin: K = C° + 273 Fahrenheit to Kelvin: K = [(F°- 32) /1. 8] + 273... electromagnetic spectrum The plot typically increases in increments of powers of 10 (Figure 2-7) For convenience, regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are categorized based for the most part on methods of sensing their wavelengths For example, the visible light range is a category spanning 0.4–0.7 µm The 2-6 EM 11 10-2-2907 1 October 2003 minimum and maximum of this category is based on the ability of... Fahrenheit: F° = (1. 8 x C°) + 32 Fahrenheit to Celsius: C° = (F°- 32) /1. 8 Celsius to Kelvin: K = C° + 273 Fahrenheit to Kelvin: K = [(F°- 32) /1. 8] + 273 Celsius (oC) –273.2 0.0 10 0.0 5527.0 8.0 37.0 Kelvin (K) 0.0 273 .16 373 .16 5800.0 2 81. 0 310 .0 Figure 2-3 Propagation of the electromagnetic and magnetic field Waves vibrate perpendicular to the direction of motion; electric and magnetic fields are at right... propagation (Figure 2-3) Familiar forms of radiant energy include X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible 2-4 EM 11 10-2-2907 1 October 2003 light, microwaves, and radio waves All of these waves move and behave similarly; they differ only in radiation intensity f Measurement of Electromagnetic Wave Radiation (1) Wavelength Electromagnetic waves are measured from wave crest to wave crest or conversely from trough... temperature scale, known as Kelvin, is adjusted by assigning –273.2oC to 0 K (“zero Kelvin”; no de- 2-3 EM 11 10-2-2907 1 October 2003 gree sign) The Kelvin scale has the same temperature intervals as the Celsius scale, so conversion between the two scales is simply a matter of adding or subtracting 273 (Table 2 -1) Because all objects with temperatures above, or higher than, zero Kelvin emit electromagnetic radiation,...EM 11 10-2-2907 1 October 2003 b Summary of Electromagnetic Energy Electromagnetic energy or radiation is derived from the subatomic vibrations of matter and is measured in a quantity known as wavelength The units . Hydrographic Sensors 3-9 310 Laser Induced Fluorescence 3 -10 3 -10 Airborne Gamma 3 -11 3 -11 Satellite Platforms and Sensors 3 -12 3 -11 Satellite Orbits 3 -13 3 -12 EM 11 10-2-2907 1 October 2003 . CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Remote Sensing Purpose of this Manual 1- 1 1- 1 Contents of this Manual 1- 2 1- 1 CHAPTER 2 Principles Of Remote Sensing Systems Introduction 2 -1 2 -1 Definition. (cm) Ka 40,000–26,000 0.8 1. 1 K 26,500 18 ,500 1. 1 1. 7 X 12 ,500–8000 2.4–3.8 C 8000–4000 3.8–7.5 L 2000 10 00 15 .0–30.0 P 10 00–300 30.0 10 0.0 (a) Microwave remote sensing is used in the studies